これらの実験は、コースで使用されている実験室のマニュアル、トロントの動物学、大学の学科で、博士HLアトウッドによって編成から変更されました。演習も使用して、&quot;基礎神経科学第 6 回集中IBROワークショップ&quot;のために制作されたと1993年に高麗大学、ソウル、韓国（Cooper ら 、1993）で開催されたマニュアルから変更されました。現在の変更は、さまざまな大学で一日の学生向け研究室を提示する一般的な機器を使用する必要がありました。ケンタッキー州の大学、生物学科、学部及び芸術科学大学のOfficeでサポート。

<ol>
	<li>Bennett, M. V. L., Barrio, L. C., Bargiello, T. A., Spray, D. C., Hertzberg, E., Sdez, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gap+junctions:+new+tools,+new+answers,+new+questions.">Gap junctions: new tools, new answers, new questions.</a> Neuron. 6, 305-320 (1991).</li><li>Bernardini, G., Peracchia, C., Peracchia, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+effects+of+heptanol+on+gap+junction+structure+and+cell-to-cell+electrical+coupling.">Reversible effects of heptanol on gap junction structure and cell-to-cell electrical coupling.</a> European Journal of Cell Biology. 34 (2), 307-312 (1984).</li><li>Cooper, R. L., Chang, J. J., Ito, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+report+on+the,+"SIXTH+INTENSIVE+IBRO+WORKSHOP+ON+BASIC+NEUROSCIENCE".">A report on the, "SIXTH INTENSIVE IBRO WORKSHOP ON BASIC NEUROSCIENCE".</a> , 116-116 (1985).</li><li>Cragg, B. G., Thomas, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+conduction+velocity+and+the+diameter+and+internodal+length+of+peripheral+nerve+fibers..">The relationship between conduction velocity and the diameter and internodal length of peripheral nerve fibers..</a> Journal of Physiology. 136, 606-614 (1957).</li><li>Erlanger, J. G. a. s. s. e. r., S, H., Bishop, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+compound+nature+of+the+action+current+of+nerves+as+disclosed+by+the+cathode+ray+oscillograph.">The compound nature of the action current of nerves as disclosed by the cathode ray oscillograph.</a> American Journal of Physiology. 70, 624-666 (1924).</li><li>Furshpan, E. J., Potter, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmission+at+the+giant+motor+synapses+of+the+crayfish.">Transmission at the giant motor synapses of the crayfish.</a> Journal of Physiology. 145 (2), 289-325 (1959).</li><li>Johnston, M. F., Simon, S. A., Ramrn, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+anesthetics+with+electrical+synapses.">Interaction of anesthetics with electrical synapses.</a> Nature (Lond). 286, 498-500 (1980).</li><li>Loewenstein, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeability+of+membrane+junctions.">Permeability of membrane junctions.</a> Annual NY Academy of Sciences. 137, 441-472 (1966).</li><li>Meda, P., Bruzzone, R., Knodel, S., Orci, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blockage+of+cell-to-cell+communication+within+pancreatic+acini+is+associated+with+increased+basal+release+of+amylase.">Blockage of cell-to-cell communication within pancreatic acini is associated with increased basal release of amylase.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 103 (2), 475-483 (1986).</li><li>Peracchia, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increase+in+gap+junction+resistance+with+acidification+in+crayfish+septate+axons+is+closely+related+to+changes+in+intracellular+calcium+but+not+hydrogen+ion+concentration.">Increase in gap junction resistance with acidification in crayfish septate axons is closely related to changes in intracellular calcium but not hydrogen ion concentration.</a> Journal of Membrane Biology. 113 (1), 75-92 (1990).</li><li>Peracchia, C., Dulhunty, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+resistance+junctions+in+crayfish:+structural+changes+with+functional+uncoupling.">Low resistance junctions in crayfish: structural changes with functional uncoupling.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 70, 419-439 (1976).</li><li>Peracchia, C., Bernardini, G., Peracchia, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+calmodulin+involved+in+the+regulation+of+gap+junction+permeability.">Is calmodulin involved in the regulation of gap junction permeability.</a> Pf&#252;gers Arch. 399, 152-154 (1983).</li><li>Peracchia, C., Lazrak, A., Peracchia, L. L., Peracchia, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+models+of+channel+interaction+and+gating+in+gap+junctions.">Molecular models of channel interaction and gating in gap junctions.</a> Handbook of Membrane Channels. Molecular and Cellular Physiology. , 361-377 (1994).</li><li>Spray, D. C., Harris, A. L., Bennett, M. V. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gap+junctional+conductance+is+a+simple+and+sensitive+function+of+intracellular+pH.">Gap junctional conductance is a simple and sensitive function of intracellular pH.</a> Sciences NY. 211, 712-715 (1981).</li><li>Spray, D. C., Harris, L. L., Bennett, M. V. L., Nuccitelli, R., Deamer, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+pH+and+Ca+dependence+of+gap+junctional+conductance.">Comparison of pH and Ca dependence of gap junctional conductance.</a> Intracellular pH: Its Measurement, Regulation, and Utilization in Cellular Functions. , 445-461 (1982).</li><li>Spray, D. C., White, R., De Carvalho, C., Harris, A. L., Bennett, M. L. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gating+of+gap+junction+channels.">Gating of gap junction channels.</a> Journal of Biophysics. 45, 219-230 (1984).</li><li>Watanabe, A., Grundfest, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulse+propagation+at+the+septal+and+commissural+junctions+of+crayfish+lateral+giant+axons.">Impulse propagation at the septal and commissural junctions of crayfish lateral giant axons.</a> Journal of General Physiology. 45, 267-308 (1961).</li><li>Wiersma, C. A. G., Hughes, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+functional+anatomy+of+neuronal+units+in+the+abdominal+cord+of+the+crayfish,+Procambarus+clarkii.">On the functional anatomy of neuronal units in the abdominal cord of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii.</a> Journal of Comparative Neurology. 116, 209-228 (1961).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

オンラインビデオプレゼンテーションと本論文で我々の目標は、細胞の生物物理学的特性が、一部では、電気回路としてモデル化できることを実証することです。さらに、比較的容易に得られるライブ神経組織で、伝導速度、不応期および電気生理学的記録技術の基本原則は、設備のささやかな投資と学部学生の研究室でも利用が可能だ。提示テーマと根本的なパラダイムは、容易に様々なコースの要件に合わせて変更することができます。 ザリガニとその豊かさの維持管理は、それらの学生主導の実験のための魅力的なモデルです。甲殻類の腹側神経コードは一般的に強固であり、3時間の学生実験室には十分です時間の最小限の生理食塩水、で生理的整合性を保持。 ザリガニのVNCの大きな軸索の一部がギャップ結合を介して接続されていることを考えると、彼らの貢献についての追加実験を行うことができる、そして標準的なカエル坐骨神経標本に見られるとは異なる性質を発揮することができます。坐骨神経は、複合活動電位と伝導特性に対処するための古典的なモデルです。それも、伝導特性、軸索の採用、そしてこれら二つの製剤の間に不応期を比較する学生のための興味深い比較実験かもしれない。

サーキットボード <ol><li>ブレッドボードの実験のために以下に記載されている電子は、ラジオシャックなど、地元の電気店で入手できます。 </li><li>ブレッドボード、抵抗、コンデンサ、電池、実験で概説したようにブレッドボード用ジャンクショ​​ンとして機能するワイヤー。 </li><li>共通の電圧計（Wavetek Meterman電圧計） </li><li>コンピュータへのライン録音のためのA / Dボード。電気信号は、PowerLab/4sインタフェース（ADInstruments、コロラドスプリングズ、コロラド州、米国）への行に記録されます。我々は、チャートまたはScopeというADInstrumentsから標準のソフトウェアを使用してください。 </li></ol> 生理学実験 <ol><li>ザリガニ（ ザリガニ ）。アチャファラヤ生物サプライ（株）、レースランド、LA。、米国。 </li><li>標準的なザリガニ生理食塩水：ヴァンHarreveldのソリューション（1936）から変更された。 （mMで）205のNaCl、5.3 KClを、13.5のCaCl 2 2H 2 O、2.45のMgCl 2 · 6H 2 O、5 HEPES、pHを7.4に調整。すべての生理食塩水の化学物質は、シグマケミカル社（セントルイス、MO）から得た。 </li><li>解剖ツール：ファイン＃5ピンセット、細かいはさみ、ナイフの刃ホルダー、＃26002から20虫ピン（すべてのファイン科学のツール（米国）、（株）、373 - Gビンテージパークドライブ、フォスターシティー、CA 94404から1139から取得） </li><li>神経を保持するために神経のチャンバー皿（ADInstruments、コロラドスプリングズ、コロラド州、米国）。神経チャンバー皿に付属のワイヤは、神経を刺激するために使用することができます。 </li><li>吸引電極は、信号を記録するために使用されます。 </li><li>マニピュレータやリングスタンドにクランプでも吸引電極用ホルダーとして機能します。 </li><li>ファラデー箱</li><li>解剖顕微鏡</li><li>高輝度の照明装置（光源） </li><li>顕微鏡プラットフォーム</li><li> AC / DC差動アンプ（AMシステムズ社モデル3000） </li><li> PowerLab 26T（ADインスツルメンツ） </li><li>細胞外アンプ（ADインスツルメンツ） </li><li> LabChart 7（ADIインスツルメンツ） </li><li>解剖ツール</li><li>リングは、記録の吸引電極用ホルダーとして機能するように立っているとクランプ</li></ol>

modeling biological membranes with circuit boards and measuring electrical signals in axons: student laboratory exercises

これは電気的モデルが生体膜を特徴付けるために使用する方法のデモンストレーションです。この演習では、また、電気生理学で使用されている生物物理学用語を紹介します。同装置は、ライブの準備上に膜モデルで使用されています。分離された神経索の一部のプロパティを調べています：神経活動電位、神経細胞の採用、および環境要因への神経索の応答性を。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Biological Membranes with Circuit Boards and Measuring Electrical Signals in Axons: Student Laboratory Exercises at JoVE.com

Modeling Biological Membranes with Circuit Boards and Measuring Electrical Signals in Axons: Student Laboratory Exercises

これは、生体膜が電気的モデルを用いて理解する方法のデモンストレーションです。我々はまた、学生の志向の研究室でザリガニの腹神経索から活動電位を記録するための手順を示しています。

回路基板と生体膜のモデル化と軸索の電気信号の測定：学生研究室の演習を

This is a demonstration of how electrical models can be used to characterize biological membranes. This exercise also introduces biophysical terminology ...

modeling-biological-membranes-with-circuit-boards-measuring

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JoVE Core

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Electrical Engineering

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Unit 1

Direct-Current Circuits

Basics of Electric Circuits

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

22.5K ビュー.  University of Kentucky. これは、生体膜が電気的モデルを用いて理解する方法のデモンストレーションです。我々はまた、学生の志向の研究室でザリガニの腹神経索から活動電位を記録するための手順を示しています。

ビデオ: Modeling Biological Membranes with Circuit Boards and Measuring Electrical Signals in Axons: Student Laboratory Exercises

Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Responses, Neuronal Circuitry, Neuromodulation and Muscle Histology Using the Crayfish: Student Laboratory Exercises

The purpose of this report is to help develop an understanding of the effects caused by ion gradients across a biological membrane. Two aspects that influence a cell's membrane potential and which we address in these experiments are: (1) Ion concentration of K+ on the outside of the membrane, and (2) the permeability of the membrane to specific ions. The crayfish abdominal extensor muscles are in groupings with some being tonic (slow) and others phasic (fast) in their biochemical and physiological phenotypes, as well as in their structure; the motor neurons that innervate these muscles are correspondingly different in functional characteristics. We use these muscles as well as the superficial, tonic abdominal flexor muscle to demonstrate properties in synaptic transmission. In addition, we introduce a sensory-CNS-motor neuron-muscle circuit to demonstrate the effect of cuticular sensory stimulation as well as the influence of neuromodulators on certain aspects of the circuit. With the techniques obtained in this exercise, one can begin to answer many questions remaining in other experimental preparations as well as in physiological applications related to medicine and health. We have demonstrated the usefulness of model invertebrate preparations to address fundamental questions pertinent to all animals.

The experiments demonstrate an easy approach for students to gain experience in examining muscle structure, synaptic responses, the effects of ion gradients and permeability on membrane potentials. Also, a sensory-CNS-motor-muscle circuit is presented to show a means to test effects of compounds on a neuronal circuit.

膜電位、シナプス応答、神経回路、ニューロモデュレーションとザリガニを使用して筋肉の組織学：学生研究室の演習

The purpose of this report is to help develop an understanding of the effects caused by ion gradients across a biological membrane. Two aspects that ...

神経科学

Preparation of Artificial Bilayers for Electrophysiology Experiments

Planar lipid bilayers, also called artificial lipid bilayers, allow you to study ion-conducting channels in a well-defined environment. These bilayers can be used for many different studies, such as the characterization of membrane-active peptides, the reconstitution of ion channels or investigations on how changes in lipid bilayer properties alter the function of bilayer-spanning channels.  Here, we show how to form a planar bilayer and how to isolate small patches from the bilayer, and in a second video  will also demonstrate a procedure for using gramicidin channels to determine changes in lipid bilayer elastic properties.   We also demonstrate the individual steps needed to prepare the bilayer chamber, the electrodes and how to test that the bilayer is suitable for single-channel measurements.

Planar lipid bilayers, also called artificial lipid bilayers, allow you to study ion-conducting channels in a well-defined environment. Here, we demonstrate the individual steps needed to prepare the bilayer chamber, the electrodes and how to test that the bilayer is suitable for single-channel measurements.

電気生理学的実験のための人工二重層の準備

Planar lipid bilayers, also called artificial lipid bilayers, allow you to study ion-conducting channels in a well-defined environment. These bilayers can ...

生物学

Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits

The brain operates through the coordinated activation and the dynamic communication of neuronal assemblies. A major open question is how a vast repertoire of dynamical motifs, which underlie most diverse brain functions, can emerge out of a fixed topological and modular organization of brain circuits. Compared to in vivo studies of neuronal circuits which present intrinsic experimental difficulties, in vitro preparations offer a much larger possibility to manipulate and probe the structural, dynamical and chemical properties of experimental neuronal systems. This work describes an in vitro experimental methodology which allows growing of modular networks composed by spatially distinct, functionally interconnected neuronal assemblies. The protocol allows controlling the two-dimensional (2D) architecture of the neuronal network at different levels of topological complexity.
A desired network patterning can be achieved both on regular cover slips and substrate embedded micro electrode arrays. Micromachined structures are embossed on a silicon wafer and used to create biocompatible polymeric stencils, which incorporate the negative features of the desired network architecture. The stencils are placed on the culturing substrates during the surface coating procedure with a molecular layer for promoting cellular adhesion. After removal of the stencils, neurons are plated and they spontaneously redirected to the coated areas. By decreasing the inter-compartment distance, it is possible to obtain either isolated or interconnected neuronal circuits. To promote cell survival, cells are co-cultured with a supporting neuronal network which is located at the periphery of the culture dish. Electrophysiological and optical recordings of the activity of modular networks obtained respectively by using substrate embedded micro electrode arrays and calcium imaging are presented. While each module shows spontaneous global synchronizations, the occurrence of inter-module synchronization is regulated by the density of connection among the circuits.

This manuscript describes a protocol to grow in vitro modular networks consisting of spatially confined, functionally inter-connected neuronal circuits. A polymeric mask is used to pattern a protein layer to promote cellular adhesion over the culturing substrate. Plated neurons grow on coated areas establishing spontaneous connections and exhibiting electrophysiological activity.

デザイン、治療、セルラーめっき、機能的に相互接続された回路で構成モジュラー神経回路網の培養表面

The brain operates through the coordinated activation and the dynamic communication of neuronal assemblies. A major open question is how a vast repertoire ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

異種哺乳動物細胞で発現したイオンチャネルの変異導入と機能解析

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

Utilizing Combined Methodologies to Define the Role of Plasma Membrane Delivery During Axon Branching and Neuronal Morphogenesis

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular guidance cues like netrin-1 and results in dramatic increases to the surface area of the axonal plasma membrane. Netrin-1-dependent axon branching likely involves temporal and spatial control of plasma membrane expansion, the components of which are supplied through exocytic vesicle fusion. These fusion events are preceded by formation of SNARE complexes, comprising a v-SNARE, such as VAMP2 (vesicle-associated membrane protein 2), and plasma membrane t-SNAREs, syntaxin-1 and SNAP25 (synaptosomal-associated protein 25). Detailed herein isa multi-pronged approach used to examine the role of SNARE mediated exocytosis in axon branching. The strength of the combined approach is data acquisition at a range of spatial and temporal resolutions, spanning from the dynamics of single vesicle fusion events in individual neurons to SNARE complex formation and axon branching in populations of cultured neurons. This protocol takes advantage of established biochemical approaches to assay levels of endogenous SNARE complexes and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy of cortical neurons expressing VAMP2 tagged with a pH-sensitive GFP (VAMP2-pHlourin) to identify netrin-1 dependent changes in exocytic activity in individual neurons. To elucidate the timing of netrin-1-dependent branching, time-lapse differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy of single neurons over the order of hours is utilized. Fixed cell immunofluorescence paired with botulinum neurotoxins that cleave SNARE machinery and block exocytosis demonstrates that netrin-1 dependent axon branching requires SNARE-mediated exocytic activity.

Light microscopy techniques coupled with biochemical assays elucidate the involvement of SNARE-mediated exocytosis in netrin-dependent axon branching. This combination of techniques permits identification of molecular mechanisms controlling axon branching and cell shape change.

軸索分岐と神経形態形成中に形質膜配信の役割を定義するために組み合わせる方法論を活用

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular ...

Interfacing Microfluidics with Microelectrode Arrays for Studying Neuronal Communication and Axonal Signal Propagation

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used to study neuronal function in vitro. These devices allow concurrent non-invasive recording/stimulation of electrophysiological activity for long periods. However, the property of sensing signals from all sources around every microelectrode can become unfavorable when trying to understand communication and signal propagation in neuronal circuits. In a neuronal network, several neurons can be simultaneously activated and can generate overlapping action potentials, making it difficult to discriminate and track signal propagation. Considering this limitation, we have established an in vitro setup focused on assessing electrophysiological communication, which is able to isolate and amplify axonal signals with high spatial and temporal resolution. By interfacing microfluidic devices and MEAs, we are able to compartmentalize neuronal cultures with a well-controlled alignment of the axons and microelectrodes. This setup allows recordings of spike propagation with a high signal-to-noise ratio over the course of several weeks. Combined with specialized data analysis algorithms, it provides detailed quantification of several communication related properties such as propagation velocity, conduction failure, firing rate, anterograde spikes, and coding mechanisms.
This protocol demonstrates how to create a compartmentalized neuronal culture setup over substrate-integrated MEAs, how to culture neurons in this setup, and how to successfully record, analyze and interpret the results from such experiments. Here, we show how the established setup simplifies the understanding of neuronal communication and axonal signal propagation. These platforms pave the way for new in vitro models with engineered and controllable neuronal network topographies. They can be used in the context of homogeneous neuronal cultures, or with co-culture configurations where, for example, communication between sensory neurons and other cell types is monitored and assessed. This setup provides very interesting conditions to study, for example, neurodevelopment, neuronal circuits, information coding, neurodegeneration and neuroregeneration approaches.

This protocol aims to demonstrate how to combine in vitro microelectrode arrays with microfluidic devices for studying action potential transmission in neuronal cultures. Data analysis, namely the detection and characterization of propagating action potentials, is performed using a new advanced, yet user-friendly and freely available, computational tool.

神経細胞のコミュニケーションと軸索の信号伝搬特性を研究するためマイクロ電極アレイとのインタ フェース

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used to study neuronal function in vitro. These devices allow concurrent non-invasive recording/stimulation of ...

生物工学

Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecular Memristors Consisting of Ion Channel-doped Lipid Membranes

The ability to recreate synaptic functionalities in synthetic circuit elements is essential for neuromorphic computing systems that seek to emulate the cognitive powers of the brain with comparable efficiency and density. To date, silicon-based three-terminal transistors and two-terminal memristors have been widely used in neuromorphic circuits, in large part due to their ability to co-locate information processing and memory. Yet these devices cannot achieve the interconnectivity and complexity of the brain because they are power-hungry, fail to mimic key synaptic functionalities, and suffer from high noise and high switching voltages. To overcome these limitations, we have developed and characterized a biomolecular memristor that mimics the composition, structure, and switching characteristics of biological synapses. Here, we describe the process of assembling and characterizing biomolecular memristors consisting of a 5 nm-thick lipid bilayer formed between lipid-functionalized water droplets in oil and doped with voltage-activated alamethicin peptides. While similar assembly protocols have been used to investigate biophysical properties of droplet-supported lipid membranes and membrane-bound ion channels, this article focuses on key modifications of the droplet interface bilayer method essential for achieving consistent memristor performance. Specifically, we describe the liposome preparation process and the incorporation of alamethicin peptides in lipid bilayer membranes, and the appropriate concentrations of each constituent as well as their impact on the overall response of the memristors. We also detail the characterization process of biomolecular memristors, including measurement and analysis of memristive current-voltage relationships obtained via cyclic voltammetry, as well as short-term plasticity and learning in response to step-wise voltage pulse trains.

Soft, low-power, biomolecular memristors leverage similar composition, structure, and switching mechanisms of bio-synapses. Presented here is a protocol to assemble and characterize biomolecular memristors obtained from insulating lipid bilayers formed between water droplets in oil. The incorporation of voltage-activated alamethicin peptides results in memristive ionic conductance across the membrane.

アセンブリおよびイオン チャネルをドープした脂質膜から成る分子 Memristors のキャラクタリゼーション

The ability to recreate synaptic functionalities in synthetic circuit elements is essential for neuromorphic computing systems that seek to emulate the ...

Lipid Bilayer Experiments with Contact Bubble Bilayers for Patch-Clampers

Lipid bilayers provide a unique experimental platform for functional studies of ion channels, allowing the examination of channel-membrane interactions under various membrane lipid compositions. Among them, the droplet interface bilayer has gained popularity; however, the large membrane size hinders the recording of low electrical background noise. We have established a contact bubble bilayer (CBB) method that combines the benefits of planar lipid bilayer and patch-clamp methods, such as the ability to vary the lipid composition and to manipulate the bilayer mechanics, respectively. Using the setup for conventional patch-clamp experiments, CBB-based experiments can be readily performed. In brief, an electrolyte solution in a glass pipette is blown into an organic solvent phase (hexadecane), and the pipette pressure is maintained to obtain a stable bubble size. The bubble is spontaneously lined with a lipid monolayer (pure lipids or mixed lipids), which is provided from liposomes in the bubbles. Next, the two monolayer-lined bubbles (~50 &#181;m in diameter) at the tip of the glass pipettes are docked for bilayer formation. Introduction of channel-reconstituted liposomes into the bubble leads to the incorporation of channels in the bilayer, allowing for single-channel current recording with a signal-to-noise ratio comparable to that of patch-clamp recordings. CBBs with an asymmetric lipid composition are readily formed. The CBB is renewed repeatedly by blowing out the previous bubbles and forming new ones. Various chemical and physical perturbations (e.g., membrane perfusion and bilayer tension) can be imposed on the CBBs. Herein, we present the basic procedure for CBB formation.

Here, we present a protocol for the formation of lipid bilayers using a contact bubble bilayer method. A water bubble is blown into an organic solvent, whereby a monolayer is formed at the water-oil interface. Two pipettes are manipulated to dock the bubbles to form a bilayer.

パッチ取り付けの連絡先バブル膜脂質二分子膜実験

Lipid bilayers provide a unique experimental platform for functional studies of ion channels, allowing the examination of channel-membrane interactions ...

Introduction to Solid Supported Membrane Based Electrophysiology

The electrophysiological method we present is based on a solid supported membrane (SSM) composed of an octadecanethiol layer chemisorbed on a gold coated sensor chip and a phosphatidylcholine monolayer on top. This assembly is mounted into a cuvette system containing the reference electrode, a chlorinated silver wire.
After adsorption of membrane fragments or proteoliposomes containing the membrane protein of interest, a fast solution exchange is used to induce the transport activity of the membrane protein. In the single solution exchange protocol two solutions, one non-activating and one activating solution, are needed. The flow is controlled by pressurized air and a valve and tubing system within a faraday cage.
The kinetics of the electrogenic transport activity is obtained via capacitive coupling between the SSM and the proteoliposomes or membrane fragments. The method, therefore, yields only transient currents. The peak current represents the stationary transport activity. The time dependent transporter currents can be reconstructed by circuit analysis.
This method is especially suited for prokaryotic transporters or eukaryotic transporters from intracellular membranes, which cannot be investigated by patch clamp or voltage clamp methods.

Here we present an electrophysiological method based on solid supported membranes with focus on its applications for the characterization of electrogenic membrane transporters.

電気生理学基づき固体支持された膜の概要

The electrophysiological method we present is based on a solid supported membrane (SSM) composed of an octadecanethiol layer chemisorbed on a gold coated ...

Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches

Computational modeling has become an increasingly important method in neural engineering due to its capacity to predict behaviors of in vivo and in vitro systems. This has the key advantage of minimizing the number of animals required in a given study by providing an often very precise prediction of physiological outcomes. In the field of visual prosthesis, computational modeling has an array of practical applications, including informing the design of an implantable electrode array and prediction of visual percepts that may be elicited through the delivery of electrical impulses from the said array. Some models described in the literature combine a three-dimensional (3D) morphology to compute the electric field and a cable model of the neuron or neural network of interest. To increase the accessibility of this two-step method to researchers who may have limited prior experience in computational modeling, we provide a video of the fundamental approaches to be taken in order to construct a computational model and utilize it in predicting the physiological and psychophysical outcomes of stimulation protocols deployed via a visual prosthesis. The guide comprises the steps to build a 3D model in a finite element modeling (FEM) software, the construction of a retinal ganglion cell model in a multi-compartmental neuron computational software, followed by the amalgamation of the two. A finite element modeling software to numerically solve physical equations would be used to solve electric field distribution in the electrical stimulations of tissue. Then, specialized software to simulate the electrical activities of a neural cell or network was used. To follow this tutorial, familiarity with the working principle of a neuroprosthesis, as well as neurophysiological concepts (e.g., action potential mechanism and an understanding of the Hodgkin-Huxley model), would be required.

We summarize a workflow to computationally model a retinal neuron's behaviors in response to electrical stimulation. The computational model is versatile and includes automation steps that are useful in simulating a range of physiological scenarios and anticipating the outcomes of future in vivo/in vitro studies.

視覚補綴物研究のための網膜ニューロンの計算モデリング - 基礎的アプローチ

Computational modeling has become an increasingly important method in neural engineering due to its capacity to predict behaviors of in vivo and in vitro ...

回路基板と生体膜のモデル化と軸索の電気信号の測定：学生研究室の演習を

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膜電位、シナプス応答、神経回路、ニューロモデュレーションとザリガニを使用して筋肉の組織学：学生研究室の演習

電気生理学的実験のための人工二重層の準備

デザイン、治療、セルラーめっき、機能的に相互接続された回路で構成モジュラー神経回路網の培養表面

異種哺乳動物細胞で発現したイオンチャネルの変異導入と機能解析

軸索分岐と神経形態形成中に形質膜配信の役割を定義するために組み合わせる方法論を活用

神経細胞のコミュニケーションと軸索の信号伝搬特性を研究するためマイクロ電極アレイとのインタフェース

アセンブリおよびイオンチャネルをドープした脂質膜から成る分子 Memristors のキャラクタリゼーション

パッチ取り付けの連絡先バブル膜脂質二分子膜実験

電気生理学基づき固体支持された膜の概要

視覚補綴物研究のための網膜ニューロンの計算モデリング - 基礎的アプローチ

回路基板と生体膜のモデル化と軸索の電気信号の測定：学生研究室の演習を

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

膜電位、シナプス応答、神経回路、ニューロモデュレーションとザリガニを使用して筋肉の組織学：学生研究室の演習

電気生理学的実験のための人工二重層の準備

デザイン、治療、セルラーめっき、機能的に相互接続された回路で構成モジュラー神経回路網の培養表面

異種哺乳動物細胞で発現したイオンチャネルの変異導入と機能解析

軸索分岐と神経形態形成中に形質膜配信の役割を定義するために組み合わせる方法論を活用

神経細胞のコミュニケーションと軸索の信号伝搬特性を研究するためマイクロ電極アレイとのインタ フェース

アセンブリおよびイオン チャネルをドープした脂質膜から成る分子 Memristors のキャラクタリゼーション

パッチ取り付けの連絡先バブル膜脂質二分子膜実験

電気生理学基づき固体支持された膜の概要

視覚補綴物研究のための網膜ニューロンの計算モデリング - 基礎的アプローチ

神経細胞のコミュニケーションと軸索の信号伝搬特性を研究するためマイクロ電極アレイとのインタフェース

アセンブリおよびイオンチャネルをドープした脂質膜から成る分子 Memristors のキャラクタリゼーション