マルクスPajtlerとロバートボーラーのサポートやアドバイスは、このプロトコルの可視化のための非常に貴重でした。

動物実験は動物実験で定められている実験的な手続きと規制のための動物の管理と使用に関するNI​​Hのガイドラインに従って、欧州共同体理事会指令（86/609/EEC）に準拠して行われたという著者らの状態ケアとデュースブルク - エッセン大学（ドイツ）での委員会（IACUC）を使用してください。 パート1：（ビデオで示されていない）の設定 （インキュベータから卵を取る前に）材料と溶液の調製<ul><li>卵は37℃で11日間の加湿インキュベーター中でインキュベートする必要があります° C（100 ° F）。 </li><li> 70％エタノールのスプレー、クリーンプレート、正確な清潔なピンセットを用い、4℃（40 ° F）冷滅菌氷上でDMEM、60 mLの滅菌シリンジ</li><li> 50 mLの滅菌コーニングチューブには、° C、コールドDMEMは1:1の比率（：DMEM浸軟質量）で浸軟した胚を混在させる4を半分埋める必要があります。早く卵がニワトリ胚のインキュベータの解剖から取り出されているとして起動する必要があります。 </li><li>オートクレーブや解剖の日に解剖ツールを殺菌、20分間70％エタノールでツールを浸す。 </li></ul>第2部：ニワトリ胚の解剖（ビデオで実証） <ol><li>少なくとも30秒間、70％エタノールを噴霧インキュベート卵を湿らせ、過度に卵を振っていないがきれいで柔らかなペーパータオルで慎重にそれらを乾燥させます。 注：私たちは、同時に60以上のニワトリ胚を解剖することはお勧めしません。 </li><li>鋭いエッジに対して破線で慎重に卵を開いて、卵黄の袋またはニワトリ胚自体を破壊しない、注意して胚を取り出す。 </li><li>すぐに臍帯の開始のための検索と卵黄の袋または少し船を破壊することなく明確なラッピングを開きます。その後、正確な清潔なピンセットを用い、へその緒を解剖。 </li><li>卵黄の袋から胚を取り出す。 注：胚が（ビデオに示されていない）すぐに断頭してください。 </li><li> 4で最小必須培地で胚を収集℃に</li></ol>パート3：ニワトリ胚のマセラシオン<ol><li> 60 mLの滅菌注射器の外プランジャーを取る。 </li><li> one 60mLのシリンジに約10胚を転送します。 </li><li>浸軟物質を失うリスクにしないために慎重に戻ってシリンジにプランジャーを置く。 </li><li>プランジ​​ャーを押し下げることによって痩せ衰えさせる。 </li><li>準備コーニングチューブ1:1（：DMEM浸軟質量）の比でDMEMで半分満たさで浸軟した質量を収集する。約25 mLの量が生産される10の胚を使用する。 </li><li> 4℃45分℃でシェーカーで混合物を置かない</li></ol>第4部：ニワトリ胚の遠心分離 - DMEMサスペンション<ol><li>ニワトリ胚を移す - DMEM懸濁液を遠心管に。 </li><li>胚の25 mg当たり1ミリグラムの濃度で滅菌ヒアルロニダーゼを追加。 </li><li>非常に正確に風袋遠心分離チューブ。 注：遠心操作は非常に高いg力および材料または不均衡なチューブを使用する場合は、遠心機が発生する可能性の損傷時に実行されるため、この手順は慎重に行われるべき。すべてのチューブの小数点以下をDMEMで不足額を調整することで受信する必要があります後に3つのポジションについて、マシンに基づいて秤量精度の高い。 </li><li> 4に遠心分離機の温度を下げる℃に 注：また、遠心分離ローターは、一晩冷却室または冷蔵庫に保管してください。 </li><li>少なくとも180.000 xgx時間にわたって6時間を遠心注：単相の分離に関する優れた結果を得るためには266.000 xgx hを使用する可能であれば、バキューム調整を使用してください。 </li></ol>第5部：ニワトリ胚抽出物のろ過遠心分離後、3つのフェーズは気づいたことができる：脂肪のフラグメントを持つ上層薄汚い液相、中央にある透明な液体の相と遠心チューブの下部にあるペレットを注：遠心混合物の振動や移動活発になる必 ​​要がありますこれは明確な中心的な液相​​を失うことによって遠心分離のステップの結果を破壊するように厳密に、避けて。 注：すべての次の手順では、層流のベンチを使用して無菌条件下で実行する必要があります。 <ol><li> 0.45μmの細孔を有するフィルターシステムに明確な液相をピペット。その後、接続された真空ポンプのスイッチをオンにします。 注：下部にあるペレットに触れないでください。これは、抽出液とフィルターシステムの閉塞の汚染につながる。 </li><li> 0.22μmのと接続された真空ポンプのスイッチを再度の細孔を持つフィルターシステムに事前に抽出して転送する。 </li><li>注し達成ニワトリ胚エキス滅菌15mlのコーニングチューブインチ</li><li>迅速° C（-62 ° F）-80分注して保存する。注：-80で保存した場合最長2年間の最後のCEE℃に</li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bronner-Fraser, M., Fraser, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+lineage+analysis+reveals+multipotency+of+some+avian+neural+crest+cells.">Cell lineage analysis reveals multipotency of some avian neural crest cells.</a> Nature. 335, 161-164 (1988).</li><li>Stemple, D. L., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+a+stem+cell+for+neurons+and+glia+from+the+mammalian+neural+crest.">Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest.</a> Cell. 71, 973-985 (1992).</li><li>Rao, M. S., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+and+controlled+in+vitro+differentiation+of+murine+multipotent+neural+crest+stem+cells.">Immortalization and controlled in vitro differentiation of murine multipotent neural crest stem cells.</a> J Neurobiol. 32, 722-746 (1997).</li><li>Paratore, C., Goerich, D. E., Suter, U., Wegner, M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+glial+fate+acquisition+of+neural+crest+cells+are+regulated+by+an+interplay+between+the+transcription+factor+Sox10+and+extrinsic+combinatorial+signaling.">Survival and glial fate acquisition of neural crest cells are regulated by an interplay between the transcription factor Sox10 and extrinsic combinatorial signaling.</a> Cell. 128, 3949-3961 (2001).</li><li>Kim, J., Lo, L., Dormand, E., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SOX10+maintains+multipotency+and+inhibits+neuronal+differentiation+of+neural+crest+stem+cells.">SOX10 maintains multipotency and inhibits neuronal differentiation of neural crest stem cells.</a> Neuron. 38, 17-31 (2003).</li><li>Anderson, D. J., Groves, A., Lo, L., Ma, Q., Rao, M., Shah, N. M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+lineage+determination+and+the+control+of+neuronal+identity+in+the+neural+crest.">Cell lineage determination and the control of neuronal identity in the neural crest.</a> Review Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 62, 493-504 (1997).</li><li>Dorsky, R. I., Moon, R. T., Raible, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+signals+and+cell+fate+specification+in+premigratory+neural+crest.">Environmental signals and cell fate specification in premigratory neural crest.</a> Review Bioessays. 22, 708-716 (2000).</li><li>Sieber-Blum, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+controlling+lineage+specification+in+the+neural+crest.">Factors controlling lineage specification in the neural crest.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 197, 1-33 (2000).</li><li>Dupin, E., Real, C., Ledouarin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+crest+stem+cells:+control+of+neural+crest+cell+fate+and+plasticity+by+endothelin-3.">The neural crest stem cells: control of neural crest cell fate and plasticity by endothelin-3.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 73, 533-545 (2001).</li><li>Maurer, J., Fuchs, S., J&#228;ger, R., Kurz, B., Sommer, L., Schorle, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+controlled+differentiation+of+neural+crest+stem+cell+lines+using+conditional+transgenesis.">Establishment and controlled differentiation of neural crest stem cell lines using conditional transgenesis.</a> Differentiation. 75, 890-891 (2007).</li><li>Wu, Y. Y., Mujtaba, T., Rao, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+stem+and+precursor+cells+from+fetal+tissue.">Isolation of stem and precursor cells from fetal tissue.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 198, 29-40 (2002).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

このプロトコルは過去10,11に記載されている手順の変更に基づいています。前者の出版物に加えて、我々はここで、プロセスの個々の異なるステップより多くの拡張を示します。これが正しい手続きで信頼性の高い成果を保証する重要な詳細と実験者をサポートしています。さらに、解剖プロセスとして我々は細部に卵黄の袋から胚を取り出すの手順を記述するCEEの抽出の重要な部分...

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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<td>11 days incubated chicken eggs</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>S&ouml;rries-Trockels Vermehrungszucht GmbH &amp; Co.KG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Alcoholic disinfection spray</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sch&uuml;lke &amp; Mayr GmbH</td>
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<td>DMEMGlutamax</td>
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<td>GIBCO Invitrogen</td>
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<td>Syringe sterile (60 ml)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Biosciences</td>
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<td>Tubes sterile (50; 15 ml)</td>
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<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
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<td>Pipet tips sterile</td>
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<td>Starlab GmbH</td>
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<td>Hyaluronidase typeIV-S</td>
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<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
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<td>Milipore stericups sterile (0.45; 0.22 &mu;l)</td>
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<td>Fisher Scientific AG</td>
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<td>Pipettes sterile (25; 10; 5 ml)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Centrifuge L5-50</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Rotor type Ti-45</td>
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production of chick embryo extract for the cultivation of murine neural crest stem cells

神経堤は、胚発生中に神経外胚葉から発生し、一時的にしか保持されます。初期の実験は、すでに神経堤1の重要部分であると多能性前駆細胞をへのドア。表現型、神経堤幹細胞（NCSC）を同時に神経堤2,3,4,5から、その移行中にP75（低アフィン神経成長因子受容体、LNGFR）とSOX10の発現によって定義されます。これらの前駆細胞は平滑筋細胞、クロム親和性細胞、神経細胞とグリア細胞だけでなく、メラノサイト、軟骨や骨6,7,8,9に分化することができる。 in vitroで NCSCを育成するために、特別な神経堤幹細胞の培地（NCSCM）が10必要です。 NCSCMの最も複雑な部分は、NCSCのためだけでなく、神経外植片の他の種​​類の成長因子の本質的なソースを表すニワトリ胚抽出物（CEE）の準備です。 CEEの横にある他のNCSCM成分は市販されている。それは分離、浸軟、遠心分離、およびろ過プロセスなどの挑戦的な詳細を知るために非常に重要であるCCE使用して実験室の標準機器を生産。このプロトコルでは、純粋かつ高品質CEEの最大化の量を生産するために、正確なテクニックを説明します。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

in vitroで神経堤幹細胞（NCSC）を育成するために、特殊な培地（NCSCM）が必要です。 NCSCMの本質的な部分は、ニワトリ胚抽出物（CEE）です。ここでは、分離、浸軟、遠心分離、およびろ過プロセスなどの詳細を含む、純粋で高品質CEEの最大化量を、生成する正確なテクニックを説明します。

マウス神経堤幹細胞の培養のためのニワトリ胚抽出物の製造

The neural crest arises from the neuro-ectoderm during embryogenesis and persists only temporarily. Early experiments already proofed pluripotent ...

production-chick-embryo-extract-for-cultivation-murine-neural-crest

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.7K ビュー.  University Children's Hospital Essen. in vitroで神経堤幹細胞（NCSC）を育成するために、特殊な培地（NCSCM）が必要です。 NCSCMの本質的な部分は、ニワトリ胚抽出物（CEE）です。ここでは、分離、浸軟、遠心分離、およびろ過プロセスなどの詳細を含む、純粋で高品質CEEの最大化量を、生成する正確なテクニックを説明します。

ビデオ: Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

人間の毛包から神経堤幹細胞の単離および培養

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

神経科学

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

胎児マウス神経管から神経堤細胞の単離および培養

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

ヒト多能性幹細胞からの神経堤前駆細胞のフィーダーフリー導出

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Enumeration of Neural Stem Cells Using Clonal Assays

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. NSCs and neural progenitors (NPs) are commonly cultured in vitro as neurospheres. This protocol describes in detail how to determine the NSC frequency in a given cell population under clonal conditions. The protocol begins with the seeding of the cells at a density that allows for the generation of clonal neurospheres. The neurospheres are then transferred to chambered coverslips and differentiated under clonal conditions in conditioned medium, which maximizes the differentiation potential of the neurospheres. Finally, the NSC frequency is calculated based on neurosphere formation and multipotency capabilities. Utilities of this protocol include the evaluation of candidate NSC markers, purification of NSCs, and the ability to distinguish NSCs from NPs. This method takes 13 days to perform, which is much shorter than current methods to enumerate NSC frequency.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) refer to cells&#160;which can self-renew and differentiate into the three neural lineages. Here, we describe a protocol to determine NSC frequency in a given cell population using neurosphere formation and differentiation under clonal conditions.

クローンのアッセイを用いて神経幹細胞の列挙

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. ...

Development of a Refined Protocol for Trans-scleral Subretinal Transplantation of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into Rat Eyes

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is characterized by the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are a monolayer of cells functionally supporting and anatomically wrapping around the neural retina. Current pharmacological treatments for the non-neovascular AMD (dry AMD) only slow down the disease progression but cannot restore vision, necessitating studies aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Replacing the degenerative RPE cells with healthy cells holds promise to treat dry AMD in the future. Extensive preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapies for AMD involve the transplantation of stem cell-derived RPE cells into the subretinal space of animal models, in which the subretinal injection technique is applied. The approach most frequently used in these preclinical animal studies is through the trans-scleral route, which is made difficult by the lack of direct visualization of the needle end and can often result in retinal damage. An alternative approach through the vitreous allows for direct observation of the needle end position, but it carries a high risk of surgical traumas as more eye tissues are disturbed. We have developed a less risky and reproducible modified trans-scleral injection method that uses defined needle angles and depths to successfully and consistently deliver RPE cells into the rat subretinal space and avoid excessive retinal damage. Cells delivered in this manner have been previously demonstrated to be efficacious in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat for at least 2 months. This technique can be used not only for cell transplantation but also for delivery of small molecules or gene therapies.

Subretinal injection has been widely applied in preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapy for age-related macular degeneration. In this visualized article, we describe a less risky, reproducible and precisely modified subretinal injection technique via the trans-scleral approach to deliver cells into rat eyes.

強膜網膜移植ひと網膜色素上皮細胞のラットの目の洗練されたプロトコルの開発

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is ...

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic mechanisms have been intensively studied. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine displays dynamic features during embryonic and postnatal development of the brain, plays a regulatory function in gene expression, and is involved in multiple neurological disorders. Here, we describe the detailed methods including immunofluorescence staining and&#160;DNA dot-blot to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cultured cells and brain tissues of mouse.

Here, we present a protocol to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cells and brain tissues, utilizing immunofluorescence staining and DNA dot-blot methods.

マウスの神経幹細胞と脳における5-ヒドロキシメチルシトシンの検出

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic ...

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the lack of proper animal models that fully mimic human diseases and the poor availability of post-mortem human brain tissue. Adult human nervous tissue culture offers the possibility to study different aspects of neurological disorders. Molecular, cellular, and biochemical mechanisms could be easily addressed in this system, as well as testing and validating drugs or different treatments, such as cell-based therapies. This method combines long-term organotypic cultures of the adult human cortex, obtained from epileptic patients undergoing resective surgery, and ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors. This method will allow the study of cell survival, neuronal differentiation, the formation of synaptic inputs and outputs, and the electrophysiological properties of human-derived cells after transplantation into intact adult human cortical tissue. This approach is an important step prior to the development of a 3D human disease modeling platform that will bring basic research closer to the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapies for patients with different neurological disorders and allow the development of new tools for reconstructing damaged neural circuits.

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

This protocol describes long-term organotypic cultures of adult human cortex combined with ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors, which present a novel methodology to further test stem cell-based therapies for human neurodegenerative disorders.

ヒト幹細胞移植および検証のための ex vivo モデルとしての成体ヒト皮質の有機型培養

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the ...

ヒト多能性幹細胞からの腸管ニューロンの誘導

Differentiation of Enteric Nervous System Lineages from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The human enteric nervous system, ENS, is a large network of glial and neuronal cell types with remarkable neurotransmitter diversity. The ENS controls bowel motility, enzyme secretion, and nutrient absorption and interacts with the immune system and the gut microbiome. Consequently, developmental and acquired defects of the ENS are responsible for many human diseases and may contribute to symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Limitations in animal model systems and access to primary tissue pose significant experimental challenges in studies of the human ENS. Here, a detailed protocol is presented for effective in vitro derivation of the ENS lineages from human pluripotent stem cells, hPSC, using defined culture conditions. Our protocol begins with directed differentiation of hPSCs to enteric neural crest cells within 15 days and yields diverse subtypes of functional enteric neurons within 30 days. This platform provides a scalable resource for developmental studies, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative applications.

著者スポットライト:ヒト多能性幹細胞からのヒト腸内ニューロンの堅牢な培養

Deriving enteric nervous system (ENS) lineages from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) provides a scalable source of cells to study ENS development and disease, and to use in regenerative medicine. Here, a detailed in vitro protocol to derive enteric neurons from hPSCs using chemically defined culture conditions is presented.

ヒト多能性幹細胞からの腸管神経系系統の分化

The human enteric nervous system, ENS, is a large network of glial and neuronal cell types with remarkable neurotransmitter diversity. The ENS controls ...