El apoyo y asesoramiento de Markus Pajtler Bohrer y Robert fueron de gran valor para la visualización de este protocolo.

Los autores afirman que los experimentos con animales se realizaron de acuerdo con las Comunidades Europeas la Directiva del Consejo (86/609/CEE), siguiendo las directrices de los NIH sobre el cuidado y uso de animales en los procedimientos experimentales y los reglamentos establecidos por el Comité Institucional la atención y el empleo Comisión (IACUC) de la Universidad de Duisburg-Essen (Alemania). Parte 1: Configuración (no se muestra en el vídeo) La elaboración de materiales y soluciones (antes de tomar los huevos de la incubadora) <ul><li> Los huevos que se incuban en una incubadora humidificada durante 11 días a 37 ° C (100 ° F). </li><li> 70% de etanol en aerosol, placas limpias, precisas pinzas limpias, 4 ° C (40 ° F) en frío estéril DMEM en hielo y 60 ml jeringas estériles </li><li> Tubos de 50 ml estéril Corning tiene que ser a medio llenar con 4 ° C frío DMEM para mezclar los embriones macerado en una proporción de 1:1 (en masa macerada: DMEM). Tan pronto como los huevos se sacan de la disección de la incubadora de los embriones de pollo tiene que ser iniciado. </li><li> Esterilizar las herramientas de disección en el autoclave o en el día de la disección, sumerja los instrumentos en el 70% de etanol durante 20 minutos. </li></ul> Parte 2: La disección de los embriones de pollo (demostrado en el vídeo) <ol><li> Húmedo los huevos se incuban con un spray de etanol al 70% por lo menos durante 30 segundos y secarlos cuidadosamente con toallas de papel suave, mientras que los huevos no sacudir demasiado. Nota: Se recomienda la disección no más de 60 embriones de pollo al mismo tiempo. </li><li> Abrir los huevos con cuidado por estrellarse contra un borde afilado y sacar el embrión con cuidado de no destruir el saco vitelino del embrión de pollo o de sí mismo. </li><li> Busque el principio de que el cordón umbilical de forma rápida y abrir el envoltorio transparente, sin destruir el saco vitelino o pequeños vasos. A continuación, analizar el cordón umbilical con unas pinzas limpias precisa. </li><li> Tome el embrión fuera del saco vitelino. Nota: Los embriones deben ser decapitados rápidamente (no se muestra en el video). </li><li> Recoger los embriones en medio esencial mínimo a 4 ° C. </li></ol> Parte 3: Maceración de los embriones de pollo <ol><li> Tome el émbolo de una jeringa de 60 mL estéril. </li><li> Transferencia de aproximadamente 10 embriones en una sola jeringa de 60 ml. </li><li> Ponga el émbolo con cuidado en la jeringa con el fin de no arriesgarse a perder el material macerado. </li><li> Macerar por empujando el émbolo. </li><li> Recoger la masa macerada en los tubos preparados Corning llenó medio con DMEM en una proporción de 1:1 (en masa macerada: DMEM). Con 10 embriones de un volumen aproximado de 25 ml se produce. </li><li> Coloque la mezcla en un agitador durante 45 min a 4 ° C. </li></ol> Parte 4: La centrifugación del embrión de pollo - Suspensión DMEM <ol><li> Transferencia de embrión de pollo - DMEM suspensión en los tubos de centrifugación. </li><li> Añadir hialuronidasa estéril a una concentración de 1 mg por cada 25 mg de embrión. </li><li> Tara de los tubos de centrifugación de manera muy precisa. Nota: Este paso debe realizarse con precaución, ya que la centrifugación se ejecuta en muy alto g-fuerza y el daño material o una centrifugadora, podría ocurrir si se utilizan tubos de desequilibrio. Con una alta precisión de pesaje de la máquina acuerdo con respecto a las tres posiciones después del punto decimal para todos los tubos deben ser recibidos por el ajuste de la cantidad que falta con DMEM. </li><li> Reducir la temperatura de la centrífuga a 4 ° C. Nota: Además, el rotor de centrifugación deben ser almacenados en una cámara de refrigeración o refrigerador durante la noche. </li><li> Centrífuga 6 horas por lo menos para 180.000 xgx h. Nota: Para obtener mejores resultados con respecto a la separación de las fases de un solo uso xgx 266.000 h. Si es posible, utilice el ajuste de vacío. </li></ol> Parte 5: Filtración del extracto de Embrión de Pollo Después de la centrifugación de tres fases se puede notar: La fase superior de líquido sucio con fragmentos de grasa, la fase líquida en el centro y el sedimento en el fondo del tubo de centrifugación. Nota: Temblor o movimiento rápido de la mezcla se centrifuga tiene que ser estrictamente evitados, ya que esto destruiría el resultado de la etapa de centrifugación por la pérdida de la fase líquida y clara central. Nota: Todos los pasos siguientes deben llevarse a cabo en condiciones asépticas utilizando un banco de flujo laminar de aire: <ol><li> Pipeta de la fase líquida en un sistema de filtros con poros de 0,45 micras. A continuación, encienda la bomba de vacío conectada. Nota: No toque la bolita en la parte inferior. Esto daría lugar a una contaminación de la extracción y un bloqueo del sistema de filtro. </li><li> Transferir el extracto pre-en un sistema de filtros con poros de 0,22 micras y el interruptor de la bomba de vacío conectada de nuevo. </li><li> Alícuota del extracto obtenido de embrión de polloen tubos estériles de 15 ml Corning. </li><li> Rápidamente almacenar las alícuotas a -80 ° C (-62 ° F). Nota: La duración de hasta dos años de Europa central y oriental, si se almacena a -80 ° C. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bronner-Fraser, M., Fraser, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+lineage+analysis+reveals+multipotency+of+some+avian+neural+crest+cells.">Cell lineage analysis reveals multipotency of some avian neural crest cells.</a> Nature. 335, 161-164 (1988).</li><li>Stemple, D. L., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+a+stem+cell+for+neurons+and+glia+from+the+mammalian+neural+crest.">Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest.</a> Cell. 71, 973-985 (1992).</li><li>Rao, M. S., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+and+controlled+in+vitro+differentiation+of+murine+multipotent+neural+crest+stem+cells.">Immortalization and controlled in vitro differentiation of murine multipotent neural crest stem cells.</a> J Neurobiol. 32, 722-746 (1997).</li><li>Paratore, C., Goerich, D. E., Suter, U., Wegner, M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+glial+fate+acquisition+of+neural+crest+cells+are+regulated+by+an+interplay+between+the+transcription+factor+Sox10+and+extrinsic+combinatorial+signaling.">Survival and glial fate acquisition of neural crest cells are regulated by an interplay between the transcription factor Sox10 and extrinsic combinatorial signaling.</a> Cell. 128, 3949-3961 (2001).</li><li>Kim, J., Lo, L., Dormand, E., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SOX10+maintains+multipotency+and+inhibits+neuronal+differentiation+of+neural+crest+stem+cells.">SOX10 maintains multipotency and inhibits neuronal differentiation of neural crest stem cells.</a> Neuron. 38, 17-31 (2003).</li><li>Anderson, D. J., Groves, A., Lo, L., Ma, Q., Rao, M., Shah, N. M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+lineage+determination+and+the+control+of+neuronal+identity+in+the+neural+crest.">Cell lineage determination and the control of neuronal identity in the neural crest.</a> Review Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 62, 493-504 (1997).</li><li>Dorsky, R. I., Moon, R. T., Raible, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+signals+and+cell+fate+specification+in+premigratory+neural+crest.">Environmental signals and cell fate specification in premigratory neural crest.</a> Review Bioessays. 22, 708-716 (2000).</li><li>Sieber-Blum, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+controlling+lineage+specification+in+the+neural+crest.">Factors controlling lineage specification in the neural crest.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 197, 1-33 (2000).</li><li>Dupin, E., Real, C., Ledouarin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+crest+stem+cells:+control+of+neural+crest+cell+fate+and+plasticity+by+endothelin-3.">The neural crest stem cells: control of neural crest cell fate and plasticity by endothelin-3.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 73, 533-545 (2001).</li><li>Maurer, J., Fuchs, S., J&#228;ger, R., Kurz, B., Sommer, L., Schorle, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+controlled+differentiation+of+neural+crest+stem+cell+lines+using+conditional+transgenesis.">Establishment and controlled differentiation of neural crest stem cell lines using conditional transgenesis.</a> Differentiation. 75, 890-891 (2007).</li><li>Wu, Y. Y., Mujtaba, T., Rao, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+stem+and+precursor+cells+from+fetal+tissue.">Isolation of stem and precursor cells from fetal tissue.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 198, 29-40 (2002).</li></ol>

Este protocolo se basa en modificaciones de los procedimientos que se han descrito en el pasado 10,11. Además de las publicaciones anteriores que aquí muestran los distintos pasos diferentes del proceso de ampliación más. Esto apoya el experimentador con detalles importantes asegurando los procedimientos correctos y los resultados fiables. Además, como el proceso de disección es una parte esencial de la extracción de Europa central y oriental se describe el procedimiento de toma de los embriones fuera ...

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<td>11 days incubated chicken eggs</td>
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<td>S&ouml;rries-Trockels Vermehrungszucht GmbH &amp; Co.KG</td>
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<td>Alcoholic disinfection spray</td>
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<td>Sch&uuml;lke &amp; Mayr GmbH</td>
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<td>DMEMGlutamax</td>
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<td>GIBCO Invitrogen</td>
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<td>Syringe sterile (60 ml)</td>
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<td>BD Biosciences</td>
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<td>Tubes sterile (50; 15 ml)</td>
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<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
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<td>Pipet tips sterile</td>
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<td>Starlab GmbH</td>
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<td>Hyaluronidase typeIV-S</td>
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<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
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<td>Milipore stericups sterile (0.45; 0.22 &mu;l)</td>
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<td>Fisher Scientific AG</td>
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<td>Pipettes sterile (25; 10; 5 ml)</td>
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<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
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<td>Centrifuge L5-50</td>
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<td>Rotor type Ti-45</td>
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production of chick embryo extract for the cultivation of murine neural crest stem cells

La cresta neural nace de la neuro-ectodermo durante la embriogénesis y persiste sólo temporalmente. Los primeros experimentos ya prueba de las células progenitoras pluripotentes a ser una parte integral de la cresta neural 1. Fenotípicamente, las células troncales de la cresta neural (NCSC) se definen por la vez que expresa p75 (bajo afín crecimiento de los nervios del receptor del factor, LNGFR) y SOX10 durante su migración desde la cresta neural, 2,3,4,5. Estas células progenitoras pueden diferenciarse en células musculares lisas, células cromafines, neuronas y células gliales, así como los melanocitos, cartílago y hueso 6,7,8,9. Para cultivar NCSC in vitro, un especial de madre de la cresta neural medio celular (NCSCM) se requiere 10. La parte más compleja de la NCSCM es la preparación del extracto de embrión de pollo (CEE), que representan una fuente esencial de los factores de crecimiento para el NCSC, así como para otros tipos de explantes neural. Otros ingredientes NCSCM lado CEE están disponibles comercialmente. La producción de CCE de laboratorio con equipamiento de serie es de gran importancia para conocer los detalles difíciles como el aislamiento, la maceración, la centrifugación, y los procesos de filtración. En este protocolo se describen las técnicas precisas para producir una cantidad al máximo de calidad en estado puro y de alta CEE.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

Para cultivar las células troncales de la cresta neural (NCSC) in vitro, un medio especial (NCSCM) es necesario. Parte esencial de NCSCM es el extracto de embrión de pollo (CEE). Se describen las técnicas precisas para producir una cantidad al máximo de calidad en estado puro y de alta CEE, incluyendo detalles como el aislamiento, la maceración, la centrifugación, y los procesos de filtración.

La producción de extracto de embrión de pollo para el Cultivo de murino crestas de células neurales madre

The neural crest arises from the neuro-ectoderm during embryogenesis and persists only temporarily. Early experiments already proofed pluripotent ...

production-chick-embryo-extract-for-cultivation-murine-neural-crest

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.6K vistas.  University Children's Hospital Essen. Para cultivar las células troncales de la cresta neural (NCSC) in vitro, un medio especial (NCSCM) es necesario. Parte esencial de NCSCM es el extracto de embrión de pollo (CEE). Se describen las técnicas precisas para producir una cantidad al máximo de calidad en estado puro y de alta CEE, incluyendo detalles como el aislamiento, la maceración, la centrifugación, y los procesos de filtración.

Video: Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células troncales de la cresta neural de los folículos del cabello humano

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células de la cresta neural de embriones murinos del Tubo Neural

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

Derivación-Feeder libres de Células Progenitoras de la cresta neural Pluripotentes Células Madre

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Enumeration of Neural Stem Cells Using Clonal Assays

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. NSCs and neural progenitors (NPs) are commonly cultured in vitro as neurospheres. This protocol describes in detail how to determine the NSC frequency in a given cell population under clonal conditions. The protocol begins with the seeding of the cells at a density that allows for the generation of clonal neurospheres. The neurospheres are then transferred to chambered coverslips and differentiated under clonal conditions in conditioned medium, which maximizes the differentiation potential of the neurospheres. Finally, the NSC frequency is calculated based on neurosphere formation and multipotency capabilities. Utilities of this protocol include the evaluation of candidate NSC markers, purification of NSCs, and the ability to distinguish NSCs from NPs. This method takes 13 days to perform, which is much shorter than current methods to enumerate NSC frequency.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) refer to cells&#160;which can self-renew and differentiate into the three neural lineages. Here, we describe a protocol to determine NSC frequency in a given cell population using neurosphere formation and differentiation under clonal conditions.

Enumeración de células madre neurales Usando ensayos clonales

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. ...

Development of a Refined Protocol for Trans-scleral Subretinal Transplantation of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into Rat Eyes

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is characterized by the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are a monolayer of cells functionally supporting and anatomically wrapping around the neural retina. Current pharmacological treatments for the non-neovascular AMD (dry AMD) only slow down the disease progression but cannot restore vision, necessitating studies aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Replacing the degenerative RPE cells with healthy cells holds promise to treat dry AMD in the future. Extensive preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapies for AMD involve the transplantation of stem cell-derived RPE cells into the subretinal space of animal models, in which the subretinal injection technique is applied. The approach most frequently used in these preclinical animal studies is through the trans-scleral route, which is made difficult by the lack of direct visualization of the needle end and can often result in retinal damage. An alternative approach through the vitreous allows for direct observation of the needle end position, but it carries a high risk of surgical traumas as more eye tissues are disturbed. We have developed a less risky and reproducible modified trans-scleral injection method that uses defined needle angles and depths to successfully and consistently deliver RPE cells into the rat subretinal space and avoid excessive retinal damage. Cells delivered in this manner have been previously demonstrated to be efficacious in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat for at least 2 months. This technique can be used not only for cell transplantation but also for delivery of small molecules or gene therapies.

Subretinal injection has been widely applied in preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapy for age-related macular degeneration. In this visualized article, we describe a less risky, reproducible and precisely modified subretinal injection technique via the trans-scleral approach to deliver cells into rat eyes.

Desarrollo de un protocolo de refinado para Trans-escleral transplante Subretinal de células epiteliales del pigmento retiniano humano a ojos de rata

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is ...

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic mechanisms have been intensively studied. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine displays dynamic features during embryonic and postnatal development of the brain, plays a regulatory function in gene expression, and is involved in multiple neurological disorders. Here, we describe the detailed methods including immunofluorescence staining and&#160;DNA dot-blot to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cultured cells and brain tissues of mouse.

Here, we present a protocol to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cells and brain tissues, utilizing immunofluorescence staining and DNA dot-blot methods.

La detección de 5-Hidroximetilcitosina en células madre neuronales y cerebros de ratones

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic ...

﻿Releasing Murine Neural Stem Cells by Stereotaxic Intracerebroventricular Injection of Release Cocktail

Releasing Murine Neural Stem Cells by Stereotaxic Intracerebroventricular Injection of Release Cocktail   

Liberación de células madre neurales murinas mediante inyección intracerebroventricular estereotáxica de cóctel de liberación 

Derivación de Neuronas Entéricas a Partir de Células Madre Pluripotentes Humanas

Differentiation of Enteric Nervous System Lineages from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The human enteric nervous system, ENS, is a large network of glial and neuronal cell types with remarkable neurotransmitter diversity. The ENS controls bowel motility, enzyme secretion, and nutrient absorption and interacts with the immune system and the gut microbiome. Consequently, developmental and acquired defects of the ENS are responsible for many human diseases and may contribute to symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Limitations in animal model systems and access to primary tissue pose significant experimental challenges in studies of the human ENS. Here, a detailed protocol is presented for effective in vitro derivation of the ENS lineages from human pluripotent stem cells, hPSC, using defined culture conditions. Our protocol begins with directed differentiation of hPSCs to enteric neural crest cells within 15 days and yields diverse subtypes of functional enteric neurons within 30 days. This platform provides a scalable resource for developmental studies, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative applications.

Autor destacado: Cultivo robusto de neuronas entéricas humanas a partir de células madre pluripotentes humanas

Deriving enteric nervous system (ENS) lineages from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) provides a scalable source of cells to study ENS development and disease, and to use in regenerative medicine. Here, a detailed in vitro protocol to derive enteric neurons from hPSCs using chemically defined culture conditions is presented.

Diferenciación de linajes del sistema nervioso entérico a partir de células madre pluripotentes humanas

The human enteric nervous system, ENS, is a large network of glial and neuronal cell types with remarkable neurotransmitter diversity. The ENS controls ...