This work is funded by National Institutes of Health Grant R01 EB-008836 and R01 HL083895 (both to L.E.N.). We could like to thank Daryl Smith, the University Glassblower, for making the bioreactors for our research.

Autoclave
Assemble and autoclave the tubing for the flow system and bioreactor components (bioreactor itself and the silicone stopper lid) as instructed in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Feeding tube has a male connector on one end and an open end on the other side. Three short tubing segments are inserted through a silicone cap for gas exchange.
1. Sewing PGA Mesh
<ol>
	<li>Cut PGA mesh to 1.1cm x ~8cm sheet (dependent on bioreactor size).</li>
	<li>Clean silicone tubing (3...

<ol>
	<li>Risau, W., Flamme, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vasculogenesis.">Vasculogenesis.</a> Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11, 73-91 (1995).</li><li>Fankhauser, F., Bebie, H., Kwasniewska, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Influcence+of+mechanical+Forices+and+Flow+Mechanisms+on+Vessel+Occlusion.">The Influcence of mechanical Forices and Flow Mechanisms on Vessel Occlusion.</a> Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 6, 530-532 (1987).</li><li>Niklason, L. E., Gao, J., Abbott, W. M., Hirschi, K. K., Houser, S., Marini, R., Langer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+arteries+grown+in+vitro.">Functional arteries grown in vitro.</a> Science. 284, 489-493 (1999).</li><li>Prabhakar, V., Grinstaff, M. W., Alarcon, J., Knors, C., Solan, A. K., Niklason, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+porcine+arteries:+Effects+of+scaffold+modification.">Engineering porcine arteries: Effects of scaffold modification.</a> Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 67A, 303-311 (2003).</li><li>Mitchell, S. L., Niklason, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirements+for+growing+tissue-engineered+vascular+grafts.">Requirements for growing tissue-engineered vascular grafts.</a> Cardiovascular Pathology. 12, 59-64 (2003).</li><li>Dahl, S. L. M., Rhim, C., Song, Y. C., Niklason, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+properties+and+compositions+of+tissue+engineered+and+native+arteries.">Mechanical properties and compositions of tissue engineered and native arteries.</a> Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 35, 348-355 (2007).</li><li>Quint, C., Kondo, Y., Manson, R. J., Lawson, J. H., Dardik, A., Niklason, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decellularized+tissue-engineered+blood+vessel+as+an+arterial+conduit.">Decellularized tissue-engineered blood vessel as an arterial conduit.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108, 9214-9219 (2011).</li><li>Niklason, L. E., Yeh, A. T., Calle, E. A., Bai, Y., Valent&#237;n, A., Humphrey, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enabling+Tools+for+Engineering+Collagenous+Tissues+Integrating+Bioreactors,+Intravital+Imaging,+and+Biomechanical+Modeling.">Enabling Tools for Engineering Collagenous Tissues Integrating Bioreactors, Intravital Imaging, and Biomechanical Modeling.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107, 3335-3339 (2010).</li><li>Gong, Z., Calkins, G., Cheng, E. -. c., Krause, D., Niklason, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Culture+Medium+on+Smooth+Muscle+Cell+Differentiation+from+Human+Bone+Marrow-Derived+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells.">Influence of Culture Medium on Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation from Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.</a> Tissue Engineering Part A. 15, 319-330 (2009).</li><li>Gong, Z. D., Niklason, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small-diameter+human+vessel+wall+engineered+from+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+(hMSCs.">Small-diameter human vessel wall engineered from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs.</a> Faseb Journal. 22, 1635-1648 (2008).</li><li>Poh, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+vessels+engineered+from+human+cells.">Blood vessels engineered from human cells.</a> Lancet. 365, 2122-2124 (2005).</li><li>American Heart Association. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biostatistical fact sheet: cardiovascular procedures. , (2002).</li></ol>

The quality of engineered vessels is in large part dictated by the quality of the SMCs used in tissue culture. The critical aspects of SMC phenotype include contractile morphology, low passage number, and the ability to proliferate inside the bioreactor. We recommend that the passage number be no greater than P3 at the time of cell seeding onto the polymer scaffold. Moreover, it is crucial to confirm that the SMC sources are mycoplasma free prior to use. We have observed that mycoplasma-contaminated cells lead to substan...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
 	<tr>
 	<th>Name of Reagent/Material</th>
 <th>Supplier</th>
 <th>Catalogue Number</th>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) Heat-Inactivated </td>
 <td>HyClone</td>
 <td>SH30071</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>DMEM</td>
 <td>GIBCO</td>
 <td>11885</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>rhFGF-basic</td>
 <td>R&amp;B</td>
 <td>234-FSE</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>rrPDGF-BB</td>
 <td>R&amp;B</td>
 <td>520-BB</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Penicilin G</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>PENNA</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Copper(II) Sulfate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C8027</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Gylcine</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C8790</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>L-Alanine</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A7469-25G</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>L-Proline</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P5607-25G</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A4544-25G</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>HEPES</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>H3375-100G</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Silicone Stopper</td>
 <td>Cole-Parmer</td>
 <td>06298-24</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Masterflex tubes L/S</td>
 <td>Cole-Parmer</td>
 <td>06508-16, 06508-18</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Masterflex pump</td>
 <td>Cole-Parmer</td>
 <td>7553-80</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Dacron cuff</td>
 <td>Maquet</td>
 <td>174406</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>PGA felt</td>
 <td>Concordia</td>
 <td>MO000877-01</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>4-0 1.5 metric Surgipro II suture</td>
 <td>Syneture</td>
 <td>VP-557-X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>6-0 0.7 metric Dexon suture</td>
 <td>Syneture</td>
 <td>7538-11</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>0.22&mu;m PTFE filters</td>
 <td>Whatman</td>
 <td>6780-2502</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Three Way Stop-cock</td>
 <td>Edwards Lifesciences</td>
 <td>593WSC</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Pressure Transducer</td>
 <td>Edwards Lifesciences</td>
 <td>PX212</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>IV bags</td>
 <td>Baxter</td>
 <td>R4R2110</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 	<td>Saline dilution set</td>
 <td>Arrow</td>
 <td>W20030</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Silicone tubing</td>
 <td>Saint-Gobain</td>
 <td>F05027</td>
 </tr> 
 </tbody>
</table>

engineering biological-based vascular grafts using a pulsatile bioreactor

Much effort has been devoted to develop and advance the methodology to regenerate functional small-diameter arterial bypasses. In the physiological environment, both mechanical and chemical stimulation are required to maintain the proper development and functionality of arterial vessels1,2.
Bioreactor culture systems developed by our group are designed to support vessel regeneration within a precisely controlled chemo-mechanical environment mimicking that of native vessels. Our bioreactor assembly and maintenance procedures are fairly simple and highly repeatable3,4. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are seeded onto a tubular polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh that is threaded over compliant silicone tubing and cultured in the bioreactor with or without pulsatile stimulation for up to 12 weeks. There are four main attributes that distinguish our bioreactor from some predecessors. 1) Unlike other culture systems that simulate only the biochemical surrounding of native blood vessels, our bioreactor also creates a physiological pulsatile environment by applying cyclic radial strain to the vessels in culture. 2) Multiple engineered vessels can be cultured simultaneously under different mechanical conditions within a controlled chemical environment. 3) The bioreactor allows a mono layer of endothelial cells (EC) to be easily coated onto the luminal side of engineered vessels for animal implantation models. 4) Our bioreactor can also culture engineered vessels with different diameter size ranged from 1 mm to 3 mm, saving the effort to tailor each individual bioreactor to fit a specific diameter size. 
The engineered vessels cultured in our bioreactor resemble native blood vessels histologically to some degree. Cells in the vessel walls express mature SMC contractile markers such as smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC)3. A substantial amount of collagen is deposited within the extracellular matrix, which is responsible for ultimate mechanical strength of the engineered vessels5. Biochemical analysis also indicates that collagen content of engineered vessels is comparable to that of native arteries6. Importantly, the pulsatile bioreactor has consistently regenerated vessels that exhibit mechanical properties that permit successful implantation experiments in animal models3,7. Additionally, this bioreactor can be further modified to allow real-time assessment and tracking of collagen remodeling over time, non-invasively, using a non-linear optical microscopy (NLOM)8. To conclude, this bioreactor should serve as an excellent platform to study the fundamental mechanisms that regulate the regeneration of functional small-diameter vascular grafts.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Engineering Biological-Based Vascular Grafts Using a Pulsatile Bioreactor at JoVE.com

Engineering Biological-Based Vascular Grafts Using a Pulsatile Bioreactor

Our group has developed a bioreactor culture system that mimics the physiological pulsatile stresses of the cardiovascular system to regenerate implantable small-diameter vascular grafts.

Much effort has been devoted to develop and advance the methodology to regenerate functional small-diameter arterial bypasses. In the physiological ...

engineering-biological-based-vascular-grafts-using-pulsatile

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

16.8K ビュー.  Yale University. 当社グループは、植込み型小径人工血管を再生成する心臓血管系の生理的拍動性のストレスを模倣したバイオリアクター培養システムを開発しました。

ビデオ: Engineering Biological-Based Vascular Grafts Using a Pulsatile Bioreactor

Our group has developed a bioreactor culture system that mimics the physiological pulsatile stresses of the cardiovascular system to regenerate implantable small-diameter vascular...

a multi-cue bioreactor to evaluate the inflammatory and regenerative capacity of biomaterials under flow and stretch

A Multi-Cue Bioreactor to Evaluate the Inflammatory and Regenerative Capacity of Biomaterials under Flow and Stretch

The goal of this protocol is to execute a dynamic co-culture of human macrophages and myofibroblasts in tubular electrospun scaffolds to investigate material-driven tissue regeneration, using a bioreactor which enables the decoupling of shear stress and cyclic...

design of a biaxial mechanical loading bioreactor for tissue engineering

Design of a Biaxial Mechanical Loading Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering

We designed a novel mechanical loading bioreactor that can apply uniaxial or biaxial mechanical strain to a cartilage biocomposite prior to transplantation into an articular cartilage...

scaling of engineered vascular grafts using 3d printed guides and the ring stacking method

Scaling of Engineered Vascular Grafts Using 3D Printed Guides and the Ring Stacking Method

Scalable engineered blood vessels would improve clinical applicability. Using easily sizable 3D-printed guides, rings of vascular smooth muscle were created and stacked into a tubular form, forming a vascular graft. Grafts can be sized to meet the range of human coronary artery dimensions by simply changing the 3D-printed guide...

implantation of electrospun vascular grafts with optimized structure in a rat model

Implantation of Electrospun Vascular Grafts with Optimized Structure in a Rat Model

Here, we present a modified electrospinning method to fabricate PCL vascular grafts with thick fibers and large pores, and describe a protocol to evaluate the in vivo performance in a rat model of abdominal aorta...

engineering 3d cellularized collagen gels for vascular tissue regeneration

Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration

In this work, we present a technique for the rapid fabrication of living vascular tissues by direct culturing of collagen, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In addition, a new protocol for the mechanical characterization of engineered vascular tissues is...

procurement and decellularization of rat hindlimbs using an ex vivo perfusion-based bioreactor for vascularized composite allotransplantation

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

We describe the surgical technique and decellularization process for composite rat hindlimbs. Decellularization is conducted using low-concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate through an ex vivo machine perfusion system.

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

operation of a benchtop bioreactor

Operation of a Benchtop Bioreactor

Fermentors are used to increase culture yield and productivity of bioengineered cells.  After screening multiple microbial or animal cell culture candidates in shake flasks, the next logical step is to increase the selected culture&#x2019;s biomass with the fermentor. This video demonstrates the setup and operation of a typical benchtop bioreactor...

surgical technique for the implantation of tissue engineered vascular grafts and subsequent in vivo monitoring

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts and Subsequent In Vivo Monitoring

A step-by-step protocol for the inter-positional placement of Tissue Engineered Vessels (TEVs) into the carotid artery of a sheep using end-to-end anastomosis and real-time digital assessment in vivo until animal...

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts and Subsequent In Vivo Monitoring

nonhuman primate lung decellularization and recellularization using a specialized large-organ bioreactor

Nonhuman Primate Lung Decellularization and Recellularization Using a Specialized Large-organ Bioreactor

Whole-organ decellularization produces natural biological scaffolds that may be used for regenerative medicine. The description of a nonhuman primate model of lung regeneration in which whole lungs are decellularized and then seeded with adult stem cells and endothelial cells in a bioreactor that facilitates vascular circulation and liquid media ventilation is...

cultivation of mammalian cells using a single-use pneumatic bioreactor system

Cultivation of Mammalian Cells Using a Single-use Pneumatic Bioreactor System

Using a pneumatic bioreactor, we demonstrate the assembly, operation, and performance of this single-use bioreactor system for the growth of mammalian cells.

a rabbit venous interposition model mimicking revascularization surgery using vein grafts to assess intimal hyperplasia under arterial blood pressure

A Rabbit Venous Interposition Model Mimicking Revascularization Surgery using Vein Grafts to Assess Intimal Hyperplasia under Arterial Blood Pressure

The present protocol aims to experimentally create venous intimal hyperplasia by subjecting veins to arterial blood pressure for developing strategies to attenuate venous intimal hyperplasia following revascularization surgery using vein...

ex vivo perfusion culture of large blood vessels in a 3d printed bioreactor

Author Spotlight: EasyFlow - An Economical and Adaptable Perfusion Bioreactor for Large Blood Vessel Culture 

This protocol presents the setup and operation of a newly developed, 3D printed bioreactor for the ex vivo culture of blood vessels in perfusion. The system is designed to be easily adopted by other users, practical, affordable, and adaptable to different experimental applications, such as basic biology and pharmacological studies.

Ex Vivo Perfusion Culture of Large Blood Vessels in a 3D Printed Bioreactor

fabrication of small caliber stent-grafts using electrospinning and balloon expandable bare metal stents

Fabrication of Small Caliber Stent-grafts Using Electrospinning and Balloon Expandable Bare Metal Stents

In the protocol, we present a method to manufacture a small caliber stent-graft by sandwiching a balloon expandable stent between two electrospun nanofibrous polyurethane...

generation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived itenocytes via combined scleraxis overexpression and 2d uniaxial tension

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cell and Tissue Engineering for Tendon Repair 

This article describes a procedure to produce iTenocytes by generating iPSC-derived mesenchymal stromal cells with combined overexpression of Scleraxis using a lentiviral vector and uniaxial stretching via a 2D...

Harnessing iPSC-Derived iTenocytes for Effective Cell-Based Therapy

https://cloudfront.jove.com/CDNSource/teasers/65837_b.jpg

synthesis of keratin-based nanofiber for biomedical engineering

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue...

a semi-automated and reproducible biological-based method to quantify calcium deposition in vitro

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Vascular calcification contributes substantially to the burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This protocol describes a simple method to quantify vascular smooth muscle cell-mediated calcium precipitation in vitro by fluorescent imaging.

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

tissue characterization after a new disaggregation method for skin micro-grafts generation

Tissue Characterization after a New Disaggregation Method for Skin Micro-Grafts Generation

The protocol describes a new method to disaggregate human tissues and to create autologous micro-grafts that, combined with collagen sponges, give rise to human bio-complexes ready to use in the treatment of skin lesions. Further, this system preserves cell viability of micro-grafts at different times after mechanical...

production of human neurogenin 2-inducible neurons in a three-dimensional suspension bioreactor

Production of Human Neurogenin 2-Inducible Neurons in a Three-Dimensional Suspension Bioreactor

This article describes a protocol for the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons in a benchtop 3D suspension...

We designed a loading device that is capable of applying uniaxial or biaxial mechanical strain to a tissue engineered biocomposites fabricated for transplantation. While the device primarily functions as a bioreactor that mimics the native mechanical strains, it is also outfitted with a load cell for providing force feedback or mechanical testing of the constructs. The device subjects engineered cartilage constructs to biaxial mechanical loading with great precision of loading dose (amplitude and frequency) and is compact enough to fit inside a standard tissue culture incubator. It loads samples directly in a tissue culture plate, and multiple plate sizes are compatible with the system. The device has been designed using components manufactured for precision-guided laser applications. Bi-axial loading is accomplished by two orthogonal stages. The stages have a 50 mm travel range and are driven independently by stepper motor actuators, controlled by a closed-loop stepper motor driver that features micro-stepping capabilities, enabling step sizes of less than 50 nm. A polysulfone loading platen is coupled to the bi-axial moving platform. Movements of the stages are controlled by Thor-labs Advanced Positioning Technology (APT) software. The stepper motor driver is used with the software to adjust load parameters of frequency and amplitude of both shear and compression independently and simultaneously. Positional feedback is provided by linear optical encoders that have a bidirectional repeatability of 0.1 &mu;m and a resolution of 20 nm, translating to a positional accuracy of less than 3 &mu;m over the full 50 mm of travel. These encoders provide the necessary position feedback to the drive electronics to ensure true nanopositioning capabilities. In order to provide the force feedback to detect contact and evaluate loading responses, a precision miniature load cell is positioned between the loading platen and the moving platform. The load cell has high accuracies of 0.15% to 0.25% full scale.

We designed a novel mechanical loading bioreactor that can apply uniaxial or biaxial mechanical strain to a cartilage biocomposite prior to transplantation into an articular cartilage defect.

We  designed a loading device that is capable of applying uniaxial or biaxial  mechanical strain to a tissue engineered biocomposites fabricated for  ...

Fermentation systems are used to provide an optimal growth environment for many different types of cell cultures. The ability afforded by fermentors to carefully control temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentrations in particular makes them essential to efficient large scale growth and expression of fermentation products. This video will briefly describe the advantages of the fermentor over the shake flask. It will also identify key components of a typical benchtop fermentation system and give basic instruction on setup of the vessel and calibration of its probes. The viewer will be familiarized with the sterilization process and shown how to inoculate the growth medium in the vessel with culture. Basic concepts of operation, sampling, and harvesting will also be demonstrated. Simple data analysis and system cleanup will also be discussed.

Fermentors are used to increase culture yield and productivity of bioengineered cells. After screening multiple microbial or animal cell culture candidates in shake flasks, the next logical step is to increase the selected culture&#x2019;s biomass with the fermentor. This video demonstrates the setup and operation of a typical benchtop bioreactor system.

Fermentation systems are used to provide an optimal growth environment for many different types of cell cultures. The ability afforded by fermentors to ...

There are an insufficient number of lungs available to meet current and future organ transplantation needs. Bioartificial tissue regeneration is an attractive alternative to classic organ transplantation. This technology utilizes an organ&#39;s natural biological extracellular matrix (ECM) as a scaffold onto which autologous or stem/progenitor cells may be seeded and cultured in such a way that facilitates regeneration of the original tissue. The natural ECM is isolated by a process called decellularization. Decellularization is accomplished by treating tissues with a series of detergents, salts, and enzymes to achieve effective removal of cellular material while leaving the ECM intact. Studies conducted utilizing decellularization and subsequent recellularization of rodent lungs demonstrated marginal success in generating pulmonary-like tissue which is capable of gas exchange in vivo. While offering essential proof-of-concept, rodent models are not directly translatable to human use. Nonhuman primates (NHP) offer a more suitable model in which to investigate the use of bioartificial organ production for eventual clinical use.
The protocols for achieving complete decellularization of lungs acquired from the NHP rhesus macaque are presented. The resulting acellular lungs can be seeded with a variety of cells including mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells. The manuscript also describes the development of a bioreactor system in which cell-seeded macaque lungs can be cultured under conditions of mechanical stretch and strain provided by negative pressure ventilation as well as pulsatile perfusion through the vasculature; these forces are known to direct differentiation along pulmonary and endothelial lineages, respectively. Representative results of decellularization and cell seeding are provided.

Whole-organ decellularization produces natural biological scaffolds that may be used for regenerative medicine. The description of a nonhuman primate model of lung regeneration in which whole lungs are decellularized and then seeded with adult stem cells and endothelial cells in a bioreactor that facilitates vascular circulation and liquid media ventilation is presented.

There are an insufficient number of lungs available to meet current and future organ transplantation needs. Bioartificial tissue regeneration is an ...

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To emulate the dynamic environment of vocal folds, a novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of producing vibratory stimulations at fundamental phonation frequencies is constructed and characterized. The device is composed of a function generator, a power amplifier, a speaker selector and parallel vibration chambers. Individual vibration chambers are created by sandwiching a custom-made silicone membrane between a pair of acrylic blocks. The silicone membrane not only serves as the bottom of the chamber but also provides a mechanism for securing the cell-laden scaffold. Vibration signals, generated by a speaker mounted underneath the bottom acrylic block, are transmitted to the membrane aerodynamically by the oscillating air. Eight identical vibration modules, fixed on two stationary metal bars, are housed in an anti-humidity chamber for long-term operation in a cell culture incubator. The vibration characteristics of the vocal fold bioreactor are analyzed non-destructively using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). The utility of the dynamic culture device is demonstrated by culturing cellular constructs in the presence of 200-Hz sinusoidal vibrations with a mid-membrane displacement of 40 &#181;m. Mesenchymal stem cells cultured in the bioreactor respond to the vibratory signals by altering the synthesis and degradation of vocal fold-relevant, extracellular matrix components. The novel bioreactor system presented herein offers an excellent in vitro platform for studying vibration-induced mechanotransduction and for the engineering of functional vocal fold tissues.

A novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of delivering physiologically relevant, vibratory stimulation to cultured cells is constructed and characterized. This dynamic culture device, when combined with a fibrous poly(&#949;-caprolactone) scaffold, creates a vocal fold-mimetic environment that modulates the behaviors of mesenchymal stem cells.

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To ...

Recent advances in mammalian, insect, and stem cell cultivation and scale-up have created tremendous opportunities for new therapeutics and personalized medicine innovations. However, translating these advances into therapeutic applications will require in vitro systems that allow for robust, flexible, and cost effective bioreactor systems. There are several bioreactor systems currently utilized in research and commercial settings; however, many of these systems are not optimal for establishing, expanding, and monitoring the growth of different cell types. The culture parameters most challenging to control in these systems include, minimizing hydrodynamic shear, preventing nutrient gradient formation, establishing uniform culture medium aeration, preventing microbial contamination, and monitoring and adjusting culture conditions in real-time. Using a pneumatic single-use bioreactor system, we demonstrate the assembly and operation of this novel bioreactor for mammalian cells grown on micro-carriers. This bioreactor system eliminates many of the challenges associated with currently available systems by minimizing hydrodynamic shear and nutrient gradient formation, and allowing for uniform culture medium aeration. Moreover, the bioreactor&#8217;s software allows for remote real-time monitoring and adjusting of the bioreactor run parameters. This bioreactor system also has tremendous potential for scale-up of adherent and suspension mammalian cells for production of a variety therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, stem cells, biosimilars, and vaccines.

Using a pneumatic bioreactor, we demonstrate the assembly, operation, and performance of this single-use bioreactor system for the growth of mammalian cells.

Recent advances in mammalian, insect, and stem cell cultivation and scale-up have created tremendous opportunities for new therapeutics and personalized ...

The development of Tissue Engineered Vessels (TEVs) is advanced by the ability to routinely and effectively implant TEVs (4-5 mm in diameter) into a large animal model. A step by-step protocol for inter-positional placement of the TEV and real-time digital assessment of the TEV and native carotid arteries is described here. In vivo monitoring is made possible by the implantation of flow probes, catheters and ultrasonic crystals (capable of recording dynamic diameter changes of implanted TEVs and native carotid arteries) at the time of surgery. Once implanted, researchers can calculate arterial blood flow patterns, invasive blood pressure and artery diameter yielding parameters such as pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, pulse pressures and compliance. Data acquisition is accomplished using a single computer program for analysis throughout the duration of the experiment. Such invaluable data provides insight into TEV matrix remodeling, its resemblance to native/sham controls and overall TEV performance in vivo.

A step-by-step protocol for the inter-positional placement of Tissue Engineered Vessels (TEVs) into the carotid artery of a sheep using end-to-end anastomosis and real-time digital assessment in vivo until animal sacrifice.

The development of Tissue Engineered Vessels (TEVs) is advanced by the ability to routinely and effectively implant TEVs (4-5 mm in diameter) into a large ...

Synthetic materials are known to initiate clinical complications such as inflammation, stenosis, and infections when implanted as vascular substitutes. Collagen has been extensively used for a wide range of biomedical applications and is considered a valid alternative to synthetic materials due to its inherent biocompatibility (i.e., low antigenicity, inflammation, and cytotoxic responses). However, the limited mechanical properties and the related low hand-ability of collagen gels have hampered their use as scaffold materials for vascular tissue engineering. Therefore, the rationale behind this work was first to engineer cellularized collagen gels into a tubular-shaped geometry and second to enhance smooth muscle cells driven reorganization of collagen matrix to obtain tissues stiff enough to be handled.
The strategy described here is based on the direct assembling of collagen and smooth muscle cells (construct) in a 3D cylindrical geometry with the use of a molding technique. This process requires a maturation period, during which the constructs are cultured in a bioreactor under static conditions (without applied external dynamic mechanical constraints) for 1 or 2 weeks. The &#8220;static bioreactor&#8221; provides a monitored and controlled sterile environment (pH, temperature, gas exchange, nutrient supply and waste removal) to the constructs. During culture period, thickness measurements were performed to evaluate the cells-driven remodeling of the collagen matrix, and glucose consumption and lactate production rates were measured to monitor the cells metabolic activity. Finally, mechanical and viscoelastic properties were assessed for the resulting tubular constructs. To this end, specific protocols and a focused know-how (manipulation, gripping, working in hydrated environment, and so on) were developed to characterize the engineered tissues.

In this work, we present a technique for the rapid fabrication of living vascular tissues by direct culturing of collagen, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In addition, a new protocol for the mechanical characterization of engineered vascular tissues is described.

Synthetic materials are known to initiate clinical complications such as inflammation, stenosis, and infections when implanted as vascular substitutes. ...

A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities

A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Past studies have evaluated the performance of the reactor for the removal of COD1 and nitrogen species2-4 by heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic bacteria, respectively. The HDBR design eliminates the requirement for external flocculation/sedimentation processes while still yielding effluent containing low suspended solids. In this study, the HDBR is applied as a photobioreactor (PBR) in order to characterize the nitrogen removal characteristics of an algae-based photosynthetic microbial community. As previously reported for this HDBR design, a stable biomass zone was established with a clear delineation between the biologically active portion of the reactor and the recycling reactor fluid, which resulted in a low suspended solid effluent. The algal community in the HDBR was observed to remove 18.4% of total nitrogen species in the influent. Varying NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in the feed did not have an effect on NH4+ removal (n=44, p=0.993 and n=44, p=0.610 respectively) while NH4+ feed concentration was found to be negatively related with NO3- removal (n=44, p=0.000) and NO3- feed concentration was found to be positively correlated with NO3- removal (n=44, p=0.000). Consistent removal of NH4+, combined with the accumulation of oxidized nitrogen species at high NH4+ fluxes indicates the presence of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria within the microbial community.

A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Here, the HDBR is successfully applied in a photobioreactor (PBR) configuration for the study of nitrogen metabolism by a mixed high density algal community.

A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Past ...

Image-guided, Laser-based Fabrication of Vascular-derived Microfluidic Networks

This detailed protocol outlines the implementation of image-guided, laser-based hydrogel degradation for the fabrication of vascular-derived microfluidic networks embedded in PEGDA hydrogels. Here, we describe the creation of virtual masks that allow for image-guided laser control; the photopolymerization of a micromolded PEGDA hydrogel, suitable for microfluidic network fabrication and pressure head-driven flow; the setup and use of a commercially available laser scanning confocal microscope paired with a femtosecond pulsed Ti:S laser to induce hydrogel degradation; and the imaging of fabricated microfluidic networks using fluorescent species and confocal microscopy. Much of the protocol is focused on the proper setup and implementation of the microscope software and microscope macro, as these are crucial steps in using a commercial microscope for microfluidic fabrication purposes that contain a number of intricacies. The image-guided component of this technique allows for the implementation of 3D image stacks or user-generated 3D models, thereby allowing for creative microfluidic design and for the fabrication of complex microfluidic systems of virtually any configuration. With an expected impact in tissue engineering, the methods outlined in this protocol could aid in the fabrication of advanced biomimetic microtissue constructs for organ- and human-on-a-chip devices. By mimicking the complex architecture, tortuosity, size, and density of in vivo vasculature, essential biological transport processes can be replicated in these constructs, leading to more accurate in vitro modeling of drug pharmacokinetics and disease.

This protocol outlines the implementation of image-guided, laser-based hydrogel degradation to fabricate vascular-derived, biomimetic microfluidic networks embedded in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels. These biomimetic microfluidic systems may be useful for tissue engineering applications, generation of in vitro disease models, and fabrication of advanced "on-a-chip" devices.

This detailed protocol outlines the implementation of image-guided, laser-based hydrogel degradation for the fabrication of vascular-derived microfluidic ...

Coronary artery disease remains a leading cause of death, affecting millions of Americans. With the lack of autologous vascular grafts available, engineered grafts offer great potential for patient treatment. However, engineered vascular grafts are generally not easily scalable, requiring manufacture of custom molds or polymer tubes in order to customize to different sizes, constituting a time-consuming and costly practice. Human arteries range in lumen diameter from about 2.0-38 mm and in wall thickness from about 0.5-2.5 mm. We have created a method, termed the "Ring Stacking Method," in which variable size rings of tissue of the desired cell type, demonstrated here with vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), can be created using guides of center posts to control lumen diameter and outer shells to dictate vessel wall thickness. These tissue rings are then stacked to create a tubular construct, mimicking the natural form of a blood vessel. The vessel length can be tailored by simply stacking the number of rings required to constitute the length needed. With our technique, tissues of tubular forms, similar to a blood vessel, can be readily manufactured in a variety of dimensions and lengths to meet the needs of the clinic and patient.

Scalable engineered blood vessels would improve clinical applicability. Using easily sizable 3D-printed guides, rings of vascular smooth muscle were created and stacked into a tubular form, forming a vascular graft. Grafts can be sized to meet the range of human coronary artery dimensions by simply changing the 3D-printed guide size.