This work was supported by The British Heart Foundation and The Oak Foundation.

実験動物の使用とケアのための制度委員会によって承認されたプロトコルに従って、すべての動物実験を行う。 文化メディアの調製<ol><li> F-12K培地、10％ウシ胎児血清（FBS）および100 U / mlペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシン：ヒト線維芽細胞株CCL-153のための培地を加える。 </li><li> PiPSC生成のためのリプログラミングメディアを行いますノックアウトダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM）20％のノックアウト血清代替、0.1​​ mMのβメルカプトエタノールを含む、0.1 mMの最小必須培地（MEM）非必須アミノ酸、10ng / mlの塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子2（のbFGF-2）、および100 U / mlペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシン。メディアを使用する前のbFGF-2をたてたびに追加します。 </li><li> 10％FBSを含むα-MEMを媒体、0.1mMのβメルカプトエタノール、100 U / mlペニシリン及びストレプトマイシン及び25 / mlの血小板由来成長因子：平滑筋細胞（SMC）の分化を誘導する分化培地（DM）を作る（PDGF-ββ）。 </li><li>確認内皮分化メディア内皮細胞（EC）の分化を誘導する（EC-DM）：内皮増殖培地-2（EGM-2）の50ngを含有する培地/ mlの血管内皮増殖因子（VEGF）および100 U / mlペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシン。 </li></ol>部分的に人工多能性幹細胞へのリプログラミング2.ヒト線維芽細胞（PiPSC） <ol><li>培養液中の0.04％ゼラチン溶液コーティングしたフラスコに培養ヒト線維芽細胞株CCL-153。 </li><li>継代細胞1の比率で3日毎：6。 PiPSC生成の最適な効率のための通路9の前に細胞を使用してください。 90％の集密度 - セルが80に到達すると、トランスフェクションのために準備ができている。 </li><li>八量体結合転写因子4（OCT4）、SOX2、クルッペル様因子4（KLF4）とC-MYC（のpCAG-OSKM）4再プログラミング因子を含むポリシストロンプラスミドpCAG2LMKOSimOを線形化する。 37℃で3時間のPvuI制限酵素5ユニットの5μgのプラスミドを消化する。浄化する製造業者のプロトコルに従って、市販のキットを有するプラスミド。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従って、ヒト皮膚線維芽細胞（NHDF）ヌクレオキットでエレクトロポレーションにより線状のpCAG-OSKMプラスミドの4μgのトランスフェクション2×10 6個のヒト線維芽細胞。穏やかに予め温め書き換えメディアを5 mlを含有するプレ0.04％ゼラチンコーティングしたT25フラスコにトランスフェクトされた細胞を播種する。 </li><li> 24時間後、トランスフェクションされた細胞の純粋な集団を選択するために25 / mlのネオマイシンのサプリメントを含む培地に変更。 </li><li> 4日目まで一日おきに培地を変更します。 注：ヒト線維芽細胞は、再プログラミングの4日後にPiPSCになる。 </li></ol>内皮細胞および平滑筋細胞にPiPSC 3.分化<ol><li>平滑筋細胞への分化を誘導するために4日間DMを含むコラーゲンIV予め被覆した皿上にシードPiPSC。 4日目まで一日おきに培地を変更します。 </li><li>コラーゲンIVのプレコーティング皿c上のシードPiPSC内皮細胞への分化を誘導するために6日間、内皮-DMをontaining。 6日目まで一日おきに培地を変更します。 </li></ol> 4.脱細胞化大動脈移植の準備注：すべてのソリューションおよび機器は、無菌であるべきである。 <ol><li>頚椎脱臼によりマウスを犠牲にし、解剖顕微鏡下での仰臥位でマウスを修正する。 </li><li>胸腔を開くには、胸骨を通って、胸郭の周りにカット。大動脈を露出させ、心臓、肺や食道を削除します。静かに鉗子でペリ大動脈脂肪を取り除く。 </li><li>ハサミで前端から大動脈を切断し、優しく鈍ピンセットで終わりを開催しています。鈍的切開によって背後にある背骨列から大動脈を切り離します。慎重にはさみとのライゲーションの遠端からバイポーラelectrocoagulatorとカッティングで連結することにより大動脈からすべての分岐動脈を閉じます。 </li><li> 3メートルで大動脈内腔をフラッシュするの5ml注射器を使用血栓の形成を防ぐために、ヘパリンの100 Uを含む食塩水のリットル。 </li><li>腎臓にそれ支店前に大動脈の後端をカット。大動脈の整合性を保つことは全体の手順の間に非常に重要です。 </li><li>リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）中に希釈した0.075％ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム（SDS）水溶液5mlで大動脈内腔を洗い流す。 </li><li> 10センチメートルペトリ皿中0.075％SDS溶液中の胸部大動脈を浸す。 RTで150rpmで2時間オービタルシェーカー上でペトリ皿を置きます。 </li><li> PBS 5mlの大動脈内腔を洗い流す。 </li><li> 10センチメートルペトリ皿にPBSに大動脈を浸す。 RTで150rpmで2時間オービタルシェーカー上のペトリ皿を置きます。 PBSを20分毎に更新します。 </li><li> PBS 5mlの大動脈内腔を洗い流す。 </li><li>最大1週間4℃でPBS中に脱細胞化大動脈移植片を保管してください。 </li></ol> PiPSCバイオリアクターコンディショニング5.デュアル播種注：すべてのソリューションsおよび機器は、無菌であるべきである。組織培養フード内のすべての操作を実行します。 <ol><li> 図1に示すように、バイオリアクターの流れ回路を組み立てるチューブをインキュベーションチャンバー、媒体リザーバ、蠕動ポンプ、コンプライアンス室を接続する。循環のために必要な媒体の最小体積を40mlである。 </li><li>事前条件10センチメートルシャーレにDM培地における大動脈を浸漬することによって培養培地で脱細胞化容器。 RTで50 rpmで1時間オービタルシェーカー上のペトリ皿を置きます。 </li><li>顕微鏡下で脱細胞化容器の両端に1センチメートル長ナイロンチューブ（OD 0.9ミリメートル、ID 0.75ミリメートル）を挿入します。 8-0絹縫合糸で容器とチューブを接続します。 </li><li>チャンバ壁の入口および出口ポート（1/32 &quot;のチューブ）とナイロンチューブを接続することにより、インキュベーションチャンバー内の脱細胞化された大動脈ステントグラフトを組み立てる。培地の5mlのたびにとのインキュベーション室を維持します。 </li><li>トリプシン処理PiPSC予め温めを追加することで10回培養皿をカバーし、優しく料理を岩にトリプシン。トリプシンを破棄し、2インキュベーター中で料理を残す - 3分。皿に予め温めた培地を加え、細胞と培地を混合する。 </li><li>血球計数器を用いて細胞数を数えます。 300×gで5分間、5×10 5個の細胞をそれぞれ含有する細胞懸濁液の遠心つのアリコート。完全に上清を吸引除去する。 </li><li>完全に上清を吸引した後、DM50μlのPIPS細胞ペレットの1ペレットを再懸濁。脱細胞化された血管内腔に、この細胞懸濁液を注入する。 </li><li>次に、マトリゲル100μlの他のPIPSの細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。脱細胞化大動脈移植片の上に物を慎重にピペット。 </li><li>混合物はゲル状の状態になり、均等に容器外表面をラップするまで15分 - 10のを待ちます。 DMとのインキュベーション室を埋める。 </li><li> 37℃、5％CO 2インキュベーター内で全体バイオリアクターの設定を配置。手動で最初の2時間ですべての縦軸の周りに半時間を脱細胞化移植片を90°回転させます。 </li><li>細胞接着を可能にするために12時間静置培養してください。 </li><li>平滑筋細胞の分化を誘導するために蠕動ポンプにより内腔を通ってDMを配信。 5ml /分で24時間かけて20ml /分の段階的増加の初期流量を開始する。 </li><li> 24時間、20ml /分の循環媒体の流量を維持する。 </li><li>媒体流を停止し、培養器の外に設定するバイオリアクターを移動します。 </li><li>再シードPiPSCグラフトの内腔。 5.6 -トリプシン処理は、ステップ5.5のように数えると遠心分離機1×10 6 PiPSC。 50ng / mlのVEGFを含むEGM-2培地50μlの細胞を再懸濁。移植片の内腔に細胞混合物を注入。 </li><li>内皮分化を誘導する50ng / mlのVEGFを含むEGM-2培地にインキュベーションチャンバー中の培地と全体の循環を変更します。 </li><li>目に戻って設定するバイオリアクターを移動Eインキュベーター。手動で移植片を最初2時間で90度30分ごとに回転した後、12時間静置培養を続ける。 </li><li> 5ml /分で35 ml /分まで段階的増加からの流れを循環開始。 5日後、35 ml /分での流速を維持する。一日おきに循環し、チャンバ中に変更します。 </li><li>マウスへのさらなる移植のための設計移植片を収穫。 </li></ol>ダブルシードPiPSC移植片の6.移植マウスに<ol><li>使用NOD.CB17-PRKDC血管移植片レシピエントとしてSCID / NcrCrl雄マウス。 35グラム、および良好な健康状態である - 常にマウスは、約10週齢で約25の重量を量ることを確認してください。 </li><li>腹腔Hypnorm（25ミリグラム/ kg）およびHypnovel（25mg / kgの）の組合せを投与することにより、レシピエントマウスを麻酔。麻酔下ながら乾燥を防ぐために、目にワセリン眼軟膏を適用します。マウスはリラックスした筋肉を持っていると着実に呼吸していることを確実にすることにより、効率的な麻酔を確認してください。 <ol><li>その首を剃毛し、延長に仰臥位でマウスを修正。マウス気道が透明なままであることを確実にするために麻酔薬と組み合わせて、硫酸アトロピン（1.7ミリグラム/ kg）を管理します。 </li></ol></li><li>マウスの胸骨に下顎から正中切開を準備します。 5〜10倍の増幅と解剖顕微鏡下では、横方向に右の唾液腺を持ち上げ、右総頸動脈を露出させ、右cleidomastoid筋肉を取り除く。 </li><li>静かに、近位端に向かって先端から右総頸動脈を動員する添付組織を取り除く。 8-0絹縫合糸で二回総頸動脈の中間部分を連結する二つの関係の間に解剖。 </li><li>各容器の最後でオートクレーブ可能ナイロンチューブで作られたカフを通過してmicrohemostatクランプとのそれぞれの端を固定します。 </li><li>一方の端部に縫合糸ネクタイを外し、ヘパリンのドロップ（100 U / ml）を適用する。直後に、目の遠位端を反転電子動脈全体カフ本体をカバーし、カフの8-0絹縫合糸で反転容器を固定する。 <ol><li>動脈の他の部分に同じ手順を繰り返します。食塩水でフラッシュ動脈が血餅を除去する。 </li></ol></li><li>動脈カフの上の脱細胞化された血管の端部を摺動し、8-0絹縫合糸でそれを固定することにより、頸動脈の両端間に脱細胞化された血管移植片を移植する。移植片の脈動を評価する前に、いずれかの端から血管クランプを取り外します。 </li><li>元の位置に右の唾液腺を置きます。 6-0ポリグラクチン縫合糸を使用して中断した縫合糸で外科場所に皮膚を閉じます。 </li><li>手続きが完了した後にそれが意識を再開するまで一貫して、マウスのバイタルサインを観察する。頸椎脱臼や収穫血管移植片による犠牲レシピエントマウスさらなる分析のために24時間または3週間後のどちらか。 </li></ol>

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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+an+antiplatelet+adhesion+layer+on+an+electrospun+scaffold+using+porcine+endothelial+progenitor+cells.">Engineering an antiplatelet adhesion layer on an electrospun scaffold using porcine endothelial progenitor cells.</a> J Biomed Mater Res A. 97 (2), 145-151 (2011).</li><li>Hibino, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+use+of+an+induced+puripotent+stem+cell+sheet+for+the+construction+of+tissue-engineered+vascular+grafts.">Evaluation of the use of an induced puripotent stem cell sheet for the construction of tissue-engineered vascular grafts.</a> J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 143 (3), 696-703 (2012).</li><li>Zhao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+strategy+to+engineer+small-diameter+vascular+grafts+from+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">A novel strategy to engineer small-diameter vascular grafts from marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Artif Organs. 36 (1), 93-101 (2012).</li><li>Tsai, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+stem+cells+to+neointimal+formation+of+decellularized+vessel+grafts+in+a+novel+mouse+model.">Contribution of stem cells to neointimal formation of decellularized vessel grafts in a novel mouse model.</a> Am J Pathol. 181 (1), 362-373 (2012).</li><li>Kasimir, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+different+decellularization+procedures+of+porcine+heart+valves.">Comparison of different decellularization procedures of porcine heart valves.</a> Int J Artif Organs. 26 (5), 421-427 (2003).</li><li>Stephenson, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+and+propagation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cell+lines+from+frozen+embryos+in+an+animal+product-free+environment.">Derivation and propagation of human embryonic stem cell lines from frozen embryos in an animal product-free environment.</a> Nature Protocols. 7, 1366-1381 (2012).</li><li>Takahashi, K., Okita, K., Nakagawa, M., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+fibroblast+cultures.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from fibroblast cultures.</a> Nature Protocols. 2, 3081-3089 (2007).</li><li>McCall, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myocardial+infarction+and+intramyocardial+injection+models+in+swine.">Myocardial infarction and intramyocardial injection models in swine.</a> Nature Protocols. 7, 1479-1496 (2012).</li><li>Olausson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+an+allogeneic+vein+bioengineered+with+autologous+stem+cells:+a+proof-of-concept+study.">Transplantation of an allogeneic vein bioengineered with autologous stem cells: a proof-of-concept study.</a> Lancet. 380 (9838), 230-237 (2012).</li></ol>

著者は、競合する経済的利益を持っていない。

現在のプロトコルは、サウンド、機能的な組織工学血管がヒト線維芽細胞からPiPSCを使用して生成することができる、高速で簡単、効率的かつ再現可能な戦略を示している。この技術は、近い将来、再生医療、組織工学および潜在的に患者特異的細胞治療のための貴重なツールを表す。プロトコルの有効性を確保するための重要なステップは、PiPSCの準備、無菌であり、完全に脱細胞化大動脈...

血管導管の建設は、心血管疾患に起因する破損して負傷した血管の外科的修復のための基本的な戦略である。 、同種移植片、自家組織（心膜または伏在静脈）と移植片1、今日まで、外科手術で使用される移植片材料は、生体適合性の合成ポリマー（ポリエチレンテレフタレート[ダクロン】ポ ​​リテトラフルオロエチレン[テフロン（登録商標）]、延伸ポリテトラフルオロエチレン[ゴアテックスのePTFE]）を含む。人工移植片（ 例えば、ゴアテックスおよびダクロン）が最も一般的に使用されている一方で、これらの材料は、おそらく狭窄症、カルシウム沈着、血栓、塞栓および感染を含む多数の短期および長期の合併症を引き起こす。本生物学的な移植片を有する患者は血栓塞栓事象を減少したが、彼 ​​らはまだ石灰化の劣化2のためにこのような二次移植の失敗と短縮耐久性などの制限が発生した。したがって、外科トンの大幅な改善にもかかわらず年間のechniquesは、研究者や臨床医は、まだ血管疾患のための理想的なコンジットを識別するための必要性を抱えている。さらに最近では、血管組織工学の研究分野は、細胞が正常な移植の1のための機能的血管を具現化するバイオミメティック環境を作ることを目的に、生分解性足場に組み込まれている概念を生成した。基本的に、血管の構築体の成功は3必須成分に依存。足場を含む細胞、 すなわち、内皮細胞の内層と、平滑筋細胞層、天然の血管系に匹敵する機械的特性を提供するために適切な細胞外マトリックスを含有する足場、および開始/調節するために必要とされる分子/細胞シグナル修理。 長期グラフト開存とネオ·組織の持続的な発展は、番目の足場の効果的な細胞播種に大きく依存しているereby決定的な重要性の細胞型の決定をレンダリングする。いくつかの報告は、小径導管3-6を開発するためにさまざまなソースから成熟内皮および平滑筋細胞の使用を実証する。有望であるが、成熟した内皮細胞および平滑筋細胞を得るのに十分な自家血管の欠如は、大きな負担残る。より最近では、様々な供給源からの幹細胞は、血管組織工学用途のために開発されてきた。実際には、胚性幹細胞7を含む幹細胞型の多様な、誘導多能性幹細胞（iPS細胞）8,9、PiPSC 10,11、骨髄由来単核球12、間葉系幹細胞13、内皮前駆細胞および成体血管壁14,15は 、定義されたすべてのメディアに対応して機能的な内皮細胞または平滑筋細胞のいずれかに分化できることが実証されている細胞抗原-1（のSca-1）+幹/前駆細胞を幹細胞由来と培養条件。さらに、幹細胞の無制限の自己再生能力が彼らにのみ増殖停止および老化を受ける前に有限回数に分割することができる成熟内皮および平滑筋細胞とは異なり、より良い候補者を作る。 移植のために成功した組織工学血管を生成するための足場材料の選択は、生体適合性、生体力学的特性、および生分解速度のようないくつかの要因に依存する。基本的には、移植片のための足場を作成するために使用される材料は、生分解性であるべきであり、不必要な受信者の免疫応答をマウントしません。加えて、細胞付着およびその後の生存に適し多孔性およびミクロ組織を包含する必要があります。現在までに、血管組織工学における足場のために使用される最も一般的な材料は、ポリグリコール酸、ポリ乳酸、ポリεカプロラクトン16のポリマーが挙げられる。さらに最近では、脱細胞化生物学的材料が持っているまた、ある程度の成功を収めて適用されて。いくつかの研究室は、自己細胞で脱細胞化ヒト、イヌ又はブタ血管を播種すると、凝固し、内膜肥厚17-19抵抗し、生物学的移植片を提供したことが示されている。血管組織工学における他の戦略は、フィブリンゲル13中に細胞を播種し、足場支持体20、21せずに細胞シートを生成し、例えば 、細胞外マトリックスタンパク質ベースの血管移植片が含まれる。 現在のプロトコルは、SCID（重症複合免疫不全に官能内皮細胞および平滑筋細胞、機能的なPiPSC由来の血管細胞を港に脱細胞化血管足場から成るバイオリアクターの生成、および組織工学血管のグラフトへのヒトPiPSCの分化を実証）マウス。 PiPSCは、これらの細胞がマウスにおいて腫瘍を形成するか、または倫理的な発生させないので、血管移植片の組織工学に使用する最適な細胞型であると同種免疫応答。さらに、我々は、PIPS内皮細胞およびPIPS平滑筋細胞を生成するための戦略は、10,11、効率的かつ再現可能であることを示している。その後、我々はこのようにグラフトと生存効果を増強する、密接にネイティブ血管内に存在するマトリックスタンパク質を模倣するPiPSC由来の血管細胞の播種のための脱細胞化容器を設計しました。さらに、従来PiPSC播種に血管の脱細胞はマクロファージなどの免疫細胞の種類によってマウント炎症反応の発生を防止する。さらに重要なことに、このプロトコルは、ヒトへの翻訳のための有望な血管の導管を生成する方法を表すだけでなく、マウスモデルを介して、血管組織再生を支配する分子メカニズムを研究し、理解する貴重な手段を提供しないだけでなく。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Human Fibroblasts CCL-153</td>
			<td >ATCC</td>
			<td >CCL-153</td>
			<td>Prenatal human embryonic fibroblasts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >ATCC F-12K Medium (Kaighn&#39;s Modification of Ham&#39;s F-12 Medium)</td>
			<td >ATCC</td>
			<td >30-2004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td >ATCC</td>
			<td >30-2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Knockout DMEM medium optimized for embryonic stem cells</td>
			<td >Life technologies (Gibco)</td>
			<td >12660-012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Knockout Serum Replacement</td>
			<td >Life technologies (Invitrogen)</td>
			<td >10828-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Human Basic FGF-2&#160;</td>
			<td >Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td >130-093-837</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >alpha-MEM medium</td>
			<td >Life technologies (Invitrogen)</td>
			<td >32571093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Human PDGF</td>
			<td >R&#38;D System</td>
			<td >120-HD-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gelatin Solution 2%</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >G1393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Plasmid 20866: pCAG2LMKOSimO (SOX2, OCT4, KLF4, C-MYC)</td>
			<td >Addgene</td>
			<td >20866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >&#160;PvuI Restriction Enzyme</td>
			<td >New England Biolabs</td>
			<td >RO150S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SureClean Plus</td>
			<td >Bioline</td>
			<td >BIO-37047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Nucelofection Kit (NHDF Kit)</td>
			<td >LONZA</td>
			<td >VPD-1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Neomycin</td>
			<td >SIGMA</td>
			<td >G418</td>
			<td>Selection of&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >KL 1500 LCD, Illumination for Stereo Microscopy</td>
			<td >SCHOTT</td>
			<td >KL 1500 LCD</td>
			<td>Cold light illumination for stereo microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Nikon Zoom Steromicroscope SMZ800</td>
			<td >Nikon</td>
			<td >SMZ800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Heparin sodium salt</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >H3393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10% SDS Stock Solution Molecular Biology Reagent</td>
			<td >Severn Biotech</td>
			<td >CAS 151-21-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Matrigel (10mg/ml)</td>
			<td >BD</td>
			<td >A6661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Shaker IKA Vibrax with Shaking platform VX 7&#160;</td>
			<td >Jepson Bolton&#39;s, Janke&#38;Kunkel</td>
			<td >S32-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Masterflex L/S Digital Pump Drive</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >WZ-07523-80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Masterflex L/S 6-channel, 6-roller cartridge pump head</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-07519-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Masterflex L/S large cartridges for pump head</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-07519-75</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Masterflex platinum-cured silicone pump tubing, L/S 14, 25 ft</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer&#160;</td>
			<td >WZ-96410-14</td>
			<td >Tubing goes through the peristaltic pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >0.5mm ID, 0.8 mm OD Silicone Tubing</td>
			<td >SILEX</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td>Tubings connect incubation chamber, media reservoir and compliance chamber&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fitting Reducer 0.5 to 1.6, natural Polypropyline</td>
			<td >Ibidi</td>
			<td >10829</td>
			<td>Adapter connect above two types of tubings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1/32&#34; Tubing, ID 0.01&#34; (250&#181;m) Material: PEEK</td>
			<td >LabSmith</td>
			<td >T-132-010P</td>
			<td>Tubing through the incubation chamber wall which connects the graft with outside tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >One-Piece Fittings&#160;</td>
			<td >LabSmith</td>
			<td >T-132-100</td>
			<td>Fix the above tubings through the incubation chamber wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Nylon tubes (OD 0.9mm, ID 0.75mm)&#160;</td>
			<td >Smiths Medical</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td>Tubings insert into two ends of the aorta graft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NcrCrl mouse</td>
			<td >Charles River</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Surgical sutures, 8-0&#160; silk</td>
			<td >ETHICON</td>
			<td >W819</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hypnorm</td>
			<td >Vetapharm</td>
			<td >Vm21757/4000</td>
			<td >Neuroleptanalgesic for use in mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hypnovel (Midazolam)</td>
			<td >Roche</td>
			<td >59467-70-8</td>
			<td >Induction of anaesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td >Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td >Stemi 2000</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Nylon Tubing</td>
			<td >Portex LTD</td>
			<td >800/200/100/200</td>
			<td >0.65 mm in diameter and 1 mm in length; to make artery cuff</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Electrocoagulator</td>
			<td >Martin&#160;</td>
			<td >SN 54.131</td>
			<td >Ligation of artery branches on aorta</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Bipolar micro hemostat forceps</td>
			<td >Martin</td>
			<td >80-91-12-04</td>
			<td >Fixation of vessel ends</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vessel Dilator</td>
			<td >S&#38;T</td>
			<td >JFX-7</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vessel Dilator</td>
			<td >S&#38;T</td>
			<td >JFL-3dZ</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vessel Dilator</td>
			<td >S&#38;T</td>
			<td >D-5aZ</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mini applier&#160;</td>
			<td >AESCULAP</td>
			<td >FE572K</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Micro hemostats clips</td>
			<td >AESCULAP</td>
			<td >FE720K</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Surgical sutures, 6-0 VICRYL</td>
			<td >ETHICON</td>
			<td >V489</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation and grafting of tissue-engineered vessels in a mouse model

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. The current protocol presents an efficient and reproducible strategy in which functional tissue engineered vessel grafts can be generated using partially induced pluripotent stem cell (PiPSC) from human fibroblasts. We designed a decellularized vessel scaffold bioreactor, which closely mimics the matrix protein structure and blood flow that exists within a native vessel, for seeding of PiPSC-endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells prior to grafting into mice. This approach was demonstrated to be advantageous because immune-deficient mice engrafted with the PiPSC-derived grafts presented with markedly increased survival rate 3 weeks after surgery. This protocol represents a valuable tool for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and potentially patient-specific cell-therapy in the near future.

PiPSCの成功した世代は、4転写因子、OCT4、SOX2、KLF4およびc-MYC（OSKM）を運ぶ線形化さpCAG2LMKOSimOプラスミドでヒト線維芽細胞をnucleofectingた後、4日確認された。 PiPSCは、線維芽細胞（ 図2A）と比較した場合に顕著に異なる表現型を表示し、mRNA（ 図2B）およびタンパク質（ 図2C）レベル10で4の再プログラミング因子を発現した。 PiPSCベースの血管移植...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation and Grafting of Tissue-engineered Vessels in a Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Generation and Grafting of Tissue-engineered Vessels in a Mouse Model

ここでは、二重播種部分的人工多能性幹細胞がマウスにグラフトするための機能的な組織工学血管移植片を生成するためのプロトコルを提示する（PiPSC）は - 脱細胞化血管足場バイオリアクターに由来内皮細胞 - 平滑筋細胞およびPiPSC由来。

マウスモデルにおける組織工学血管の生成とグラフト

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. ...

generation-and-grafting-of-tissue-engineered-vessels-in-a-mouse-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

11.9K ビュー.  King's College London BHF Centre. ここでは、二重播種部分的人工多能性幹細胞がマウスにグラフトするための機能的な組織工学血管移植片を生成するためのプロトコルを提示する（PiPSC）は - 脱細胞化血管足場バイオリアクターに由来内皮細胞 - 平滑筋細胞およびPiPSC由来。 

ビデオ: Generation and Grafting of Tissue-engineered Vessels in a Mouse Model

Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves

Limitations of currently available prosthetic valves, xenografts, and homografts have prompted a recent resurgence of developments in the area of tri-leaflet polymer valve prostheses. However, identification of a protocol for initial assessment of polymer valve hydrodynamic functionality is paramount during the early stages of the design process. Traditional in vitro pulse duplicator systems are not configured to accommodate flexible tri-leaflet materials; in addition, assessment of polymer valve functionality needs to be made in a relative context to native and prosthetic heart valves under identical test conditions so that variability in measurements from different instruments can be avoided. Accordingly, we conducted hydrodynamic assessment of i) native (n = 4, mean diameter, D = 20 mm), ii) bi-leaflet mechanical (n= 2, D = 23 mm) and iii) polymer valves (n = 5, D = 22 mm) via the use of a commercially available pulse duplicator system (ViVitro Labs Inc, Victoria, BC) that was modified to accommodate tri-leaflet valve geometries. Tri-leaflet silicone valves developed at the University of Florida comprised the polymer valve group. A mixture in the ratio of 35:65 glycerin to water was used to mimic blood physical properties. Instantaneous flow rate was measured at the interface of the left ventricle and aortic units while pressure was recorded at the ventricular and aortic positions. Bi-leaflet and native valve data from the literature was used to validate flow and pressure readings. The following hydrodynamic metrics were reported: forward flow pressure drop, aortic root mean square forward flow rate, aortic closing, leakage&#160;and regurgitant volume, transaortic closing, leakage, and total energy losses. Representative results indicated that hydrodynamic metrics from the three valve groups could be successfully obtained by incorporating a custom-built assembly into a commercially available pulse duplicator system and subsequently, objectively compared to provide insights on functional aspects of polymer valve design.

There has been renewed interest in developing polymer valves. Here, the objectives are to demonstrate the feasibility of modifying a commercial pulse duplicator to accommodate tri-leaflet geometries and to define a protocol to present polymer valve hydrodynamic data in comparison to native and prosthetic valve data collected under near-identical conditions.

トライリーフレットポリマーバルブの相対的な流体力学的評価のためのプロトコル

Limitations of currently available prosthetic valves, xenografts, and homografts have prompted a recent resurgence of developments in the area of ...

生物工学

Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is presented. The polymerization from the membrane surface is induced by plasma treatment of the membrane, followed by reacting the membrane surface with a methanolic solution of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Special attention is given to the process parameters for the plasma treatment prior to the polymerization on the surface. For example, the influence of the plasma-treatment on different types of membranes (e.g.&#160;polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinylidene fluoride) is studied. Furthermore, the time-dependent stability of the surface-grafted membranes is shown by contact angle measurements. When grafting poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) in this way, the surface can be further modified by esterification of the alcohol moiety of the polymer with a carboxylic acid function of the desired substance. These reactions can therefore be used for the functionalization of the membrane surface. For example, the surface tension of the membrane can be changed or a desired functionality as the presented light-responsiveness can be inserted. This is demonstrated by reacting PHEMA with a carboxylic acid functionalized spirobenzopyran unit which leads to a light-responsive membrane. The choice of solvent plays a major role in the postmodification step and is discussed in more detail in this paper. The permeability measurements of such functionalized membranes are performed using a Franz cell with an external light source. By changing the wavelength of the light from the visible to the UV-range, a change of permeability of aqueous caffeine solutions is observed.

A plasma-induced polymerization procedure is described for the surface-initiated polymerization on polymer membranes. Further postmodification of the grafted polymer with photochromic substances is presented with a protocol of conducting permeability measurements of light-responsive membranes.

複合表面グラフトと後置修飾法による光応答膜の調製

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is ...

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts and Subsequent In Vivo Monitoring

The development of Tissue Engineered Vessels (TEVs) is advanced by the ability to routinely and effectively implant TEVs (4-5 mm in diameter) into a large animal model. A step by-step protocol for inter-positional placement of the TEV and real-time digital assessment of the TEV and native carotid arteries is described here. In vivo monitoring is made possible by the implantation of flow probes, catheters and ultrasonic crystals (capable of recording dynamic diameter changes of implanted TEVs and native carotid arteries) at the time of surgery. Once implanted, researchers can calculate arterial blood flow patterns, invasive blood pressure and artery diameter yielding parameters such as pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, pulse pressures and compliance. Data acquisition is accomplished using a single computer program for analysis throughout the duration of the experiment. Such invaluable data provides insight into TEV matrix remodeling, its resemblance to native/sham controls and overall TEV performance in vivo.

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts and Subsequent In Vivo Monitoring

A step-by-step protocol for the inter-positional placement of Tissue Engineered Vessels (TEVs) into the carotid artery of a sheep using end-to-end anastomosis and real-time digital assessment in vivo until animal sacrifice.

組織工学血管移植片とその後の移植のために手術手技<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;モニタリング

The development of Tissue Engineered Vessels (TEVs) is advanced by the ability to routinely and effectively implant TEVs (4-5 mm in diameter) into a large ...

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models reflect the human wound situation better than animal models. Although two-dimensional models are widely used to investigate processes such as cellular migration and proliferation, models that are more complex are required to gain a deeper knowledge about wound healing. Besides a suitable model system, the generation of precise and reproducible wounds is crucial to ensure comparable results between different test runs. In this study, the generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent to study wound healing is shown. The dermal part of the models is comprised of human dermal fibroblast embedded in a rat-tail collagen type I hydrogel. Following the inoculation with human epidermal keratinocytes and consequent culture at the air-liquid interface, a multilayered epidermis is formed on top of the models. To study the wound healing process, we additionally developed an automated wounding device, which generates standardized wounds in a sterile atmosphere.

The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility.

三次元の全層皮膚等価物と自動傷つけ処理の発生

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

Production, Characterization and Potential Uses of a 3D Tissue-engineered Human Esophageal Mucosal Model

The incidence of both esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, are rising rapidly in the western world. Furthermore esophageal adenocarcinoma generally has a poor prognosis, with little improvement in survival rates in recent years. These are difficult conditions to study and there has been a lack of suitable experimental platforms to investigate disorders of the esophageal mucosa.
A model of the human esophageal mucosa has been developed in the MacNeil laboratory which, unlike conventional 2D cell culture systems, recapitulates the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions present in vivo and produces a mature, stratified epithelium similar to that of the normal human esophagus. Briefly, the model utilizes non-transformed normal primary human esophageal fibroblasts and epithelial cells grown within a porcine-derived acellular esophageal scaffold. Immunohistochemical characterization of this model by CK4, CK14, Ki67 and involucrin staining demonstrates appropriate recapitulation of the histology of the normal human esophageal mucosa.
This model provides a robust, biologically relevant experimental model of the human esophageal mucosa. It can easily be manipulated to investigate a number of research questions including the effectiveness of pharmacological agents and the impact of exposure to environmental factors such as alcohol, toxins, high temperature or gastro-esophageal refluxate components. The model also facilitates extended culture periods not achievable with conventional 2D cell culture, enabling, inter alia, the study of the impact of repeated exposure of a mature epithelium to the agent of interest for up to 20 days. Furthermore, a variety of cell lines, such as those derived from esophageal tumors or Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, can be incorporated into the model to investigate processes such as tumor invasion and drug responsiveness in a more biologically relevant environment.

This manuscript describes the production, characterization and potential uses of a tissue engineered 3D esophageal construct prepared from normal primary human esophageal fibroblast and squamous epithelial cells seeded within a de-cellularized porcine scaffold. The results demonstrate the formation of a mature stratified epithelium similar to the normal human esophagus.

生産、特性評価および3D組織工学ヒト食道粘膜モデルの使用可能性

The incidence of both esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, are rising rapidly in the western world. Furthermore ...

A Combined 3D Tissue Engineered In Vitro/In Silico Lung Tumor Model for Predicting Drug Effectiveness in Specific Mutational Backgrounds

In the present study, we combined an in vitro 3D lung tumor model with an in silico model to optimize predictions of drug response based on a specific mutational background. The model is generated on a decellularized porcine scaffold that reproduces tissue-specific characteristics regarding extracellular matrix composition and architecture including the basement membrane. We standardized a protocol that allows artificial tumor tissue generation within 14 days including three days of drug treatment. Our article provides several detailed descriptions of 3D read-out screening techniques like the determination of the proliferation index Ki67 staining&#39;s, apoptosis from supernatants by M30-ELISA and assessment of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which are helpful tools for evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic compounds. We could show compared to 2D culture a reduction of proliferation in our 3D tumor model that is related to the clinical situation. Despite of this lower proliferation, the model predicted EGFR-targeted drug responses correctly according to the biomarker status as shown by comparison of the lung carcinoma cell lines HCC827 (EGFR -mutated, KRAS wild-type) and A549 (EGFR wild-type, KRAS-mutated) treated with the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib. To investigate drug responses of more advanced tumor cells, we induced EMT by long-term treatment with TGF-beta-1 as assessed by vimentin/pan-cytokeratin immunofluorescence staining. A flow-bioreactor was employed to adjust culture to physiological conditions, which improved tissue generation. Furthermore, we show the integration of drug responses upon gefitinib treatment or TGF-beta-1 stimulation - apoptosis, proliferation index and EMT - into a Boolean in silico model. Additionally, we explain how drug responses of tumor cells with a specific mutational background and counterstrategies against resistance can be predicted. We are confident that our 3D in vitro approach especially with its in silico expansion provides an additional value for preclinical drug testing in more realistic conditions than in 2D cell culture.

A Combined 3D Tissue Engineered In Vitro/In Silico Lung Tumor Model for Predicting Drug Effectiveness in Specific Mutational Backgrounds

We present a three-dimensional (3D) lung cancer model based on a biological collagen scaffold to study sensitivity towards non-small-cell-lung-cancer-(NSCLC)-targeted therapies. We demonstrate different read-out techniques to determine the proliferation index, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) status. Collected data are integrated into an in silico model for prediction of drug sensitivity.

操作された複合三次元組織<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt; /<em&gt;インシリコ</em具体的な突然変異背景に薬物の有効性を予測するための&gt;肺腫瘍モデル

In the present study, we combined an in vitro 3D lung tumor model with an in silico model to optimize predictions of drug response based on a specific ...

Applications of In Vivo Functional Testing of the Rat Tibialis Anterior for Evaluating Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle Repair

Despite the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, permanent functional and/or cosmetic deficits (e.g., volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from traumatic injury, disease and various congenital, genetic and acquired conditions are quite common. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technologies have enormous potential to provide a therapeutic solution. However, utilization of biologically relevant animal models in combination with longitudinal assessments of pertinent functional measures are critical to the development of improved regenerative therapeutics for treatment of VML-like injuries. In that regard, a commercial muscle lever system can be used to measure length, tension, force and velocity parameters in skeletal muscle. We used this system, in conjunction with a high power, bi-phase stimulator, to measure in vivo force production in response to activation of the anterior crural compartment of the rat hindlimb. We have previously used this equipment to assess the functional impact of VML injury on the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, as well as the extent of functional recovery following treatment of the injured TA muscle with our tissue engineered muscle repair (TEMR) technology. For such studies, the left foot of an anaesthetized rat is securely anchored to a footplate linked to a servomotor, and the common peroneal nerve is stimulated by two percutaneous needle electrodes to elicit muscle contraction and dorsiflexion of the foot. The peroneal nerve stimulation-induced muscle contraction is measured over a range of stimulation frequencies (1-200 Hz), to ensure an eventual plateau in force production that allows for an accurate determination of peak tetanic force. In addition to evaluation of the extent of VML injury as well as the degree of functional recovery following treatment, this methodology can be easily applied to study diverse aspects of muscle physiology and pathophysiology. Such an approach should assist with the more rational development of improved therapeutics for muscle repair and regeneration.

Applications of In Vivo Functional Testing of the Rat Tibialis Anterior for Evaluating Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle Repair

We describe an in vivo protocol to measure dorsiflexion of the foot following stimulation of the peroneal nerve and contraction of the anterior crural compartment of the rat hindlimb. Such measurements are an indispensable translational tool for evaluating skeletal muscle pathology and tissue engineering approaches to muscle repair and regeneration.

の応用<em&gt;インビボ</em組織工学骨格筋の修復を評価するためのラット前脛骨の&gt;機能テスト

Despite the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, permanent functional and/or cosmetic deficits (e.g., volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from ...

Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to replace lost neurons and regenerate axonal pathways. However, during nervous system development, neuronal migration and axonal extension often occur along pathways formed by other cells, referred to as &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. Seeking to emulate these mechanisms and to design a strategy that circumvents the inhibitory environment of the CNS, this manuscript presents a protocol to fabricate tissue engineered astrocyte-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. To create these constructs, we employed a novel biomaterial encasement scheme to induce astrocytes to self-assemble into dense three-dimensional bundles of bipolar longitudinally-aligned somata and processes. First, hollow hydrogel micro-columns were assembled, and the inner lumen was coated with collagen extracellular-matrix. Dissociated cerebral cortical astrocytes were then delivered into the lumen of the cylindrical micro-column and, at a critical inner diameter of &#60;350 &#181;m, spontaneously self-aligned and contracted to produce long fiber-like cables consisting of dense bundles of astrocyte processes and collagen fibrils measuring &#60;150 &#181;m in diameter yet extending several cm in length. These engineered living scaffolds exhibited &#62;97% cell viability and were virtually exclusively comprised of astrocytes expressing a combination of the intermediate filament proteins glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin. These aligned astrocyte networks were found to provide a permissive substrate for neuronal attachment and aligned neurite extension. Moreover, these constructs maintain integrity and alignment when extracted from the hydrogel encasement, making them suitable for CNS implantation. These preformed constructs structurally emulate key cytoarchitectural elements of naturally occurring glial-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34; in vivo. As such, these engineered living scaffolds may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms in vitro or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding following CNS degeneration in vivo.

We showcase the development of self-assembled, three-dimensional bundles of longitudinally aligned astrocytic somata and processes within a novel biomaterial encasement. These engineered &#34;living scaffolds&#34;, exhibiting micron-scale diameter yet extending centimeters in length, may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding.

三次元組織配置に発達メカニズムを要約し、神経系の再生を容易にするアストロ サイト ネットワーク

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to ...

A Novel Tenorrhaphy Suture Technique with Tissue Engineered Collagen Graft to Repair Large Tendon Defects

Surgical management of large tendon defects with tendon grafts is challenging, as there are a finite number of sites where donors can be readily identified and used. Currently, this gap is filled with tendon auto-, allo-, xeno-, or artificial grafts, but clinical methods to secure them are not necessarily translatable to animals because of the scale. In order to evaluate new biomaterials or study a tendon graft made up of collagen type 1, we have developed a modified suture technique to help maintain the engineered tendon in alignment with the tendon ends. Mechanical properties of these grafts are inferior to the native tendon. To incorporate engineered tendon into clinically relevant models of loaded repair, a strategy was adopted to offload the tissue engineered tendon graft and allow for the maturation and integration of the engineered tendon in vivo until a mechanically sound neo-tendon was formed. We describe this technique using incorporation of the collagen type 1 tissue engineered tendon construct.

In this paper, we present an in vitro and in situ protocol to repair a tendon gap of up to 1.5 cm by filling it with engineered collagen graft. This was performed by developing a modified suture technique to take the mechanical load until the graft matures into the host tissue.

大きな腱欠損を修復する組織設計されたコラーゲン移植片を用いた新規テノルラフィー縫合技術

Surgical management of large tendon defects with tendon grafts is challenging, as there are a finite number of sites where donors can be readily ...

Seeding and Implantation of a Biosynthetic Tissue-engineered Tracheal Graft in a Mouse Model

Treatment options for congenital or secondary long segment tracheal defects have historically been limited due to an inability to replace functional tissue. Tissue engineering holds great promise as a potential solution with its ability to integrate cells and signaling molecules into a 3-dimensional scaffold. Recent work with tissue engineered tracheal grafts (TETGs) has seen some success but their translation has been limited by graft stenosis, graft collapse, and delayed epithelialization. In order to investigate the mechanisms driving these issues, we have developed a mouse model for tissue engineered tracheal graft implantation. TETGs were constructed using electrospun polymers polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyurethane (PU) in a mixture of PET and PU (20:80 percent weight). Scaffolds were then seeded using bone marrow mononuclear cells isolated from 6-8 week-old C57BL/6 mice by gradient centrifugation. Ten million cells per graft were seeded onto the lumen of the scaffold and allowed to incubate overnight before implantation between the third and seventh tracheal rings. These grafts were able to recapitulate the findings of stenosis and delayed epithelialization as demonstrated by histological analysis and lack of Keratin 5 and Keratin 14 basal epithelial cells on immunofluorescence. This model will serve as a tool for investigating cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in host remodeling.

Graft stenosis poses a critical obstacle in tissue engineered airway replacement. To investigate cellular mechanisms underlying stenosis, we utilize a murine model of tissue engineered tracheal replacement with seeded bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC). Here, we detail our protocol, including scaffold manufacturing, BM-MNC isolation, graft seeding, and implantation.

シードとマウス モデルにおける合成組織設計気管移植片の移植

Treatment options for congenital or secondary long segment tracheal defects have historically been limited due to an inability to replace functional ...