我々はこれらの研究への惜しみない支援のためのReadiSorb製品に感謝。

1。セルの猫アストロサイトの培養およびH 2 O 2による治療<ol><li> 37 DMEMのメディアに加え、栄養素が75 cm 2のフラスコでの培養細胞株G355 - 5℃、5％CO 2 60％コンフルエント（〜5日）まで。すべての1〜2日メディアを交換するかなど、健全な文化を維持するために必要。 </li><li>メディアを取り出して、0.25％トリプシン液2 mlを加える。 45秒のためにピペッティングして細胞を持ち上げ - 室温で1分（RT）。 </li><li>すぐにメディアの10mlを含む15mlコニカルチューブに懸濁液を移す。穏やかに混合する。 </li><li>ペレットを得るために3分間採り、300 xg、23℃で遠心する。ペレットが剥がれないように上清を捨てる。 </li><li>新鮮な培地6〜7 mlを加え、細胞を懸濁します。 </li><li> 6ウェルプレートの各ウェルに細胞を約1 mlを加え。各ウェルにメディア2〜3 mlを加え80〜90％コンフルエントになるまでインキュベートする。 </li><li>メディアの過酸化物の100μM溶液（H 2 O 2）を準備する。 </li><li>各ウェルから培地を取り除き、どちらかの2ミリリットル新鮮な培地（コントロール）、H 2 O 2（治療）またはDPBSの2ミリリットルの2mlで交換してください。 37℃で3時間C、5％CO 2を </li><li>ソリューションを削除し、細胞を持ち上げるためにトリプシン液1 mlを加える。 0.5 mlのDPBSを含む1.7ミリリットルのエッペンドルフチュー​​ブに細胞を移す。このステップは、長時間のトリプシンのインキュベーションから細胞死を防ぐために、各ウェルを個別に実行する必要があります。 </li><li> 3分間、300 xgでスピン、上清とDPBS 1mlに再懸濁しますを破棄。 </li></ol> 2。 ROSの染色<ol><li>染色のためのすべてのステップは、漂白防ぐために最小限の光露光を用いて実施されるべきである。 </li><li>陽性対照に、50mMのCCCPの1μlを追加します。 37℃、5分間、5％CO 2を 。 </li><li> H 2 O 2グループに10mMのCM - H 2 DCFDAの溶液5μlを添加します。 37℃、15〜30分間、5％CO 2を 。いいえ汚れは、生理食塩水のサンプルに追加されません。 </li><li>残留汚れを除去するDPBS 2mlでサンプルを洗浄してください。 </li><li>ペレットを得るために3分間、300 xgでスピン。 </li><li> DPBS 0.5 mlに細胞を再懸濁します。生理食塩水を除いて、各サンプルに1μlのPIを追加。 </li><li> 5ミリリットルフローサイトメーターのチューブにサンプルを移す。 </li><li>フローサイトメーターで実行する。 </li></ol> 3。フローサイトメトリー<ol><li> 525、775および620nmの、すべての± 20 nmの：488 nmのアルゴンレーザーと、次のバンドパスを装備したベックマンコールター社FC500（または同等の）上のサンプルを実行します。 </li><li>適切なコントロールを準備：未染色の細胞を、CM - H 2 DCFDAは（ネガティブコントロール）PIのみ、二重染色した、唯一の染色。 </li><li> FS対SS、PI対CM - H 2 DCFDA：以下histoplotsを持つプロトコルを行います。汚れに対応するFL1、FL2およびFL3対細胞数、：それはまた、以下のヒストグラムを持つ必要があります。 </li><li>サンプルを実行する前に、機器、液体や廃棄物のコンテナをチェックしてください。少なくとも20分間、機器のウォームアップを行います。 </li><li>機械を洗浄し、メーカーの基準に従って適切なビーズを使用したキャリブレーションを実行します。 </li><li>あなたのプロトコルを選択して、サンプルを実行する。 </li><li>以前に行ったとして機械を洗浄してください。 </li><li>メーカーの規格に従って真空ラインを清掃してください。 </li><li>流をオフにし、ヘッド/真空ラインをきれいに。 </li><li>ソフトウェアおよびコンピュータの電源を切ります。 </li></ol> 4。代表的な結果： フローサイトメトリーの結果はFlowJo 7.6および染色コントロールを使用して分析した客観的にゲートを設定するために使用された。これに基づいて、健康な細胞は、ヒストグラムの左側に表示され、ROSが（酸化ストレス）右のセルのシフトとして検出された。図1は、健康なネコのアストロサイトでの過酸化水素の効果の結果を示しています。 FL1からのデータは、ROSの存在を示すCM - H 2 DCFDA、強度を測定するために使用されていました。予想通り、ROSの高い量は、H 2 O 2で処理された試料で検出された。これは、左から右への蛍光強度の変化としてヒストグラムに表示されます。 DMEM対DPBSで治療健康な細胞を比較する際に、ROSの量（図2）には有意な変化はなかった。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2841/2841fig1.jpg" alt="図1"/> 健康な猫のアストロサイトにおける酸化ストレスのレベルと健康な細胞のH 2 O 2の影響の図1。フローサイトメトリーの結果。結果は、無治療（DMEM）を持つ細胞と比較してH 2 O 2は、健康な細胞内ROSレベルを増加させることを示している。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2841/2841fig2.jpg" alt="図2"/> DPBSで3時間インキュベート健康な細胞で検出されたROSのレベルの図2。フローサイトメトリーの結果。

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神経損傷を誘発したウイルスの多くの場合、提案されたメカニズムは、酸化ストレス1、4、7、9、13、15、16、18-22、27、31です。基本的に、それが神経細胞に有毒であるなどの水酸化物、スーパーオキシドアニオン、一酸化窒素、および/または過酸化水素、などのウイルス暴露によるグリア細胞（アストロサイトとミクログリア）放出、活性酸素ラジカル、ことが提案されている。同様...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>試薬の名前</th><th>会社</th><th>カタログ番号</th><th>コメント（省略可能） </th></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 15から013 - CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MEMビタミン</td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25から020 - CL </td><td> 1％（v / v）の</td></tr><tr><td> L -グルタミン</td><td> Hyclone </td><td> 17 - 605E </td><td> 1％（v / v）の</td></tr><tr><td>非必須アミノ酸</td><td> Hyclone </td><td> 25から025 - CL </td><td> 1％（v / v）の</td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30071.03 </td><td> 20％（v / v）の</td></tr><tr><td>必須アミノ酸</td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25から030 - CL </td><td> 0.2％（v / v）の</td></tr><tr><td> 500ミリリットル真空ろ過システム</td><td> VWR </td><td> 87006-076 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 15 mlコニカルチューブ</td><td>ファルコン</td><td> 352097 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 75センチメートル2組織培養フラスコ</td><td>ファルコン</td><td> 353136 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6ウェル組織培養プレート</td><td>ファルコン</td><td> 353224 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CM - H 2 DCFDA </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> C6827 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ヨウ化プロピジウム（PI） </td><td>シグマ</td><td> P4170 - 10mgの</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>トリプシン</td><td>ロンザ</td><td> 17 - 160F </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> H 2 O 2 </td><td>シグマ</td><td> H6520 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>抗生物質HYQ </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SV30079.01 </td><td> 0.1％（v / v）の</td></tr><tr><td> G355 - 5細胞</td><td> ATCC </td><td> CRL - 2033 </td><td>通常の猫の脳</td></tr></tbody></table>

screening assay for oxidative stress in a feline astrocyte cell line, g355-5

神経損傷を誘発したウイルスの多くの場合、提案されたメカニズムは、酸化ストレスです。星状膠細胞は、中枢神経系（CNS）の酸化ストレスの制御に重要な役割を担っている。星状膠細胞は、活性酸素種（ROS）から神経細胞を保護するだけでなく、神経細胞のための恒常的な環境を維持するのに役立ちます。 CM - H2DCFDAは、ROSの存在のための細胞透過性の指標です。 CM - H 2 DCFDAは非蛍光化合物として細胞に入り、そして細胞のエステラーゼが酢酸基を除去した後、蛍光灯になり、そして化合物が酸化される。緑色の蛍光であることが判明しているフローサイトメトリーによって測定された細胞の数は、、酸化状態にある細胞の数を示しています。 CM - H 2 DCFDAは異なるROSの多数による酸化を受けやすくなります。このアッセイは関係なく、酸素の酸化的細胞環境のために画面に使用できるようにROSがCM - H 2 DCFDAを酸化させることができるかに関する特異性の欠如は、、、この化合物病因調査の初期段階で使用するための貴重な摂政ですラジカルやROSの組み合わせは、細胞の条件のための責任があります。それは、ROSがCM - H 2 DCFDAの酸化によって存在することが確立されると、その後の追加実験がROSやロスの組み合わせが特定の病因のプロセスに関係しているかを判定するために実施することができます。この研究の結果は、過酸化水素の添加によりCM - H 2 DCFDAの増加はこのアッセイは、G355 - 5細胞内酸化的環境を検出するための貴重なテストであることを示す、生理食塩水対照と比較して検出された蛍光を発することを示しているネコのアストロサイト細胞株。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5 at JoVE.com

Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

酸化的細胞の環境を検出するスクリーニング法は、CM - H2DCFDAの酸化を測定することです。かつて非蛍光からの蛍光化合物に細胞、CM - H2DCFDA変化の中で酸化する。蛍光の変化はフローサイトメトリーで測定し、酸化的環境における細胞の数を示しています。

猫のアストロサイト細胞株における酸化ストレスのためのスクリーニングアッセイ、G355 - 5

An often-suggested mechanism of virus induced neuronal damage is oxidative stress. Astrocytes have an important role in controlling oxidative stress of ...

screening-assay-for-oxidative-stress-feline-astrocyte-cell-line-g355

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.3K ビュー.  Western University of Health Sciences. 酸化的細胞の環境を検出するスクリーニング法は、CM - H2DCFDAの酸化を測定することです。かつて非蛍光からの蛍光化合物に細胞、CM - H2DCFDA変化の中で酸化する。蛍光の変化はフローサイトメトリーで測定し、酸化的環境における細胞の数を示しています。

ビデオ: Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

The Neuroblast Assay: An Assay for the Generation and Enrichment of Neuronal Progenitor Cells from Differentiating Neural Stem Cell Progeny Using Flow Cytometry

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS); namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. These characteristics make neural stem and progenitor cells an invaluable renewable source of cells for in vitro studies such as drug screening, neurotoxicology and electrophysiology and also for cell replacement therapy in many neurological diseases. In practice, however, heterogeneity of NSC progeny, low production of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and predominance of astrocytes following differentiation limit their clinical applications. Here, we describe a novel methodology for the generation and subsequent purification of immature neurons from murine NSC progeny using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technology. Using this methodology, a highly enriched neuronal progenitor cell population can be achieved without any noticeable astrocyte and bona fide NSC contamination. The procedure includes differentiation of NSC progeny isolated and expanded from E14 mouse ganglionic eminences using the neurosphere assay, followed by isolation and enrichment of immature neuronal cells based on their physical (size and internal complexity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology. Overall, it takes 5-7 days to generate neurospheres and 6-8 days to differentiate NSC progeny and isolate highly purified immature neuronal cells.

This video protocol demonstrates a novel method for the generation and subsequent purification of neuronal progenitor cells from a renewable source of neural stem cells (NSCs) based on their physical (size and internal granularity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology.

神経芽細胞アッセイ：フローサイトメトリーを用いて神経幹細胞の子孫を差別から神経前駆細胞の生成と濃縮のためのアッセイ

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of ...

神経科学

A Quantitative Cell Migration Assay for Murine Enteric Neural Progenitors

Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout the developing vertebrate embryo. In addition to providing peripheral glia and neurons, NCC generate melanocytes as well as most of the cranio-facial skeleton. NCC migration and differentiation is controlled by a combination of their axial origin along the neural tube and their exposure to regionally distinct extracellular cues. Such contribution of extracellular ligands is especially evident during the formation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex interconnected network of neural ganglia that locally controls (among other things) gut muscle movement and intestinal motility. Most of the ENS is derived from a small initial pool of NCC that undertake a long journey in order to colonize - in a rostral to caudal fashion - the entire length of the prospective gut. Among several signaling pathways known to influence enteric NCC colonization, GDNF/RET signaling is recognized as the most important. Indeed, spatiotemporally controlled secretion of the RET ligand GDNF by the gut mesenchyme is chiefly responsible for the attraction and guidance of RET-expressing enteric NCC to and within the embryonic gut. Here, we describe an ex vivo cell migration assay, making use of a transgenic mouse line possessing fluorescently labeled NCC, which allows precise quantification of enteric NCC migration potential in the presence of various growth factors, including GDNF.

We present an ex vivo cell migration assay that allows precise quantification of enteric neural crest cell migration potential in the presence of various growth factors.

マウス腸の神経前駆細胞の定量細胞遊走アッセイ

Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout ...

Real-Time Impedance-based Cell Analyzer as a Tool to Delineate Molecular Pathways Involved in Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection in a Neuronal Cell Line

Many brain-related disorders have neuronal cell death involved in their pathophysiology. Improved in vitro models to study neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of drugs and downstream pathways involved would help gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection/neurotoxicity and could potentially facilitate drug development. However, many existing in vitro toxicity assays have major limitations &#8211; most assess neurotoxicity and neuroprotection at a single time point, not allowing to observe the time-course and kinetics of the effect. Furthermore, the opportunity to collect information about downstream signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection in real-time would be of great importance. In the current protocol we describe the use of a real-time impedance-based cell analyzer to determine neuroprotective effects of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonists in a neuronal cell line under label-free and real-time conditions using impedance measurements. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibitors of second messenger pathways can be used to delineate downstream molecules involved in the neuroprotective effect. We also describe the utility of this technique to determine whether an effect on cell proliferation contributes to an observed neuroprotective effect. The system utilizes special microelectronic plates referred to as E-Plates which contain alternating gold microelectrode arrays on the bottom surface of the wells, serving as cell sensors. The impedance readout is modified by the number of adherent cells, cell viability, morphology, and adhesion. A dimensionless parameter called Cell Index is derived from the electrical impedance measurements and is used to represent the cell status. Overall, the real-time impedance-based cell analyzer allows for real-time, label-free assessment of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity, and the evaluation of second messenger pathways involvement, contributing to more detailed and high-throughput assessment of potential neuroprotective compounds in vitro, for selecting therapeutic candidates.

Improved in vitro neurotoxicity assays would aid the identification of new neuroprotective compounds. The utility of a real-time impedance-based cell analyzer to determine cytotoxicity and cytoprotection in neuronal cell lines and to delineate the involvement of second messenger pathways, thus gaining insight in the mechanism of neuroprotection is presented.

リアルタイム神経細胞株に神経毒性および神経保護に関与する分子経路を描写するツールとしてのインピーダンスベースの細胞分析装置

Many brain-related disorders have neuronal cell death involved in their pathophysiology. Improved in vitro models to study neuroprotective or neurotoxic ...

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly controlled formation and maintenance of complex neuronal networks are not completely understood thus far. The open questions concerning neurons in health and disease are diverse and reaching from understanding the basic development to investigating human related pathologies, e.g.,&#160;Alzheimer&#39;s disease and&#160;Schizophrenia. The most detailed analysis of neurons can be performed in vitro. However, neurons are demanding cells and need the additional support of astrocytes for their long-term survival. This cellular heterogeneity is in conflict with the aim to dissect the analysis of neurons and astrocytes. We present here a cell-culture assay that allows for the long-term cocultivation of pure primary neurons and astrocytes, which share the same chemically defined medium, while being physically separated. In this setup, the cultures survive for up to four weeks and the assay is suitable for a diversity of investigations concerning neuron-glia interaction.

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

This protocol describes the indirect neuron-astrocyte coculture for compartmentalized analysis of neuron-glia interactions.

間接ニューロン、星状細胞共培養アッセイ：<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;ニューロングリアの相互作用の詳細な調査のためのセットアップ

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly ...

Triggering Cell Stress and Death Using Conventional UV Laser Confocal Microscopy

Using a standard confocal setup, a UV ablation method can be utilized to selectively induce cellular injury and to visualize single-cell responses and cell-cell interactions in the CNS in real-time. Previously, studying these cell-specific responses after injury often required complicated setups or the transfer of cells or animals into different, non-physiological environments, confounding immediate and short-term analysis. For example, drug-mediated ablation approaches often lack the specificity that is required to study single-cell responses and immediate cell-cell interactions. Similarly, while high-power pulsed laser ablation approaches provide very good control and tissue penetration, they require specialized equipment that can complicate real-time visualization of cellular responses. The refined UV laser ablation approach described here allows researchers to stress or kill an individual cell in a dose- and time-dependent manner using a conventional confocal microscope equipped with a 405-nm laser. The method was applied to selectively ablate a single neuron within a dense network of surrounding cells in the zebrafish spinal cord. This approach revealed a dose-dependent response of the ablated neurons, causing the fragmentation of cellular bodies and anterograde degeneration along the axon within minutes to hours. This method allows researchers to study the fate of an individual dying cell and, importantly, the instant response of cells-such as microglia and astrocytes-surrounding the ablation site.

Targeted manipulations to cause directed stress or death in individual cells have been relatively difficult to accomplish. Here, a single-cell-resolution ablation approach to selectively stress and kill individual cells in cell culture and living animals is described based on a standard confocal UV laser.

従来のUVレーザー共焦点顕微鏡を用いて細胞ストレスと死のトリガ

Using a standard confocal setup, a UV ablation method can be utilized to selectively induce cellular injury and to visualize single-cell responses and ...

Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The structural instability of SOD1 and the detection of SOD1-positive inclusions in familial-ALS patients supports a potential causal role for misfolded and/or aggregated SOD1 in ALS pathology. In this study, we describe the development of a cell-based assay designed to quantify the dynamics of SOD1 aggregation in living cells by high content screening approaches. Using lentiviral vectors, we generated stable cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant A4V SOD1 tagged with yellow fluorescent protein and found that both proteins were expressed in the cytosol without any sign of aggregation. Interestingly, only SOD1 A4V stably expressed in HEK-293, but not in U2OS or SH-SY5Y cell lines, formed aggregates upon proteasome inhibitor treatment. We show that it is possible to quantify aggregation based on dose-response analysis of various proteasome inhibitors, and to track aggregate-formation kinetics by time-lapse microscopy. Our approach introduces the possibility of quantifying the effect of ALS mutations on the role of SOD1 in aggregate formation as well as screening for small molecules that prevent SOD1 A4V aggregation.

We describe a method to quantify the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Our protocol details lentiviral induced stable cell line generation, automated confocal imaging, and image analysis of protein aggregates. As an illustrative application, we studied the effect of small molecules in promoting SOD1 aggregation in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Sod1 突然変異体蛋白質集計における細胞の高いコンテンツ定量化のための分析法の開発

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc ...

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major immune cells and only phagocytes in the brain, recent studies have shown that astrocytes also participate in various phagocytic processes, such as developmental synapse elimination and clearance of amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). Despite these findings, the efficiency of astrocyte engulfment and degradation of their targets is unclear compared with that of microglia. This lack of information is mostly due to the lack of an assay system in which the kinetics of astrocyte- and microglia-mediated phagocytosis are easily comparable. To achieve this goal, we have developed a long-term live-imaging in vitro phagocytosis assay to evaluate the phagocytic capacity of purified astrocytes and microglia. In this assay, real-time detection of engulfment and degradation is possible using pH indicator-conjugated synaptosomes, which emit bright red fluorescence in acidic organelles, such as lysosomes. Our novel assay provides simple and effective detection of phagocytosis through live-imaging. In addition, this in vitro phagocytosis assay can be used as a screening platform to identify chemicals and compounds that can enhance or inhibit the phagocytic capacity of astrocytes. As synaptic pruning malfunction and pathogenic protein accumulation have been shown to cause mental disorders or neurodegenerative diseases, chemicals and compounds that modulate the phagocytic capacity of glial cells should be helpful in treating various neurological disorders.

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

This protocol presents an in vitro live-imaging phagocytosis assay to measure the phagocytic capacity of astrocytes. Purified rat astrocytes and microglia are used along with pH indicator-conjugated synaptosomes. This method can detect real-time engulfment and degradation kinetics and provides a suitable screening platform to identify factors modulating astrocyte phagocytosis.

貪食能アッセイのアストロ サイトを介した新規体外ライブ イメージングを使用して pH インジケーター共役シナプトソーム

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major ...

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

Aggregation of tau protein and formation of paired helical filaments is a hallmark of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and other tauopathies. Compared to other proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases, the reported in vitro aggregation kinetics for tau protein are less consistent presenting a relatively high variability. Here we describe the development of an in vitro aggregation assay that mimics the expected steps associated with tau misfolding and aggregation in vivo. The assay uses the longest tau isoform (huTau441) which contains both N-terminal acidic inserts as well as four microtubule binding domains (MBD). The in vitro aggregation is triggered by addition of heparin and followed continuously by thioflavin T fluorescence in a 96 well microplate format. The tau aggregation assay is highly reproducible between different wells, experimental runs and batches of the protein. The aggregation leads to tau PHF-like morphology which is very efficient in seeding the formation of de novo fibrillar structures. In addition to its application in studying the mechanism of tau misfolding and aggregation, the current assay is a robust tool for screening drugs that could interfere with the pathogenesis of tau.

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

The tau aggregation assay described in this manuscript mimics the anticipated features of in vivo tau misfolding and aggregation.

体外タウ蛋白と創薬スクリーニングの集計を勉強するための試金

Aggregation of tau protein and formation of paired helical filaments is a hallmark of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and other tauopathies. Compared to other ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Lateral-line Hair Cells in Larval Zebrafish

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory stimuli that mechanically deflect apical protrusions called hair bundles. Deflection opens mechanotransduction (MET) channels in hair bundles, leading to an influx of cations, including calcium. This cation influx depolarizes the cell and opens voltage-gated calcium channels located basally at the hair-cell presynapse. In mammals, hair cells are encased in bone, and it is challenging to functionally assess these activities in vivo. In contrast, larval zebrafish are transparent and possess an externally located lateral-line organ that contains hair cells. These hair cells are functionally and structurally similar to mammalian hair cells and can be functionally assessed in vivo. This article outlines a technique that utilizes a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6s, to measure stimulus-evoked calcium signals in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells. GCaMP6s can be used, along with confocal imaging, to measure in vivo calcium signals at the apex and base of lateral-line hair cells. These signals provide a real-time, quantifiable readout of both mechanosensation- and presynapse-dependent calcium activities within these hair cells. These calcium signals also provide important functional information regarding how hair cells detect and transmit sensory stimuli. Overall, this technique generates useful data about relative changes in calcium activity in vivo. It is less well-suited for quantification of the absolute magnitude of calcium changes. This in vivo technique is sensitive to motion artifacts. A reasonable amount of practice and skill are required for proper positioning, immobilization, and stimulation of larvae. Ultimately, when properly executed, the protocol outlined in this article provides a powerful way to collect valuable information about the activity of hair-cells in their natural, fully integrated states within a live animal.

The zebrafish is a model system that has many valuable features including optical clarity, rapid external development, and, of particular importance to the field of hearing and balance, externally located sensory hair cells. This article outlines how transgenic zebrafish can be used to assay both hair-cell mechanosensation and presynaptic function in toto.

ゼブラフィッシュ稚魚における側線有毛細胞の生体内カルシウム イメージング

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory ...

Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in a Feline Large Animal Model

Retinal degenerative (RD) conditions associated with photoreceptor loss such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) cause progressive and debilitating vision loss. There is an unmet need for therapies that can restore vision once photoreceptors have been lost. Transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived retinal tissue (organoids) into the subretinal space of an eye with advanced RD brings retinal tissue sheets with thousands of healthy mutation-free photoreceptors and has a potential to treat most/all blinding diseases associated with photoreceptor degeneration with one approved protocol. Transplantation of fetal retinal tissue into the subretinal space of animal models and people with advanced RD has been developed successfully but cannot be used as a routine therapy due to ethical concerns and limited tissue supply. Large eye inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) animal models are valuable for developing vision restoration therapies utilizing advanced surgical approaches to transplant retinal cells/tissue into the subretinal space. The similarities in globe size, and photoreceptor distribution (e.g., presence of macula-like region area centralis) and availability of IRD models closely recapitulating human IRD would facilitate rapid translation of a promising therapy to the clinic. Presented here is a surgical technique of transplanting hPSC-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of a large animal model allowing assessment of this promising approach in animal models.

Presented here is a surgical technique for transplanting human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of a large animal model.

ネコ大型動物モデルにおけるヒト胚性幹細胞由来網膜組織の網膜下移植

Retinal degenerative (RD) conditions associated with photoreceptor loss such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and ...