Biz, cömert destek için bu çalışmaların ReadiSorb Ürünler teşekkür ederiz.

1. Hücre kültürü ve kedi astrositler H 2 O 2 ile tedavi <ol><li> 37 DMEM medya artı besin ile 75 cm 2 balon Kültür hücre hattı G355-5 ° C ve% 5 CO2,% 60 konfluent kadar (~ 5 gün) . Her 1-2 günde bir medya değiştirin ya da sağlıklı bir kültürü korumak için gerekli. </li><li> Medya çıkarın ve 2 ml% 0.25 tripsin ekleyin. 45 s pipetleme hücreleri Asansör - 1 dakika oda sıcaklığında (RT). </li><li> Süspansiyon, 10 ml medya içeren bir 15 ml konik tüp hızla aktarın. Yavaşça karıştırın. </li><li> Bir pelet elde etmek için 300 xg, 23 ° C&#39;de 3 dakika santrifüjleyin. Pelet bozmadan süpernatantı atın. </li><li> 6-7 ml taze medya ekleyin ve hücreleri tekrar süspansiyon haline getirin. </li><li> 6 plaka her kuyuya hücre ~ 1 ml ekleyin. 2-3 ml medya her iyi ve% 80-90 konfluent kadar inkübe edin. </li><li> Medyada 100μM çözüm peroksit (H 2 O 2) hazırlayın. </li><li> Her iyi ortamı çıkarın ve ya 2 ml taze medya (kontrol), H 2 O 2 (tedavi) veya DPBS 2 ml 2 ml ile değiştirin. 37 ° C,% 5 CO 2 3 saat boyunca inkübe </li><li> Çözümler çıkarın ve hücreleri kaldırmak için 1 ml tripsin ekleyin. 0.5 ml DPBS içeren 1.7 ml Eppendorf tüp hücreleri aktarın. Bu adım, uzun süre tripsin kuluçka hücre ölümü önlemek için her yanı ayrı ayrı yapılmalıdır. </li><li> 3 dakika boyunca 300 xg&#39;de Spin atın DPBS 1 ml supernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon. </li></ol> 2. ROS için Boyama <ol><li> Boyama için tüm adımları beyazlatma önlemek için az ışığa maruz kalma ile yapılmalıdır. </li><li> Pozitif kontrol için 50 mM CCCP 1 ul ekleyin. 37 ° ° C&#39;de,% 5 CO 2 5 dakika boyunca. </li><li> H 2 O 2 grup 10 mM CM-H 2 DCFDA çözüm 5 ul ekleyin. 37 ° ° C&#39;de,% 5 CO 2, 15-30 dk . Leke tuzlu örnek eklenir. </li><li> Artık leke çıkarmak için DPBS 2 ml örnek yıkayın. </li><li> Bir pelet elde etmek için 3 dakika boyunca 300 xg&#39;de Spin. </li><li> DPBS 0.5 ml hücreleri tekrar Tuzlu su hariç, her bir örnek için 1 ul PI ekleyin. </li><li> 5ml akış sitometresinin tüp numune aktarın. </li><li> Akış sitometresinde çalıştırın. </li></ol> 3. Flow sitometri <ol><li> 525, 775 ve 620 nm ± 20 nm: 488 nm argon lazer ve aşağıdaki bant geçer ile donatılmış bir Beckman Coulter FC500 (veya eşdeğeri) örnek çalıştırın. </li><li> Uygun kontrollerin hazırlayın: lekesiz hücreleri, CM-H 2 DCFDA (negatif kontrol) PI, sadece çift lekeli, sadece boyanmış. </li><li> : Aşağıdaki histoplots FS vs SS, PI vs. CM-H 2 DCFDA bir protokol olun . Ayrıca aşağıdaki histogramlar olmalıdır: lekeleri karşılık gelen hücre sayısı vs FL1, FL2 ve FL3. </li><li> Örnekleri çalıştırmadan önce, ekipman, sıvıları ve atık kabını kontrol edin. Isınma en az 20 dakika için donatım. </li><li> Temizleyin ve ekipman üreticileri standartlara göre uygun boncuklar ile bir kalibrasyon gerçekleştirmek. </li><li> Protokolü seçin ve numunelerinin çalışılabilmesi için. </li><li> Daha önce de yaptığımız gibi araçları temizleyiniz. </li><li> Üreticileri standartlara göre vakum hattı temizleyin. </li><li> Akış kapatın ve baş / vakum hattı temiz. </li><li> Yazılım ve bilgisayarı kapatın. </li></ol> 4. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar: Flow sitometri sonuçları FlowJo 7.6 ve leke kontrolleri yolluk objektif ayarlamak için kullanılır kullanılarak analiz edildi. Buna göre, sağlıklı hücreleri histogram ve ROS (oksidatif stresi) sol görünür bir hücre sağa doğru kayması olarak tespit edildi. Şekil 1 hidrojen peroksit etkisi ile sağlıklı bir kedi astrositler sonuçlarını gösterir. FL1 elde edilen veriler, ROS varlığını gösterir CM-H 2 DCFDA yoğunluğunu ölçmek için kullanılır oldu . Beklendiği gibi, daha yüksek bir miktarda ROS H 2 O 2 ile tedavi örneği tespit edildi. Bu soldan sağa doğru bir kayma floresan yoğunluğu olarak histogram görüntülenir. DMEM karşı DPBS ile tedavi edilen sağlıklı hücreleri karşılaştırarak, ROS miktarını (Şekil 2) anlamlı bir değişiklik yoktu. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2841/2841fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1"/> Şekil 1, oksidatif stres seviyeleri ve sağlıklı kedi astrositler, sağlıklı hücreler üzerinde H 2 O 2 etkisi Flow sitometri sonuçları. H 2 O 2 hücreleri hiçbir tedavi (DMEM) ile karşılaştırıldığında sağlıklı hücreler ROS düzeylerini artırdığını göstermektedir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2841/2841fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2"/> Şekil 2 DPBS ile 3 saat inkübe sağlıklı hücreleri tespit ROS düzeyleri Sitometrisi sonuçları.

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Virüs sıklıkla önerilen bir mekanizma, nöronal hasara oksidatif stres 1, 4, 7, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18-22, 27, 31 neden olmuştur. Temelde, önerilen hidroksit, süperoksit anyon, nitrik oksit ve / veya nöronlar için toksik olan hidrojen peroksit, viral maruz kalma yoluyla glia (astrositler ve mikroglia) serbest reaktif oksijen radikalleri. Benzer şekilde, oksidatif stres de metamfetamin indüklenen nörotoksisite 2, 6, 17 büyük bir patolojik mekanizma olarak öne sürülmüştür. Grubumuzun e...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Reaktifin Adı </th><th> Şirket </th><th> Katalog numarası </th><th> Yorumlar (isteğe bağlı) </th></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 15-013-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MEM Vitaminler </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25-020-cl </td><td> % 1 (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> L-glutamin </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> 17-605E </td><td> % 1 (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> Esansiyel Olmayan Amino Asitler </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> 25-025-cl </td><td> % 1 (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30071.03 </td><td> % 20 (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> Esansiyel Amino Asitler </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 25-030-cl </td><td> % 0.2 (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> 500ml vakum filtrasyon sistemi </td><td> VWR </td><td> 87006-076 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 15 ml konik tüpler </td><td> Şahin </td><td> 352097 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 75 cm 2 doku kültürü şişeleri </td><td> Şahin </td><td> 353136 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6 sıra doku kültürü plakası </td><td> Şahin </td><td> 353224 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CM-H 2 DCFDA </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> C6827 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Propidium İyodür (PI) </td><td> Sigma </td><td> P4170-10mg </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tripsin </td><td> Lonza </td><td> 17-160F </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> H 2 O 2 </td><td> Sigma </td><td> H6520 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HyQ Antibiyotik </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SV30079.01 </td><td> % 0.1 (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> G355-5 hücre </td><td> ATCC </td><td> CRL-2033 </td><td> Normal kedi beyin </td></tr></tbody></table>

screening assay for oxidative stress in a feline astrocyte cell line, g355-5

Nöronal hasara neden bir virüs sık önerilen mekanizma oksidatif stres. Astrositler Santral Sinir Sistemi (MSS) oksidatif stres kontrolünde önemli bir role sahip. Astrositler Reaktif Oksijen Ürünleri (ROS) nöronların yanı sıra korumaya nöronlar için homeostatik çevre korumaya yardımcı olmak. CM-H2DCFDA ROS varlığı için bir hücre geçirgen bir göstergesi. CM-H 2 DCFDA hücre floresan olmayan bir bileşik olarak girer ve hücresel esterazlar asetat grupları kaldırdıktan sonra floresan olur ve bileşik okside . Yeşil floresan olarak bulundu flow sitometri ile ölçülen hücreler, hücreleri oksidatif bir devlet sayısı bir göstergesidir. CM-H 2 DCFDA çok sayıda farklı ROS oksidasyona duyarlıdır. Bu testte ne olursa olsun, hangi oksijen ekrana oksidatif hücresel bir çevre için kullanılacak gibi ROS CM-H 2 DCFDA okside edebilir ilişkin özgüllük Bu eksikliği, bu bileşiğin bir patogenezinde soruşturmasının ilk aşamalarında kullanmak için değerli bir naip yapar ROS radikal ya da kombinasyon hücresel koşulları için sorumludur. Bir kere ROS, CM-H 2 DCFDA oksidasyonu ile mevcut sonra ek deneyler ROS veya Ross birlikte özellikle patogenezinde sürecinde yer aldığı belirlemek için yapılabilir olduğunu kurulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, bu testte G355-5 hücre içinde oksidatif ortamda tespit etmek için değerli bir test, bir olduğunu belirten, hidrojen peroksit CM-H 2 DCFDA bir artış ilavesi ile, tuzlu kontrollere göre tespit edildi floresan olduğunu göstermek kedi astrosit hücre hattı.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5 at JoVE.com

Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

Oksidatif hücresel ortamlarda tespit etmek için bir tarama yöntemi, CM-H2DCFDA oksidasyon ölçmek için. Bir kez floresan olmayan bir floresan bileşik bir hücre, CM-H2DCFDA değişiklikler içinde okside. Bu değişiklik, floresan flow sitometri ile ölçüldü ve oksidatif bir ortamda hücrelerin sayısını gösterir.

Feline Astrosit Hücre Hücre Hattı Oksidatif Stres için Tarama Testi, G355-5

An often-suggested mechanism of virus induced neuronal damage is oxidative stress. Astrocytes have an important role in controlling oxidative stress of ...

screening-assay-for-oxidative-stress-feline-astrocyte-cell-line-g355

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.4K Görüntüleme.  Western University of Health Sciences. Oksidatif hücresel ortamlarda tespit etmek için bir tarama yöntemi, CM-H2DCFDA oksidasyon ölçmek için. Bir kez floresan olmayan bir floresan bileşik bir hücre, CM-H2DCFDA değişiklikler içinde okside. Bu değişiklik, floresan flow sitometri ile ölçüldü ve oksidatif bir ortamda hücrelerin sayısını gösterir.

Video: Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

The Neuroblast Assay: An Assay for the Generation and Enrichment of Neuronal Progenitor Cells from Differentiating Neural Stem Cell Progeny Using Flow Cytometry

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS); namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. These characteristics make neural stem and progenitor cells an invaluable renewable source of cells for in vitro studies such as drug screening, neurotoxicology and electrophysiology and also for cell replacement therapy in many neurological diseases. In practice, however, heterogeneity of NSC progeny, low production of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and predominance of astrocytes following differentiation limit their clinical applications. Here, we describe a novel methodology for the generation and subsequent purification of immature neurons from murine NSC progeny using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technology. Using this methodology, a highly enriched neuronal progenitor cell population can be achieved without any noticeable astrocyte and bona fide NSC contamination. The procedure includes differentiation of NSC progeny isolated and expanded from E14 mouse ganglionic eminences using the neurosphere assay, followed by isolation and enrichment of immature neuronal cells based on their physical (size and internal complexity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology. Overall, it takes 5-7 days to generate neurospheres and 6-8 days to differentiate NSC progeny and isolate highly purified immature neuronal cells.

This video protocol demonstrates a novel method for the generation and subsequent purification of neuronal progenitor cells from a renewable source of neural stem cells (NSCs) based on their physical (size and internal granularity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology.

Neuroblast Test: Akım Sitometri Kullanımı Farklılaşan Nöral Kök Hücre Döl nöronal Progenitör Hücrelerinin üretilmesi ve zenginleştirilmesi için bir Testi

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of ...

Nörobilim

A Quantitative Cell Migration Assay for Murine Enteric Neural Progenitors

Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout the developing vertebrate embryo. In addition to providing peripheral glia and neurons, NCC generate melanocytes as well as most of the cranio-facial skeleton. NCC migration and differentiation is controlled by a combination of their axial origin along the neural tube and their exposure to regionally distinct extracellular cues. Such contribution of extracellular ligands is especially evident during the formation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex interconnected network of neural ganglia that locally controls (among other things) gut muscle movement and intestinal motility. Most of the ENS is derived from a small initial pool of NCC that undertake a long journey in order to colonize - in a rostral to caudal fashion - the entire length of the prospective gut. Among several signaling pathways known to influence enteric NCC colonization, GDNF/RET signaling is recognized as the most important. Indeed, spatiotemporally controlled secretion of the RET ligand GDNF by the gut mesenchyme is chiefly responsible for the attraction and guidance of RET-expressing enteric NCC to and within the embryonic gut. Here, we describe an ex vivo cell migration assay, making use of a transgenic mouse line possessing fluorescently labeled NCC, which allows precise quantification of enteric NCC migration potential in the presence of various growth factors, including GDNF.

We present an ex vivo cell migration assay that allows precise quantification of enteric neural crest cell migration potential in the presence of various growth factors.

Kemirgen Enterik Sinir progenitörlerin için Kantitatif Hücre Göç Tahlili

Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout ...

Real-Time Impedance-based Cell Analyzer as a Tool to Delineate Molecular Pathways Involved in Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection in a Neuronal Cell Line

Many brain-related disorders have neuronal cell death involved in their pathophysiology. Improved in vitro models to study neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of drugs and downstream pathways involved would help gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection/neurotoxicity and could potentially facilitate drug development. However, many existing in vitro toxicity assays have major limitations &#8211; most assess neurotoxicity and neuroprotection at a single time point, not allowing to observe the time-course and kinetics of the effect. Furthermore, the opportunity to collect information about downstream signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection in real-time would be of great importance. In the current protocol we describe the use of a real-time impedance-based cell analyzer to determine neuroprotective effects of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonists in a neuronal cell line under label-free and real-time conditions using impedance measurements. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibitors of second messenger pathways can be used to delineate downstream molecules involved in the neuroprotective effect. We also describe the utility of this technique to determine whether an effect on cell proliferation contributes to an observed neuroprotective effect. The system utilizes special microelectronic plates referred to as E-Plates which contain alternating gold microelectrode arrays on the bottom surface of the wells, serving as cell sensors. The impedance readout is modified by the number of adherent cells, cell viability, morphology, and adhesion. A dimensionless parameter called Cell Index is derived from the electrical impedance measurements and is used to represent the cell status. Overall, the real-time impedance-based cell analyzer allows for real-time, label-free assessment of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity, and the evaluation of second messenger pathways involvement, contributing to more detailed and high-throughput assessment of potential neuroprotective compounds in vitro, for selecting therapeutic candidates.

Improved in vitro neurotoxicity assays would aid the identification of new neuroprotective compounds. The utility of a real-time impedance-based cell analyzer to determine cytotoxicity and cytoprotection in neuronal cell lines and to delineate the involvement of second messenger pathways, thus gaining insight in the mechanism of neuroprotection is presented.

Bir Nöronal Hücre Line Neurotoxicity ve nöro ilgilendim Moleküler Pathways Delineate bir aracı olarak Real-Time Empedans tabanlı Cell Analyzer

Many brain-related disorders have neuronal cell death involved in their pathophysiology. Improved in vitro models to study neuroprotective or neurotoxic ...

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

Arasında Mechanosensation için bir davranış tahlilinde klonlarda MARCM tabanlı<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly controlled formation and maintenance of complex neuronal networks are not completely understood thus far. The open questions concerning neurons in health and disease are diverse and reaching from understanding the basic development to investigating human related pathologies, e.g.,&#160;Alzheimer&#39;s disease and&#160;Schizophrenia. The most detailed analysis of neurons can be performed in vitro. However, neurons are demanding cells and need the additional support of astrocytes for their long-term survival. This cellular heterogeneity is in conflict with the aim to dissect the analysis of neurons and astrocytes. We present here a cell-culture assay that allows for the long-term cocultivation of pure primary neurons and astrocytes, which share the same chemically defined medium, while being physically separated. In this setup, the cultures survive for up to four weeks and the assay is suitable for a diversity of investigations concerning neuron-glia interaction.

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

This protocol describes the indirect neuron-astrocyte coculture for compartmentalized analysis of neuron-glia interactions.

Dolaylı nöron astrosit Coculture Deneyi: Bir<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Nöron glia Etkileşimleri Detaylı Soruşturma Set-up

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly ...

Triggering Cell Stress and Death Using Conventional UV Laser Confocal Microscopy

Using a standard confocal setup, a UV ablation method can be utilized to selectively induce cellular injury and to visualize single-cell responses and cell-cell interactions in the CNS in real-time. Previously, studying these cell-specific responses after injury often required complicated setups or the transfer of cells or animals into different, non-physiological environments, confounding immediate and short-term analysis. For example, drug-mediated ablation approaches often lack the specificity that is required to study single-cell responses and immediate cell-cell interactions. Similarly, while high-power pulsed laser ablation approaches provide very good control and tissue penetration, they require specialized equipment that can complicate real-time visualization of cellular responses. The refined UV laser ablation approach described here allows researchers to stress or kill an individual cell in a dose- and time-dependent manner using a conventional confocal microscope equipped with a 405-nm laser. The method was applied to selectively ablate a single neuron within a dense network of surrounding cells in the zebrafish spinal cord. This approach revealed a dose-dependent response of the ablated neurons, causing the fragmentation of cellular bodies and anterograde degeneration along the axon within minutes to hours. This method allows researchers to study the fate of an individual dying cell and, importantly, the instant response of cells-such as microglia and astrocytes-surrounding the ablation site.

Targeted manipulations to cause directed stress or death in individual cells have been relatively difficult to accomplish. Here, a single-cell-resolution ablation approach to selectively stress and kill individual cells in cell culture and living animals is described based on a standard confocal UV laser.

Konvansiyonel UV Lazer konfokal mikroskopi kullanılarak Tetikleme Hücre Stres ve Ölüm

Using a standard confocal setup, a UV ablation method can be utilized to selectively induce cellular injury and to visualize single-cell responses and ...

Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The structural instability of SOD1 and the detection of SOD1-positive inclusions in familial-ALS patients supports a potential causal role for misfolded and/or aggregated SOD1 in ALS pathology. In this study, we describe the development of a cell-based assay designed to quantify the dynamics of SOD1 aggregation in living cells by high content screening approaches. Using lentiviral vectors, we generated stable cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant A4V SOD1 tagged with yellow fluorescent protein and found that both proteins were expressed in the cytosol without any sign of aggregation. Interestingly, only SOD1 A4V stably expressed in HEK-293, but not in U2OS or SH-SY5Y cell lines, formed aggregates upon proteasome inhibitor treatment. We show that it is possible to quantify aggregation based on dose-response analysis of various proteasome inhibitors, and to track aggregate-formation kinetics by time-lapse microscopy. Our approach introduces the possibility of quantifying the effect of ALS mutations on the role of SOD1 in aggregate formation as well as screening for small molecules that prevent SOD1 A4V aggregation.

We describe a method to quantify the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Our protocol details lentiviral induced stable cell line generation, automated confocal imaging, and image analysis of protein aggregates. As an illustrative application, we studied the effect of small molecules in promoting SOD1 aggregation in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Yüksek içerik miktar Sod1 canlı hücreler Mutant Protein toplama oluşumu için tahlil geliştirme

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc ...

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major immune cells and only phagocytes in the brain, recent studies have shown that astrocytes also participate in various phagocytic processes, such as developmental synapse elimination and clearance of amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). Despite these findings, the efficiency of astrocyte engulfment and degradation of their targets is unclear compared with that of microglia. This lack of information is mostly due to the lack of an assay system in which the kinetics of astrocyte- and microglia-mediated phagocytosis are easily comparable. To achieve this goal, we have developed a long-term live-imaging in vitro phagocytosis assay to evaluate the phagocytic capacity of purified astrocytes and microglia. In this assay, real-time detection of engulfment and degradation is possible using pH indicator-conjugated synaptosomes, which emit bright red fluorescence in acidic organelles, such as lysosomes. Our novel assay provides simple and effective detection of phagocytosis through live-imaging. In addition, this in vitro phagocytosis assay can be used as a screening platform to identify chemicals and compounds that can enhance or inhibit the phagocytic capacity of astrocytes. As synaptic pruning malfunction and pathogenic protein accumulation have been shown to cause mental disorders or neurodegenerative diseases, chemicals and compounds that modulate the phagocytic capacity of glial cells should be helpful in treating various neurological disorders.

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

This protocol presents an in vitro live-imaging phagocytosis assay to measure the phagocytic capacity of astrocytes. Purified rat astrocytes and microglia are used along with pH indicator-conjugated synaptosomes. This method can detect real-time engulfment and degradation kinetics and provides a suitable screening platform to identify factors modulating astrocyte phagocytosis.

Bir roman In Vitro canlı görüntüleme Astrocyte tahlil-aracılı fagositoz kullanarak pH göstergesi Birleşik Synaptosomes

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major ...

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

Aggregation of tau protein and formation of paired helical filaments is a hallmark of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and other tauopathies. Compared to other proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases, the reported in vitro aggregation kinetics for tau protein are less consistent presenting a relatively high variability. Here we describe the development of an in vitro aggregation assay that mimics the expected steps associated with tau misfolding and aggregation in vivo. The assay uses the longest tau isoform (huTau441) which contains both N-terminal acidic inserts as well as four microtubule binding domains (MBD). The in vitro aggregation is triggered by addition of heparin and followed continuously by thioflavin T fluorescence in a 96 well microplate format. The tau aggregation assay is highly reproducible between different wells, experimental runs and batches of the protein. The aggregation leads to tau PHF-like morphology which is very efficient in seeding the formation of de novo fibrillar structures. In addition to its application in studying the mechanism of tau misfolding and aggregation, the current assay is a robust tool for screening drugs that could interfere with the pathogenesis of tau.

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

The tau aggregation assay described in this manuscript mimics the anticipated features of in vivo tau misfolding and aggregation.

Vitro Tahlil türleri çalışmak için toplama Tau Protein ve uyuşturucu tarama

Aggregation of tau protein and formation of paired helical filaments is a hallmark of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and other tauopathies. Compared to other ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Lateral-line Hair Cells in Larval Zebrafish

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory stimuli that mechanically deflect apical protrusions called hair bundles. Deflection opens mechanotransduction (MET) channels in hair bundles, leading to an influx of cations, including calcium. This cation influx depolarizes the cell and opens voltage-gated calcium channels located basally at the hair-cell presynapse. In mammals, hair cells are encased in bone, and it is challenging to functionally assess these activities in vivo. In contrast, larval zebrafish are transparent and possess an externally located lateral-line organ that contains hair cells. These hair cells are functionally and structurally similar to mammalian hair cells and can be functionally assessed in vivo. This article outlines a technique that utilizes a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6s, to measure stimulus-evoked calcium signals in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells. GCaMP6s can be used, along with confocal imaging, to measure in vivo calcium signals at the apex and base of lateral-line hair cells. These signals provide a real-time, quantifiable readout of both mechanosensation- and presynapse-dependent calcium activities within these hair cells. These calcium signals also provide important functional information regarding how hair cells detect and transmit sensory stimuli. Overall, this technique generates useful data about relative changes in calcium activity in vivo. It is less well-suited for quantification of the absolute magnitude of calcium changes. This in vivo technique is sensitive to motion artifacts. A reasonable amount of practice and skill are required for proper positioning, immobilization, and stimulation of larvae. Ultimately, when properly executed, the protocol outlined in this article provides a powerful way to collect valuable information about the activity of hair-cells in their natural, fully integrated states within a live animal.

The zebrafish is a model system that has many valuable features including optical clarity, rapid external development, and, of particular importance to the field of hearing and balance, externally located sensory hair cells. This article outlines how transgenic zebrafish can be used to assay both hair-cell mechanosensation and presynaptic function in toto.

Larva zebra balığı sonradan içini kaplamak saç hücrelerinin vivo kalsiyum görüntüleme

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory ...

Feline Astrosit Hücre Hücre Hattı Oksidatif Stres için Tarama Testi, G355-5

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