1。インキュベーターから卵を取り除く E2 - 2.5（〜聖17 HH）で、卵を削除し、それに応じてそれらを準備します。彼らはすぐに上に働いたり、数時間のためにインキュベーターに戻すことができます。卵は一時間以上にわたって安全に、室温で置くことができます。卵は操作の間、外滞在することができます。時には、これらは1時間以上かかる可能性が。 注 ：長い彼らは室温で座って、可能性は低く、彼らが生き残るためです。 2。インドインクの調製<ol><li>滅菌PBS中4％、インドのインクの新鮮な溶液を調製します。 </li><li>溶液で3 mLシリンジを埋める。 </li><li>注射器で27ゲージ、½インチの針を置きます。 </li><li>止血のペアを使用して、90 °の角度に針を曲げる。 </li></ol> 3。墨汁の卵と注射を開く<ol><li>バックテープをはがし、ピンセットを使うと卵の裏面にテープの裏面を使用して、それを固定して、ウィンドウを開きます。 </li><li>それは単に胚の下にあるまで、斜めに針でガイド。フローティングディスクの下に針を置くことは、胚への毒性がインクは、、直接接触しないことが保証される。 </li><li>あなただけの快適なコントラストを作成するのに十分なインクを注入する必要があります。これは通常、¼ mLの未満です。 </li></ol> 4。神経管を開く<ol><li>細かい解剖ハサミを取ると上部にある薄い膜、または時々周り、胚をカット。 </li><li> 55ピンセットまたはタングステンプローブを取り、後方から前方に神経管を開きます。開口部がそれにビーズを配置するのに十分な大きさであることを確認してください。 </li></ol> 注 ：年齢に応じて、微細なタングステンプローブが同じことを行うために使用することができます。 5。コー​​ティングされたヘパリン-アクリルビーズを取得<ol><li> 55ピンセットを用いて、溶液中で完全なビーズを見つける。ビーズが先端に付着させ、徐々に鉗子を閉じてください。 </li><li>ソリューションからビーズを取り出して、卵の上にそれを引き入れる。 </li><li>ビーズは、その溶液からしたらそれはアルブミンに置かれるまで、それは可能性が高いから来ることはありません。 </li></ol> 6。ビーズの配置<ol><li>ビーズは、ターゲット領域の上に配置されると、脳に向かってそれを導くか、後脳でそれを修正するタングステン探針を使用してください。 </li><li> 10μLピペットを用いてPBSを数滴を追加します。 </li></ol> 7。卵を閉じる<ol><li>ウィンドウをシャットダウンするテープの薄い部分を使って卵を閉じます。 </li><li>で利用可能な準備中のプロトコルに従って卵、封印<a href="http://jove.com/index/Details.stp?ID=306" target="_blank">http://jove.com/index/Details.stp?ID=306を</a> 。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Korn, M. J., Cramer, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Windowing+Chicken+Eggs+for+Developmental+Studies.">Windowing Chicken Eggs for Developmental Studies.</a> Jounal of Visualized Experiments. 8, (2007).</li><li>Crossley, P. H., Martinez, S., Ohkubo, Y., Rubenstein, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinate+expression+of+Fgf8,+Otx2,+Bmp4,+and+Shh+in+the+rostral+prosencephalon+during+development+of+the+telencephalic+and+optic+vesicles.">Coordinate expression of Fgf8, Otx2, Bmp4, and Shh in the rostral prosencephalon during development of the telencephalic and optic vesicles.</a> Neuroscience. 108, 183-206 (2001).</li><li>Alexandre, P., Bachy, I., Marcou, M., Wassef, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+and+negative+regulations+by+FGF8+contribute+to+midbrain+roof+plate+developmental+plasticity.">Positive and negative regulations by FGF8 contribute to midbrain roof plate developmental plasticity.</a> Development . 133, 2905-2913 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

使用したい蛋白質に応じて、ビーズを準備する方法の別のプロトコルがあります。これらの実験では、我々はヘパリン - アクリルビーズを使用しますが、アフィ - ゲルのビーズを使用することもできます。我々はヘパリン - アクリルビーズは、卵アルブミンの水溶液環境での操作が容易であることを見出した。ビーズは4℃で一晩タンパク質の5リットルに浸漬されていますコントロールビーズを配置するま?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Eggs</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fertilized, E2-2.5 (~ St. 17 HH)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Incubator</td>
<td>Profi-I</td>
<td>Lyon</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>India Ink</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Higgins</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Prepare a 4% solution in sterile PBS.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sterile PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Alternatively, an antibody cocktail can be used</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1ml syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>27G 1/2 needles</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>305109</td>
<td>Angled at 90 degrees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Forceps</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>size 55</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hemostats</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissection scissors</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>500086</td>
<td>vannas, 8.5cm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Parafilm tape</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to seal eggs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tungsten Probe</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>62091</td>
<td>Tool #24. Handle optional. </td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>
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placing growth factor-coated beads on early stage chicken embryos

神経管は、開発中に特定の時空間パターンで多くのタンパク質を発現する。これらのタンパク質は、細胞の運命決定、細胞移動、および神経回路の形成に重要であることが示されている。神経誘導とパターン形成は、骨形成タンパク質（BMP）、ソニックヘッジホッグ（SHH）、特に線維芽細胞増殖因子（FGF）を、含む。特に、FGF8の発現パターンは、BMP4およびSHHを発現している地域に近接している。この発現パターンは、終脳のパターン形成を促進する発達の相互作用と一致している。 ここでは、OVOの準備の前脳形成におけるFGFの効果をテストするために使用可能なメソッドの視覚的なデモンストレーションを提供しています。ビーズは、タンパク質でコーティングし、持続的な露出を提供するために開発し、神経管に配置されます。プロシージャが小さい、慎重に配置されたビーズを使用しているので、それは低侵襲であり、いくつかのビーズは、単一の神経管の中に配置することができます。また、この方法は、胚が解剖学および神経パターン形成の変化を検出するために、より成熟した段階で分析できるように継続的な開発が可能になります。この単純だが有用なプロトコルは、リアルタイムイメージングが可能になります。それは、内因性のタンパク質レベルに空間的かつ時間的に限られた変更を行う手段を提供します。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Placing Growth Factor-Coated Beads on Early Stage Chicken Embryos at JoVE.com

Placing Growth Factor-Coated Beads on Early Stage Chicken Embryos

成長因子や様々なタンパク質は、開発中に別の細胞の運命を引き受ける細胞を誘導するために相互作用する。ここでは、E2.5のニワトリ胚にビーズを配置することにより、開発の異なるタンパク質間の相互作用の可能性に対処するためにOVO準備での使用を示します。

アーリーステージのニワトリ胚に成長因子コートビーズの配置

The neural tube expresses many proteins in specific spatiotemporal patterns during development.   These proteins have been shown to be critical for cell ...

placing-growth-factor-coated-beads-on-early-stage-chicken-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.4K ビュー.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). 成長因子や様々なタンパク質は、開発中に別の細胞の運命を引き受ける細胞を誘導するために相互作用する。ここでは、E2.5のニワトリ胚にビーズを配置することにより、開発の異なるタンパク質間の相互作用の可能性に対処するためにOVO準備での使用を示します。

ビデオ: Placing Growth Factor-Coated Beads on Early Stage Chicken Embryos

Growth Factor-Coated Bead Placement on Dorsal Forebrain Explants

This video demonstrates two methods for preparing and placing beads, which have been coated with growth factor, on explants of the developing cerebral cortex. These beads can be used to induce spatially restricted gene expression on developing neural tissue such as forebrain explants. Methods are given for using both Affi-Gel beads and heparin acryllic beads.

背側前脳の外植片上に成長因子-コーティングビーズの配置

生物学

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Midgastrulaステージショウジョウバエの胚からの神経培養の準備

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

In Ovo Electroporations of HH Stage 10 Chicken Embryos

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of molecular biological techniques, the chick has become a useful system in which to study gene regulation and function.  By electroporating DNA or RNA constructs into the developing chicken embryo, genes can be expressed or knocked down in order to analyze in vivo gene function.  Similarly, reporter constructs can be used for fate mapping or to examine putative gene regulatory elements.  Compared to similar experiments in mouse, chick electroporation has the advantages of being quick, easy and inexpensive.  This video demonstrates first how to make a window in the eggshell to manipulate the embryo.  Next, the embryo is visualized with a dilute solution of India ink injected below the embryo.  A glass needle and pipette are used to inject DNA and Fast Green dye into the developing neural tube, then platinum electrodes are placed parallel to the embryo and short electrical pulses are administered with a pulse generator.  Finally, the egg is sealed with tape and placed back into an incubator for further development.  Additionally, the video shows proper egg storage and handling and discusses possible causes of embryo loss following electroporation.

Chick in ovo electroporation is a technique which allows genetic manipulation of the avian embryo. Common applications of this technique include functional analysis of genes and putative enhancer elements. This video demonstrates neural tube electroporation in HH 10 chick embryos. Injection technique and proper egg handling are discussed.

HHステージ10ニワトリ胚のOVOエレクトロポレーションで

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of ...

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

初期のニワトリ胚をex vivo（新文化）の文化のための方法

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

初期のニワトリ胚のin situハイブリダイゼーションダブルホールマウント

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This technique has been widely exploited in tissue culture cells, and to a lesser extent, in primary tissue. The application of ChIP to rodent embryonic tissue, especially at early times of development, is complicated by the limited amount of tissue and the heterogeneity of cell and tissue types in the embryo. Here we present a method to perform ChIP using a dissociated embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) embryo. Sheared chromatin from a single E8.5 embryo can be divided into up to five aliquots, which allows the investigator sufficient material for controls and for investigation of specific protein:chromatin interactions.
We have utilized this technique to begin to document protein:chromatin interactions during the specification of tissue-specific gene expression programs. The heterogeneity of cell types in an embryo necessarily restricts the application of this technique because the result is the detection of protein:chromatin interactions without distinguishing whether the interactions occur in all, a subset of, or a single cell type(s). However, examination of tissue-specific genes during or following the onset of tissue-specific gene expression is feasible for two reasons. First, immunoprecipitation of tissue specific factors necessarily isolates chromatin from the cell type where the factor is expressed. Second, immunoprecipitation of coactivators and histones containing post-translational modifications that are associated with gene activation should only be found at genes and gene regulatory sequences in the cell type where the gene is being or has been activated. The technique should be applicable to the study of most tissue-specific gene activation events.
In the example described below, we utilized E8.5 and E9.5 mouse embryos to examine factor binding at a skeletal muscle specific gene promoter. Somites, which are the precursor tissues from which the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs will form, are present at E8.5-9.54,5. Myogenin is a regulatory factor required for skeletal muscle differentiation 6-9. The data demonstrate that myogenin is associated with its own promoter in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Because myogenin is only expressed in somites at this stage of development 6,10, the data indicate that myogenin interactions with its own promoter have already occurred in skeletal muscle precursor cells in E8.5 embryos.

We demonstrate a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method to identify factor interactions at tissue-specific genes during or after the onset of tissue-specific gene expression in mouse embryonic tissue. This protocol should be widely applicable for the study of tissue-specific gene activation as it occurs during normal embryonic development.

初期段階のマウス胚を用いて組織特異的遺伝子のためのクロマチン免疫沈降アッセイ

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This ...

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

The chicken embryo provides an excellent model system for studying gene function and regulation during embryonic development. In ovo electroporation is a powerful method to over-express exogenous genes or down-regulate endogenous genes in vivo in chicken embryos1. Different structures such as DNA plasmids encoding genes2-4, small interfering RNA (siRNA) plasmids5, small synthetic RNA oligos6, and morpholino antisense oligonucleotides7 can be easily transfected into chicken embryos by electroporation. However, the application of in ovo electroporation is limited to embryos at early incubation stages (younger than stage HH20 - according to Hamburg and Hamilton)8 and there are some disadvantages for its application in embryos at later stages (older than stage HH22 - approximately 3.5 days of development). For example, the vitelline membrane at later stages is usually stuck to the shall membrane and opening a window in the shell causes rupture of the vessels, resulting in death of the embryos; older embryos are covered by vitelline and allantoic vessels, where it is difficult to access and manipulate the embryos; older embryos move vigorously and is difficult to control the orientation through a relatively small window in the shell.
In this protocol we demonstrate an ex ovo electroporation method for gene transfer into chicken embryos at late stages (older than stage HH22). For ex ovo electroporation, embryos are cultured in Petri dishes9 and the vitelline and allantoic vessels are widely spread. Under these conditions, the older chicken embryos are easily accessed and manipulated. Therefore, this method overcomes the disadvantages of in ovo electroporation applied to the older chicken embryos. Using this method, plasmids can be easily transfected into different parts of the older chicken embryos10-12.

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

A method of gene transfer into chicken embryos at later incubation stages (older than Hamburger and Hamilton stage (HH) 22) is described. This method overcomes disadvantages of in ovo electroporation applied to older chicken embryos and is a useful technique to study gene function and regulation at older developmental stages.

して、古いニワトリ胚への遺伝子導入<em&gt; EX OVO</em&gt;エレクトロポレーション

The chicken embryo provides an  excellent model system for studying gene function and regulation during  embryonic development. In ovo electroporation is ...

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a consequence, the isolation of plant embryos at early stages (1 cell to globular stage) is technically challenging due to their relative inaccessibility. Efficient manual dissection at early stages is strongly impaired by the small size of young Arabidopsis seeds and the adhesiveness of the embryo to the surrounding tissues. Here, we describe a method that allows the efficient isolation of young Arabidopsis embryos, yielding up to 40 embryos in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. Embryos are released into isolation buffer by slightly crushing 250-750 seeds with a plastic pestle in an Eppendorf tube. A glass microcapillary attached to either a standard laboratory pipette (via a rubber tube) or a hydraulically controlled microinjector is used to collect embryos from droplets placed on a multi-well slide on an inverted light microscope. The technical skills required are simple and easily transferable, and the basic setup does not require costly equipment. Collected embryos are suitable for a variety of downstream applications such as RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation analyses, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunostaining, and reporter gene assays.

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

We report an efficient and simple method to isolate embryos at early stages of development from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Up to 40 embryos can be isolated in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. The procedure is suitable for transcriptome, DNA methylation, reporter gene expression, immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses.

から初期段階の胚の効率的かつ迅速な単離<em&gt;シロイヌナズナ</em&gt;種子

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a ...

Dissection and Downstream Analysis of Zebra Finch Embryos at Early Stages of Development

The zebra finch (Taeniopygiaguttata) has become an increasingly important model organism in many areas of research including toxicology1,2, behavior3, and memory and learning4,5,6. As the only songbird with a sequenced genome, the zebra finch has great potential for use in developmental studies; however, the early stages of zebra finch development have not been well studied. Lack of research in zebra finch development can be attributed to the difficulty of dissecting the small egg and embryo. The following dissection method minimizes embryonic tissue damage, which allows for investigation of morphology and gene expression at all stages of embryonic development. This permits both bright field and fluorescence quality imaging of embryos, use in molecular procedures such as in situ hybridization (ISH), cell proliferation assays, and RNA extraction for quantitative assays such as quantitative real-time PCR (qtRT-PCR).&#160;This technique allows investigators to study early stages of development that were previously difficult to access.

The zebra finch (Taeniopygiaguttata) is a valuable model organism; however, early stages of zebra finch development have not been extensively studied. The protocol describes how to dissect early embryos for developmental and molecular applications.

開発の初期段階での切開およびゼブラフィンチ胚のダウンストリーム解析

The zebra finch (Taeniopygiaguttata) has become an increasingly important model organism in many areas of research including toxicology1,2, behavior3, and ...

Medium-throughput Screening Assays for Assessment of Effects on Ca2+-Signaling and Acrosome Reaction in Human Sperm

Ca2+-signaling is essential to normal sperm cell function and male fertility. Similarly, the acrosome reaction is vital for the ability of a human sperm cell to penetrate the zona pellucida and fertilize the egg. It is therefore of great interest to test compounds (e.g., environmental chemicals or drug candidates) for their effect on Ca2+-signaling and acrosome reaction in human sperm either to examine the potential adverse effects on human sperm cell function or to investigate a possible role as a contraceptive. Here, two medium-throughput assays are described: 1) a fluorescence-based assay for assessment of effects on Ca2+-signaling in human sperm, and 2) an image cytometric assay for assessment of acrosome reaction in human sperm. These assays can be used to screen a large number of compounds for effects on Ca2+-signaling and acrosome reaction in human sperm. Furthermore, the assays can be used to generate highly specific dose-response curves of individual compounds, determine potential additivity/synergism for two or more compounds, and to study the pharmacological mode of action through competitive inhibition experiments with CatSper inhibitors.

Medium-throughput Screening Assays for Assessment of Effects on Ca2+-Signaling and Acrosome Reaction in Human Sperm

Here, two medium-throughput assays for assessment of effects on Ca2+-signaling and acrosome reaction in human sperm are described. These assays can be used to quickly and easily screen large amounts of compounds for effects on Ca2+-signaling and acrosome reaction in human sperm.

Ca2 +の効果の評価のためのスクリーニング アッセイ中スループット-シグナリングおよびひと精子先体反応

Ca2+-signaling is essential to normal sperm cell function and male fertility. Similarly, the acrosome reaction is vital for the ability of a human sperm ...