この作品はCDMRP、USUHS助成G188LE、G188MG、とG188QC（HL）、および心的外傷後ストレスの研究のためUSUHSセンターによってサポートされていました。

<ol>
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A., Yang, J., Tao, L., Nguyen, H., He, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Undetectable+and+Decreased+Expression+of+KIAA1949+(Phostensin)+Encoded+on+Chromosome+6p21.33+in+Human+Breast+Cancers+Revealed+by+Transcriptome+Analysis.">Undetectable and Decreased Expression of KIAA1949 (Phostensin) Encoded on Chromosome 6p21.33 in Human Breast Cancers Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis.</a> J. Cancer. 1, 38-50 (2010).</li><li>Yehuda, R., Yang, R. K., Buchsbaum, M. S., Golier, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+cortisol+negative+feedback+inhibition+as+examined+using+the+ACTH+response+to+cortisol+administration+in+PTSD.">Alterations in cortisol negative feedback inhibition as examined using the ACTH response to cortisol administration in PTSD.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31, 447-451 (2006).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Wu, J., Nguyen, A., Wang, B. D., He, P., Laurent, G. S., Rennert, O. M., Su, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanism+underlying+differential+apoptosis+between+human+melanoma+cell+lines+UACC903+and+UACC903(+6)+revealed+by+mitochondria-focused+cDNA+microarrays.">Molecular mechanism underlying differential apoptosis between human melanoma cell lines UACC903 and UACC903(+6) revealed by mitochondria-focused cDNA microarrays.</a> Apoptosis. 13, 993-1004 (2008).</li></ol>

特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

PTSDの診断は、潜在的な対象者による自己報告された精神症状（DSM IV）に基づいています。全くよく定義されたバイオマーカーは、現在の潜在的なPTSD患者の病態生理学的な状態にアクセスするために利用することができない。 PTSDはヶ月と初期イベント後に何年ものために遺族の生活の中で存在し続けトラウマとメイン精神症状、生命を脅かす疾患によって引き起こされています。 PTSD患者で明らかに最も顕著で持続的な症状はhypervigilance遅れ、誇張された驚愕反応14、15、16、HPA軸の見かけの妥協です。ヒトではこれらの症状が残っている、または心的外傷ストレス要因24の停止後、3ヶ月の遅れで表示されます。 150グラムの重量を量るラットにおける不可避テールショックモデル（ITS） - 心的外傷後ストレス障害のバイオマーカー研究のための私達の現在のモデルは、拘束と3日間連続（40、2 mAのtailshocksの2時間のセッション）のために繰り返さ尾ショックを採用しています。このITSモデルがありますかなりの程度にPTSDの17、7、4、10の病態を模倣することが示されて。我々の研究室や他のラボは、ラットにおけるストレスのITSモデルがPTSDの被験者17、7、10、9に見られるものと同様で行動や神経生物学的変化を誘導することを確認しました。具体的には、これらのストレスラットの展示は、（1）は、ヒトに比べラットの人生の圧縮されたタイムスケールを与えられたストレッサー中止後数日間登場する遅延と誇張された驚愕反応は、PTSDの患者の症状の1〜3ヶ月の遅れに対応（DSM-IV-TRのPTSD Criterian D / E 13）、（2）hypothalamopituitary軸（HPA）の妥協案を示すいくつかの（10）日、（3）知的障害体重増加のために強化された血漿コルチコステロン（CORT）後のストレッサーPTSDの代謝調節の機能不全に対応する停止。狐臭、捕食者の暴露、または恐怖が驚愕反応を増強したことが文献に証拠はexhiはありませんが、心的外傷後ストレス障害に関連付けられたビットこれらの永続的な行動および表現型neuroendocrinologic。 シングルストレスセッション（1DS）に暴露したラットは、過渡展示しましたが、3DSラット17によって表示される永続的な異常は、本実験では、3DSと1DSラット4,7、およびストレッサー中止後10日間の驚愕反応を比較していない。前作と一致して、ラットは高架基礎プラズマCORTレベルの初日ポストストレス17を示したと強調した。これらCORTレベルは1DSラットよりも3DSのラットにおける高いCORTレベルのストレッサーエクスポージャーの数に敏感であった。驚愕感作だけ3DSのラットにおける10日後のストレス要因が明らかになるのに対し、驚愕反応については、1DSラットは、誇張された驚愕反応7日後のストレス要因を示す。このように、ストレッサー中止後誇張驚愕反応の出現は、ストレスセッションのエクスポージャーの数に関連しているように見えます。 3DSストレスモデルは、ように見えるPTSDの症状とストレスの停止以下のタイミングに関連付けられているキー測定可能な行動の表現型に関連付けられているバイオマーカーの発現の変化を洞察することが有用である。ゲノムの結果が大幅にPTSDを含む複雑で多因子性の神経障害を、根底にある分子機構のシステム生物学的研究と理解を容易にする差動経路、遺伝子やタンパク質のバイオマーカーを同定するためにrMNChipとバイオインフォマティクスのツールを適用するための原理の証明を提供すること発表した。 私たちのパラダイムは、認知とPTSDのより複雑な行動の側面を掘り下げて調査していませんが、我々は、そのモデル1と変化した睡眠パターンが困難下がり、眠りに滞在し、PTSD患者11（DSM-IV-TRのPTSDの悪夢に対応注意基準D 13）と、そのモデルに食欲のタスクの学習や学習エスケープ/回避の不備<sup貧しい濃度とPTSD 5（DSM-IV-TRのPTSD基準C 13）の記憶障害に&gt; 12対応している。現在のモデルは、PTSDの症状が特徴的なキーとよく相関することができない6中央の、機械的なバイオマーカーとは、患者から採取することができるPTSDの周辺バイオマーカーを、相関させるための優れたモデルを提供します。

biomarkers in an animal model for revealing neural, hematologic, and behavioral correlates of ptsd

心的外傷後ストレス障害（PTSD）の病態生理の進化を表すバイオマーカーの同定は、客観的な診断のためだけでなく、治療効果や外傷にレジリエンスの評価のためだけではなく、極めて重要である。現在進行中の研究は、被験者の血液、唾液、尿、死後の脳組織から生物学的試料を用いて、心的外傷後ストレスによって誘導されるタンパク質は、トランスクリプトーム、ゲノムの遺伝的差異およびモジュレーターを含むPTSDのための分子マーカーを同定することを目的とする。しかし、PTSDにおける精神症状と関連して変化した脳機能への末梢または死後サンプルにおけるこれらのバイオマーカー分子の相関関係は未解決のままである。ここでは、このような機構とpathognoアールPTSDの中央のバイオマーカーの必要に応じて相関を提供する、末梢血と中央脳バイオマーカーと同様、行動の表現型の両方を収集し、測定することができる心的外傷後ストレス障害の動物モデルを提示モニックなくはなることができ、周辺のバイオマーカー及び行動の表現型と、国民から徴収することはできません。 ラットにおいて不可避テールショックモデル（ITS） - PTSDの我々の動物モデルは、3つの連続した​​日間反復拘束とテールショックを採用しています。このITSモデルはPTSD 17、7、4、10の病態を模倣しています。我々や他のは、そのモデルがPTSDの被験者17、7、10、9に見られるものと同様の行動と神経生物学的変化を誘導することを確認しました。具体的には、これらのストレスラットの展示は、（1）は、ヒトに比べラットの人生の圧縮されたタイムスケールを与えられたストレッサー中止後数日間登場する遅延と誇張された驚愕反応は、PTSDの患者の症状の1〜3ヶ月の遅れに対応（DSM-IV-TRのPTSD Criterian D / E 13）、（2）強化された血漿コルチコステロン（CORT）数日間、hypothalamopituitary軸（HPA）の妥協案を示す、（3）知的障害BO代謝調節の機能不全を示すストレッサー中止後dyの体重増加、。 このモデルのために用いた実験パラダイムは以下のとおりです。音響驚愕反応（ASR）と体重のチャートを測定することにより測定したラットは、（1）学習性無力感のパラダイム、地域および​​核へのラットの脳（2）顕微解剖、（ CORTの血中濃度のための3）酵素免疫測定法（ELISA）、（4）遺伝子発現マイクロアレイに加え、関連するバイオインフォマティクスのツール18。 rMNChip吹き替えこのマイクロアレイは、具体的にはPTSDに関与するとする仮説神経生体エネルギーに対処するようにラットのミトコンドリアとミトコンドリア関連核遺伝子に焦点を当てています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD at JoVE.com

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

我々は、神経内分泌機能と遅延の長期的、誇張された恐怖反応、PTSD患者の特性に永続的な変化を明らかにする心的外傷後ストレス障害（PTSD）のラットモデルを記述します。動物モデルとここで説明する方法は、機械論的であるが、末梢白血細胞におけるバイオマーカーと、患者で測定することができない脳核中のバイオマーカー、缶を相関させるために有用である。

PTSDの、ニューラル血液学的および行動的相関関係を明らかにするための動物モデルにおけるバイオマーカー

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

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15.9K ビュー.  Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. 我々は、神経内分泌機能と遅延の長期的、誇張された恐怖反応、PTSD患者の特性に永続的な変化を明らかにする心的外傷後ストレス障害（PTSD）のラットモデルを記述します。動物モデルとここで説明する方法は、機械論的であるが、末梢白血細胞におけるバイオマーカーと、患者で測定することができない脳核中のバイオマーカー、缶を相関させるために...

ビデオ: Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

新しいハーブ治療法を評価するために敗血症の動物モデルの使用

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

医学

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

Since its introduction in the late 19th century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart model, have been invaluable tools for studying cardiovascular function and disease1-15. Although the Langendorff heart preparation can be used for any mammalian heart, most studies involving this apparatus use small animal models (e.g., mouse, rat, and rabbit) due to the increased complexity of systems for larger mammals1,3,11. One major difficulty is ensuring a constant coronary perfusion pressure over a range of different heart sizes &#8211; a key component of any experiment utilizing this device1,11. By replacing the classic hydrostatic afterload column with a centrifugal pump, the Langendorff working heart apparatus described below allows for easy adjustment and tight regulation of perfusion pressures, meaning the same set-up can be used for various species or heart sizes. Furthermore, this configuration can also seamlessly switch between constant pressure or constant flow during reperfusion, depending on the user&#8217;s preferences. The open nature of this setup, despite making temperature regulation more difficult than other designs, allows for easy collection of effluent and ventricular pressure-volume data.

Most studies involving the Langendorff apparatus use small animal models due to the increased complexity of systems for larger mammals. We describe a Langendorff system for large animal models that allows for use across a range of species, including humans, and relatively easy data acquisition.

大型動物モデルの絶縁型ワーキングハートシステム

Since its introduction in the late 19th century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of an Immunocompetent Animal Model for Glioblastoma

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and histopathologic features of the human disease. When GL261 cells are implanted intracranially in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, the model has the added advantage of maintaining an intact immune microenvironment. Stable expression of luciferase in GL261 cells allows non-invasive cost effective bioluminescence monitoring of intracranial tumor growth. We have recently demonstrated that luciferase expression in GL261 cells does not affect the tumor growth properties, tumor cell immunomodulatory cytokine expression, infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, or overall survival of animals bearing the intracranial tumor. Therefore, it appears that the GL261 luciferase glioma model can be useful in the study of novel chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic modalities. Here we report the technique for generating stable luciferase expression in GL261 cells and how to study the in vitro and in vivo growth of the tumor cells by bioluminescence imaging.

GL261 glioma cells provide a useful immunocompetent animal model of glioblastoma. The goals of this protocol are to demonstrate proper techniques for monitoring intracranial tumor growth using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, and to verify the utility of luciferase-modified GL261 cells for studying tumor immunology and immunotherapeutic approaches for treating glioblastoma.

神経膠芽腫のための免疫担当動物モデルの生物発光イメージング

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

マウスにおける反復震とう頭部損傷モデル

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle screws after spinal surgery, which is a serious concern. To address this problem, diverse types of pedicle screws have been examined to identify those with good fixation strength and osseointegration in spine bone. The porcine spine is a good alternative for the human spine in the evaluation of pedicle screws due to the anatomical size, mechanical characteristics, and cost. Although several studies have reported that pedicle screws are efficient in the porcine model, no study has described detailed protocols for the evaluation of a pedicle screw using the porcine model. Here, we describe a detailed method for evaluating transpedicular screws using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model. The technical details for anesthesia, spine surgery, and harvest provided here will facilitate with the evaluation of the transpedicular screw fixation model.

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Here, we introduce a method to evaluate transpedicular screws by using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model.

麻酔、手術および収縮法を用いた経肛門用ねじの評価<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;豚の腰椎モデル

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle ...

A Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Model in Swine Using an Ameroid Constrictor

Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States. There are numerous approaches to treating these diseases, but regardless of the approach, an in vivo model is needed to test each treatment. The pig is one of the most used large animal models for cardiovascular disease. Its heart is very similar in anatomy and function to that of a human. The ameroid placement technique creates an ischemic area of the heart, which has many useful applications in studying myocardial infarction. This model has been used for surgical research, pharmaceutical studies, imaging techniques, and cell therapies.
There are several ways of inducing an ischemic area in the heart. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, but the placement of an ameroid constrictor remains the most widely used technique. The main advantages to using the ameroid are its prevalence in existing research, its availability in various sizes to accommodate the anatomy and size of the vessel to be constricted, the surgery is a relatively simple procedure, and the post-operative monitoring is minimal, since there are no external devices to maintain. This paper provides a detailed overview of the proper technique for the placement of the ameroid constrictor.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the placement of a delayed constricting device (an ameroid constrictor) around a coronary artery in a swine model. This device creates an ischemic area of the heart that is useful for studying new diagnostic imaging techniques and new methods of treatment.

アメロイド収縮を使用して豚の慢性心筋虚血モデル

Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States. There are numerous approaches to treating these diseases, but ...

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent hemorrhages at a later stage. The exact effects of plasma coagulation on liver tissue are only poorly examined. In our porcine model, the coagulation effects can be examined close to the clinical application. A combined laser Doppler flowmeter and spectrophotometer documents microcirculation changes during coagulation at 8 mm tissue depth noninvasively, providing quantifiable information about hemostasis beyond the subjective clinical impression. The temperature at coagulation site is assessed with an infrared thermometer prior and post coagulation and with a thermographic camera during coagulation, a measurement of the gas beam temperature is not possible due to the upper threshold of the devices. The depth of coagulation is measured microscopically on hematoxylin/eosin stained sections after calibration with an object micrometer and gives an exact information about the power setting-coagulation depth-relation. The sealing effect is examined on the bile ducts as it is not possible for a plasma coagulator to seal larger blood vessels. Burst pressure experiments are carried out on explanted organs to rule out blood pressure related effects.

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

Here we present a protocol to experimentally assess plasma coagulation in liver tissue in vivo. In a porcine model, microcirculation is examined by laser Doppler, coagulation depth is measured histologically, temperature at coagulation site by infrared thermometer and thermographic camera, and duct sealing effect is documented by burst pressure experiments.

プラズマ凝固体内大動物モデルの肝臓組織の評価

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent ...

Intra-Operative Neural Monitoring of Thyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model

Intraoperative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can cause vocal cord paralysis, which interferes with speech and can potentially interfere with breathing. In recent years, intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) has been widely adapted as an adjunct technique to localize the RLN, detect RLN injury, and predict vocal cord function during the operations. Many studies have also used animal models to investigate new applications of IONM technology and to develop reliable strategies for preventing intraoperative RLN injury. The aim of this article is to introduce a standard protocol for using a porcine model in IONM research. The article demonstrates the procedures for inducing general anesthesia, performing tracheal intubation, and experimental design to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of RLN injuries. Applications of this protocol can improve overall efficacy in implementing the 3R principle (replacement, reduction and refinement) in porcine IONM studies.

This study aims to develop a standard protocol of intra-operative neural monitoring of thyroid surgery in a porcine model. Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate general anesthesia, to compare different types of electrodes, and to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of the normal and injured recurrent laryngeal nerves.

ブタモデルにおける甲状腺手術の術中神経モニタリング

Intraoperative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can cause vocal cord paralysis, which interferes with speech and can potentially interfere ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Manufacture of a Multi-Purpose Low-Cost Animal Bench-Model for Teaching Tracheostomy

Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures, performed through various techniques in the intensive care unit and emergency situations. Despite this, there is a lack of training on this procedure that affects its outcome, which is also dependent on operator's dexterity. Here, we take the specific training and simulation into consideration. This article aims to describe every step of the manufacture of a new multi-purpose low-cost animal bench-model, with the support of video and images, and to obtain an opinion about the quality of this model by administering a questionnaire to professionals with experience in the procedures. 
Ten experts in the technique were enrolled. The model scored an average of 3.45/5 for its anatomical realism; 4.75/5 for its usefulness as a training tool for simulation courses and assessments. The time necessary to build the model was 15 minutes, and the cost amounted to 10&#8364;. The animal bench-model was considered a very useful simulator for tracheostomy training and assessments. Therefore, it could be used as a tool for medical courses and residencies.

This article illustrates every step of the manufacture of a new multi-purpose low-cost animal bench-model for subglottic airway access management. All the procedures are shown in the video. The model's realism and its suitability for training the given clinical maneuvers were assessed by independent senior otolaryngologists and anesthesiologists.

多目的低コスト動物ベンチの製造-気管切開術を指導するためのモデル

Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures, performed through various techniques in the intensive care unit and emergency situations. Despite ...