我々は、有用な議論のためのMPIMPに理研PSC博士とビョルンUsadelの教授斉藤和季に感謝します。 TTは、アレクサンダー·フォン·フンボルト財団から奨学金によってサポートされています。

<ol>
	<li>Aharoni, A., Keizer, L. C. P., Bouwmeester, H. J., Sun, Z. K., Alvarez-Huerta, M., Verhoeven, H. A., Blaas, J., van Houwelingen, A., De Vos, R. C. H., van der Voet, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SAAT+gene+involved+in+strawberry+flavor+biogenesis+by+use+of+DNA+microarrays.">SAAT gene involved in strawberry flavor biogenesis by use of DNA microarrays.</a> Plant Cell. 12, 647-661 (2000).</li><li>Akiyama, K., Chikayama, E., Yuasa, H., Shimada, Y., Tohge, T., Shinozaki, K., Hirai, M. Y., Sakurai, T., Kikuchi, J., Saito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PRIMe:+a+Web+site+that+assembles+tools+for+metabolomics+and+transcriptomics.">PRIMe: a Web site that assembles tools for metabolomics and transcriptomics.</a> In Silico Biol. 8, 339-345 (2008).</li><li>Araujo, W. L., Ishizaki, K., Nunes-Nesi, A., Larson, T. R., Tohge, T., Krahnert, I., Witt, S., Obata, T., Schauer, N., Graham, I. A., Leaver, C. J., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+2-Hydroxyglutarate+and+Isovaleryl-CoA+Dehydrogenases+as+Alternative+Electron+Donors+Linking+Lysine+Catabolism+to+the+Electron+Transport+Chain+of+Arabidopsis+Mitochondria.">Identification of the 2-Hydroxyglutarate and Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenases as Alternative Electron Donors Linking Lysine Catabolism to the Electron Transport Chain of Arabidopsis Mitochondria.</a> Plant Cell. 22, 1549-1563 (2010).</li><li>De Vos, R. C. H., Moco, S., Lommen, A., Keurentjes, J. J. B., Bino, R. J., Hall, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Untargeted+large-scale+plant+metabolomics+using+liquid+chromatography+coupled+to+mass+spectrometry.">Untargeted large-scale plant metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, (2007).</li><li>Hirai, M. Y., Sugiyama, K., Sawada, Y., Tohge, T., Obayashi, T., Suzuki, A., Araki, R., Sakurai, N., Suzuki, H., Aoki, K., Goda, H., Nishizawa, O. I., Shibata, D., Saito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Omics-based+identification+of+Arabidopsis+Myb+transcription+factors+regulating+aliphatic+glucosinolate+biosynthesis.">Omics-based identification of Arabidopsis Myb transcription factors regulating aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104, 6478-6483 (2007).</li><li>Mutwil, M., Klie, S., Tohge, T., Giorgi, F. M., Wilkins, O., Campbell, M. M., Fernie, A. R., Usadel, B., Nikoloski, Z., Persson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PlaNet:+Combined+Sequence+and+Expression+Comparisons+across+Plant+Networks+Derived+from+Seven+Species.">PlaNet: Combined Sequence and Expression Comparisons across Plant Networks Derived from Seven Species.</a> Plant Cell. 23, 895-910 (2011).</li><li>Mutwil, M., Ruprecht, C., Giorgi, F. M., Bringmann, M., Usadel, B., Persson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+Wiring+of+Cell+Wall-Related+Genes+in+Arabidopsis.">Transcriptional Wiring of Cell Wall-Related Genes in Arabidopsis.</a> Molecular Plant. 2, 1015-1024 (2009).</li><li>Obayashi, T., Kinoshita, K., Nakai, K., Shibaoka, M., Hayashi, S., Saeki, M., Shibata, D., Saito, K., Ohta, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATTED-II:+a+database+of+co-expressed+genes+and+cis+elements+for+identifying+co-regulated+gene+groups+in+Arabidopsis.">ATTED-II: a database of co-expressed genes and cis elements for identifying co-regulated gene groups in Arabidopsis.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 35, D863-D869 (2007).</li><li>Ogata, Y., Suzuki, H., Sakurai, N., Shibata, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CoP:+a+database+for+characterizing+co-expressed+gene+modules+with+biological+information+in+plants.">CoP: a database for characterizing co-expressed gene modules with biological information in plants.</a> Bioinformatics. 26, 1267-1268 (2010).</li><li>Persson, S., Wei, H. R., Milne, J., Page, G. P., Somerville, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+genes+required+for+cellulose+synthesis+by+regression+analysis+of+public+microarray+data+sets.">Identification of genes required for cellulose synthesis by regression analysis of public microarray data sets.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102, 8633-8638 (2005).</li><li>Tohge, T., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Niida, R., Watanabe-Takahashi, A., Saito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phytochemical+genomics+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana:+A+case+study+for+functional+identification+of+flavonoid+biosynthesis+genes.">Phytochemical genomics in Arabidopsis thaliana: A case study for functional identification of flavonoid biosynthesis genes.</a> Pure and Applied Chemistry. 79, 811-823 (2007).</li><li>Tohge, T., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Web-based+resources+for+mass-spectrometry-based+metabolomics:+A+user's+guide.">Web-based resources for mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics: A user's guide.</a> Phytochemistry. 70, 450-456 (2009).</li><li>Tohge, T., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+genetic+diversity,+informatics+and+metabolomics+to+facilitate+annotation+of+plant+gene+function.">Combining genetic diversity, informatics and metabolomics to facilitate annotation of plant gene function.</a> Nature Protocols. 5, 1210-1227 (2010).</li><li>Tohge, T., Kusano, M., Fukushima, A., Saito, K., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+and+metabolic+programs+following+exposure+of+plants+to+UV-B+irradiation.">Transcriptional and metabolic programs following exposure of plants to UV-B irradiation.</a> Plant Signal Behav. 6, (2011).</li><li>Tohge, T., Ramos, M. S., Nunes-Nesi, A., Mutwil, M., Giavalisco, P., Steinhauser, D., Schellenberg, M., Willmitzer, L., Persson, S., Martinoia, E., Fernie, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+the+storage+metabolome:+profiling+the+barley+vacuole.">Towards the storage metabolome: profiling the barley vacuole.</a> Plant Physiol. , (2011).</li><li>Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Tohge, T., Matsuda, F., Nakabayashi, R., Takayama, H., Niida, R., Watanabe-Takahashi, A., Inoue, E., Saito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+flavonol+profiling+and+transcriptome+coexpression+analysis+leading+to+decoding+gene-metabolite+correlations+in+Arabidopsis.">Comprehensive flavonol profiling and transcriptome coexpression analysis leading to decoding gene-metabolite correlations in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Cell. 20, 2160-2176 (2008).</li></ol>

利害の衝突が宣言されません。

トランスクリプトミクスとメタボロミクス技術は数年前から使用されていることを考えると、遺伝子アノテーションを支援メタボロミクスのためのデータ統合のプロセスは、一般的に未知の代謝産物を表す新たなピークの同定から始まる。この事実は、代謝物ピークの定量的な分散、またはそれらの生合成に関与すると考え、新規の候補遺伝子を評価することで次のステージへ導く。このプロトコルで説明されて戦略は、しかし、3つの主要な問題i）のピークアノテーションの難しさ、ⅱ）経路予測の複雑性、iii）の遺伝子発現データの遺伝子情報と品質の解像度を持っています。最初の問題に対処するために、ピークの注釈は、MS n分析、参照エキス、変異体の解析、代謝物データベース検索と文献調査からの情報を活用した標準化合物又はコンビナトリアルアプローチの共溶出（ 図2、12）で行われるべきである。 sのecond問題、経路の予測は、正しいピークアノテーションによって得ることができます。代謝産物の蓄積が関連遺伝子の遺伝子発現と相関する必要があるためしかし、組織特異性の代謝物プロファイリングにも、サポートのピーク注釈することができます。したがって、異なる組織や成長条件の組み合わせのプロファイルは、この第二の問題のために役立ちます。遺伝子情報の解決に関する第三の問題は、配列データの進行状況に依存します。ゲノムシーケンスの完了せずにモデル植物の場合には、他のモデル植物でオーソログ遺伝子を用いた共発現解析に便利です。アミノ酸配列の詳細なアラインメントを比較し、系統樹解析では、他の種にモデル生物を接続するためにサポートすることができます。 このプロトコルはすべての代謝に適しています。それも強力な転写Cの対象になる特徴は、中間および二次代謝の解析における最も効率的です。ontrol 1,5,11,16。いくつかの例では、共発現解析は、硫黄同化、β-酸化のための遺伝子、分岐鎖アミノ酸の分解、クロロフィルの破壊、およびリジン異化3、細胞壁代謝10,7とカスケード14に信号を送る光の中で実行することに成功しました。複合ゲノミクス、メタボロミクスと情報を介した遺伝子機能のアノテーションは転写因子の生合成遺伝子と直接レギュレータのためだけでなく、生理的なプロセスや応答を理解するためだけではありません（例えば図3 14を参照）。 モデル植物から作物種にこのアプローチを開発するために、植物種間での代謝の比較はいくつかの一般的な代謝の強力なアプローチです。たとえば、同じ化合物は、異なる植物種で検出された場合、いくつかのオーソログ遺伝子がこれらの植物種で発見され、オーソログ遺伝子を用いてクロス種の共発現解析は、STRONを提供することができますあなたの予測のgをサポートしています。 ：このアプローチは、植物種との共発現解析（6、プラネットでは、このような大麦、米、小麦、大豆などのほか重要な作物で、ポプラ、ウマゴヤシ、シロイヌナズナで行うことができ<a href="http://aranet.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/" target="_blank">http://aranet.mpimp-golm.mpg 。/ DE</a> 、、9、COP： <a href="http://webs2.kazusa.or.jp/kagiana/cop0911/" target="_blank">http://webs2.kazusa.or.jp/kagiana/cop0911/</a> 。の例を参照してください、15）。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名前 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td></tr><tr><td>蒸留水ULC / MS卒業生</td><td> BIOSOLVE </td><td> 23214102 </td></tr><tr><td>アセトニトリル（ACN）ULC / MSグレード</td><td> BIOSOLVE </td><td> 01204102 </td></tr><tr><td>メタノール（MeOH）ULC / MSグレード</td><td> BIOSOLVE </td><td> 13684102 </td></tr><tr><td>液体クロマトグラフィー用ギ酸（HCOOH）ULC / MSグレード</td><td> BIOSOLVE </td><td> 06914131 </td></tr><tr><td>標準化合物</td><td> EXTRASYNTHESE </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>リニアイオントラップ（IT）ESI-MSシステムフィニガン-LTQ </td><td>サーモフィニガン</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HPLCシステムのサーベイ</td><td>サーモフィニガン</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> C18分析カラムのルナ（2）、2.0ミリメートルの直径150ミリメートルの長さは、100Åの細孔サイズと3mmの球状粒子</td><td> Phenomenex </td><td> 00F-4251-B0 </td></tr><tr><td> Xcaliburソフトウェア</td><td>サーモフィニガン</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

annotation of plant gene function via combined genomics, metabolomics and informatics

完全なゲノム配列が利用可能であり、このようなノックアウト変異体、野生のアクセッションおよび高度な繁殖個体群として生物資源の豊富されるモデル植物種の拡大を続ける数を考えると、遺伝子機能アノテーションのための上昇の負担があります。このプロトコルでは、結合された共発現遺伝子解析、メタボロミクスと情報を用いた植物遺伝子の機能注釈が（ 図1）提供されています。このアプローチは、メタボロミクスを介してターゲット化合物の同定と、特定の代謝過程に関与する非注釈付き遺伝子の同定可能性が高い可能にするために既知の関数のターゲット遺伝子を用いての理論に基づいています。戦略が楽であるこれらのどれにもかかわらず、順方向と逆遺伝学のアプローチによって生成された集団では、この情報を適用するための前方に置かれます。当然の結果では、このアプローチは、新しいまたは特定のSEを表す未知のピークを特徴付けるためのアプローチとして使用することができます現在植物の代謝を理解する上で重要な試験である限られた組織、植物種やストレス治療のcondary代謝物。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics at JoVE.com

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

代謝を介したゲノム、共発現遺伝子の解析と標的化合物の同定の組み合わせは、遺伝子の機能アノテーションを付与します。

複合ゲノミクス、メタボロミクスと情報を介した植物遺伝子の機能注釈

Given the ever expanding number of model plant species for which complete genome sequences are available and the abundance of bio-resources such as ...

annotation-plant-gene-function-via-combined-genomics-metabolomics

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.4K ビュー.  Max-Planck-Institut. 代謝を介したゲノム、共発現遺伝子の解析と標的化合物の同定の組み合わせは、遺伝子の機能アノテーションを付与します。

ビデオ: Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA regulators: microRNAs, which are produced from non-protein coding genes and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Plants use RNAi to control transposons and to exert tight control over developmental processes such as flower organ formation and leaf development2,3,4. Plants also use RNAi to defend themselves against infection by viruses. Consequently, many viruses have evolved suppressors of gene silencing to allow their successful colonization of their host5.
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method that takes advantage of the plant RNAi-mediated antiviral defense mechanism. In plants infected with unmodified viruses the mechanism is specifically targeted against the viral genome. However, with virus vectors carrying sequences derived from host genes, the process can be additionally targeted against the corresponding host mRNAs. VIGS has been adapted for high-throughput functional genomics in plants by using the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver, via its Ti plasmid, a recombinant virus carrying the entire or part of the gene sequence targeted for silencing. Systemic virus spread and the endogenous plant RNAi machinery take care of the rest. dsRNAs corresponding to the target gene are produced and then cleaved by the ribonuclease Dicer into siRNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. These siRNAs ultimately guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade the target transcript2.
Different vectors have been employed in VIGS and one of the most frequently used is based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV). TRV is a bipartite virus and, as such, two different A. tumefaciens strains are used for VIGS. One carries pTRV1, which encodes the replication and movement viral functions while the other, pTRV2, harbors the coat protein and the sequence used for VIGS6,7. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato seedlings with a mixture of both strains results in gene silencing. Silencing of the endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, which causes photobleaching, is used as a control for VIGS efficiency. It should be noted, however, that silencing in tomato is usually less efficient than in N. benthamiana. RNA transcript abundance of the gene of interest should always be measured to ensure that the target gene has efficiently been down-regulated. Nevertheless, heterologous gene sequences from N. benthamiana can be used to silence their respective orthologs in tomato and vice versa8.

Virus-induced Gene Silencing VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

Description of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method for knock-down of gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato.

ウイルス誘導ジーンサイレンシング（VIGS）でタバコbenthamianaとトマト

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA ...

生物学

Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting of Plant Protoplasts

High-resolution, cell type-specific analysis of gene expression greatly enhances understanding of developmental regulation and responses to environmental stimuli in any multicellular organism. In situ hybridization and reporter gene visualization can to a limited extent be used to this end but for high resolution quantitative RT-PCR or high-throughput transcriptome-wide analysis the isolation of RNA from particular cell types is requisite. Cellular dissociation of tissue expressing a fluorescent protein marker in a specific cell type and subsequent Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) makes it possible to collect sufficient amounts of material for RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis/amplification and microarray analysis.
An extensive set of cell type-specific fluorescent reporter lines is available to the plant research community. In this case, two marker lines of the Arabidopsis thaliana root are used: PSCR::GFP (endodermis and quiescent center) and PWOX5::GFP (quiescent center). Large numbers (thousands) of seedlings are grown hydroponically or on agar plates and harvested to obtain enough root material for further analysis. Cellular dissociation of plant material is achieved by enzymatic digestion of the cell wall. This procedure makes use of high osmolarity-induced plasmolysis and commercially available cellulases, pectinases and hemicellulases to release protoplasts into solution.
FACS of GFP-positive cells makes use of the visualization of the green versus the red emission spectra of protoplasts excited by a 488 nm laser. GFP-positive protoplasts can be distinguished by their increased ratio of green to red emission. Protoplasts are typically sorted directly into RNA extraction buffer and stored for further processing at a later time.
This technique is revealed to be straightforward and practicable. Furthermore, it is shown that it can be used without difficulty to isolate sufficient numbers of cells for transcriptome analysis, even for very scarce cell types (e.g. quiescent center cells). Lastly, a growth setup for Arabidopsis seedlings is demonstrated that enables uncomplicated treatment of the plants prior to cell sorting (e.g. for the cell type-specific analysis of biotic or abiotic stress responses). Potential supplementary uses for FACS of plant protoplasts are discussed.

A method for isolating specific cell types from plant material is demonstrated. This technique employs transgenic marker lines expressing fluorescent proteins in particular cell types, cellular dissociation and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting. Additionally, a growth setup is established here that facilitates treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings prior to cell sorting.

植物プロトプラストの蛍光活性化細胞選別

High-resolution, cell type-specific analysis of gene expression greatly enhances understanding of developmental regulation and responses to environmental ...

A &#946;-glucuronidase (GUS) Based Cell Death Assay

We have developed a novel transient plant expression system that simultaneously expresses the reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), with putative positive or negative regulators of cell death. In this system, N. benthamiana leaves are co-infiltrated with a 35S driven expression cassette containing the gene to be analyzed, and the GUS vector pCAMBIA 2301 using Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 as a vehicle. Because live cells are required for GUS expression to occur, loss of GUS activity is expected when this marker gene is co-expressed with positive regulators of cell death. Equally, increased GUS activity is observed when anti-apoptotic genes are used compared to the vector control. As shown below, we have successfully used this system in our lab to analyze both pro- and anti-death players. These include the plant anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 Associated athanoGene (BAG) family, as well as, known mammalian inducers of cell death, such as BAX. Additionally, we have used this system to analyze the death function of specific truncations within proteins, which could provide clues on the possible post-translational modification/activation of these proteins. Here, we present a rapid and sensitive plant based method, as an initial step in investigating the death function of specific genes.

A &amp;#946;-glucuronidase GUS Based Cell Death Assay

Programmed cell death assays commonly used in mammalian systems such as DNA laddering or TUNEL assays, are often difficult to reproduce in plants. In combination with a GUS reporter system, we propose a rapid, plant based transient assay to analyze the potential death properties of specific genes.

β-グルクロニダーゼ（GUS）に基づく細胞死アッセイ

We have developed a novel transient plant expression system that simultaneously expresses the reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), with putative ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

コットンでアグロバクテリウムを介したウイルス誘発遺伝子サイレンシングアッセイ

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

Metabolic Labeling of Newly Transcribed RNA for High Resolution Gene Expression Profiling of RNA Synthesis, Processing and Decay in Cell Culture

The development of whole-transcriptome microarrays and next-generation sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of the complexity of cellular gene expression. Along with a better understanding of the involved molecular mechanisms, precise measurements of the underlying kinetics have become increasingly important. Here, these powerful methodologies face major limitations due to intrinsic properties of the template samples they study, i.e. total cellular RNA. In many cases changes in total cellular RNA occur either too slowly or too quickly to represent the underlying molecular events and their kinetics with sufficient resolution. In addition, the contribution of alterations in RNA synthesis, processing, and decay are not readily differentiated.
We recently developed high-resolution gene expression profiling to overcome these limitations. Our approach is based on metabolic labeling of newly transcribed RNA with 4-thiouridine (thus also referred to as 4sU-tagging) followed by rigorous purification of newly transcribed RNA using thiol-specific biotinylation and streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. It is applicable to a broad range of organisms including vertebrates, Drosophila, and yeast. We successfully applied 4sU-tagging to study real-time kinetics of transcription factor activities, provide precise measurements of RNA half-lives, and obtain novel insights into the kinetics of RNA processing. Finally, computational modeling can be employed to generate an integrated, comprehensive analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Total cellular RNA provides a poor template for studying short-term changes in RNA synthesis and decay as well as the kinetics of RNA processing. Here, we describe metabolic labeling of newly transcribed RNA with 4-thiouridine followed by thiol-specific biotinylation and purification of newly transcribed RNA allowing to overcome these limitations.

細胞培養におけるRNA合成、処理およびディケイの高解像度遺伝子発現プロファイリングのための新規転写されたRNAの代謝標識

The development of whole-transcriptome microarrays and next-generation sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of the complexity of cellular gene ...

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but whose functions remain mysterious. Alongside growing attention on the role of chloroplasts in coordinating plant responses to stress, interest in stromules and their relationship to chloroplast signaling dynamics has increased in recent years, aided by advances in fluorescence microscopy and protein fluorophores that allow for rapid, accurate visualization of stromule dynamics. Here, we provide detailed protocols to assay stromule frequency in the epidermal chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana, an excellent model system for investigating chloroplast stromule biology. We also provide methods for visualizing chloroplast stromules in vitro by extracting chloroplasts from leaves. Finally, we outline sampling strategies and statistical approaches to analyze differences in stromule frequencies in response to stimuli, such as environmental stress, chemical treatments, or gene silencing. Researchers can use these protocols as a starting point to develop new methods for innovative experiments to explore how and why chloroplasts make stromules.

Protocols to investigate the dynamics of chloroplast stromules, the stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of chloroplasts, are described.

蛍光顕微鏡でストロミュール頻度を可視化

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but ...

Split Green Fluorescent Protein System to Visualize Effectors Delivered from Bacteria During Infection

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the plant immune system. During infection cytoplasmic effectors are delivered to the host cytosol via a type III secretion system (T3SS). After delivery into the plant cell, the effector(s) targets the specific compartment(s) to modulate host cell processes for survival and replication of the pathogen. Although there has been some research on the subcellular localization of effector proteins in the host cells to understand their function in pathogenicity by using fluorescent proteins, investigation of the dynamics of effectors directly injected from bacteria has been challenging due to the incompatibility between the T3SS and fluorescent proteins.
Here, we describe our recent method of an optimized split superfolder green fluorescent protein system (sfGFPOPT) to visualize the localization of effectors delivered via the bacterial T3SS in the host cell. The sfGFP11 (11th &#946;-strand of sfGFP)-tagged effector secreted through the T3SS can be assembled with a specific organelle targeted sfGFP1-10OPT (1-10th &#946;-strand of sfGFP) leading to fluorescence emission at the site. This protocol provides a procedure to visualize the reconstituted sfGFP fluorescence signal with an effector protein from Pseudomonas syringae in a particular organelle in the Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants.

Fluorescent protein-based approaches to monitor effectors secreted by bacteria into host cells are challenging. This is due to the incompatibility between fluorescent proteins and the type-III secretion system. Here, an optimized split superfolder GFP system is used for visualization of effectors secreted by bacteria into the host plant cell.

緑の蛍光蛋白質感染時に細菌から配信されるエフェクターを視覚化するシステムを分割します。

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the ...

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Of different types of noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) have arguably been in the spotlight over the last decade. As post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, miRNAs play key roles in various cellular pathways, including both development and response to a/biotic stress, such as drought and diseases. Having high-quality reference genome sequences enabled identification and annotation of miRNAs in several plant species, where miRNA sequences are highly conserved. As computational miRNA identification and annotation processes are mostly error-prone processes, homology-based predictions increase prediction accuracy. We developed and have improved the miRNA annotation pipeline, SUmir, in the last decade, which has been used for several plant genomes since then. 
This study presents a fully automated, new miRNA pipeline, mirMachine (miRNA Machine), by (i) adding an additional filtering step on the secondary structure predictions, (ii) making it fully automated, and (iii) introducing new options to predict either known miRNA based on homology or novel miRNAs based on small RNA sequencing reads using the previous pipeline. The new miRNA pipeline, mirMachine, was tested using The Arabidopsis Information Resource, TAIR10, release of the Arabidopsis genome and the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) wheat reference genome v2.

Herein, we present a new and fully automated miRNA pipeline, mirMachine that 1) can identify known and novel miRNAs more accurately and 2) is fully automated and freely available. Users can now execute a short submission script to run the fully automated mirMachine pipeline.

mirMachine:植物miRNAアノテーションのワンストップショップ

Of different types of noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) have arguably been in the spotlight over the last decade. As post-transcriptional regulators of ...

Determination of Tripartite Interaction between Two Monomers of a MADS-box Transcription Factor and a Calcium Sensor Protein by BiFC-FRET-FLIM Assay

Protein-protein interactions are an integral part of all biological processes in the cells as they play a crucial role in regulating, maintaining, and amending cellular functions. These interactions are involved in a wide range of phenomena such as signal transduction, pathogen response, cell-cell interactions, metabolic and developmental processes. In the case of transcription factors, these interactions may lead to oligomerization of subunits, sequestering in specific subcellular contexts such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, etc., which, in turn, might have a more profound effect on the expression of the downstream genes. Here, we demonstrate a methodology to visualize in vivo tripartite interaction using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) based F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) involving Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM). Two of the proteins selected for this demonstration interact as BiFC partners, and their reconstituted fluorescence activity is used to assay FRET-FLIM with the third partner. Four to five-week-old growth-chamber-grown Nicotiana benthamiana plants have been used as the model plant system for this demonstration.

Here we present, a method to visualize ternary complex formation between three protein partners using fluorescent-tagged proteins by BiFC based FRET-FLIM assay. This method is valuable for studying protein-protein interaction complexes in vivo.

BIFC-FRET-FLIMアッセイによるMADS型転写因子の2つのモノマーとカルシウムセンサタンパク質の三者間相互作用の測定

Protein-protein interactions are an integral part of all biological processes in the cells as they play a crucial role in regulating, maintaining, and ...

Two-layered Membrane Sandwich Method for Laodelphax striatellus Saliva Collection

Rice stripe virus (RSV), which causes significant economic loss of agriculture in East Asia, entirely depends on insect vectors for its effective transmission among host rice. Laodelphax striatellus (small brown planthopper, SBPH) is the primary insect vector that horizontally transmits RSV while sucking sap from the phloem. Saliva plays a significant role in insects' feeding behavior. A convenient method that will be useful for research on insects' saliva with piercing-sucking feeding behavior is described here. In this method, insects were allowed to feed on an artificial diet sandwiched between two stretched paraffin film layers. The diet containing the saliva was collected each day, filtered, and concentrated for further analysis. Finally, the quality of collected saliva was examined by protein staining and immunoblotting. This method was exemplified by detecting the presence of RSV and a mucin-like protein in the saliva of SBPH. These artificial feeding and saliva collection method will lay a foundation for further research on factors in insect saliva related to feeding behavior and virus transmission.

Two-layered Membrane Sandwich Method for Laodelphax striatellus Saliva Collection

The present protocol describes a method to collect sufficient saliva from piercing-sucking insects using an artificial medium. This is a convenient method for collecting insect saliva and studying salivary function on insect feeding behavior and vector-borne virus transmission.