この作品は、SU Eisenhardtに &quot;ドイツ学術振興&quot;（EI 866/1-1）の助成金によって支えられている。

<ol>
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利害の衝突が宣言されません。

白血球-内皮相互作用、活性酸素種の産生および補体系の活性化IRI-誘発組織障害の主要な特徴である26は、罹患組織の微小循環は、炎症の発症の積分サイトと見なされます。別にそのようなフローチャンバーアッセイとしてex vivoでの実験を27日、28日からは、さらにin vivoでの関連で評価するために生体内イメージングの定評のあるモデルを提供するために?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 機器の名前： </td><td> 会社名： </td><td> カタログ番号： </td><td> コメント： </td></tr><tr><td> Forene 100％（V / V） </td><td>アボット</td><td> B506 </td><td>イソフルランAPI </td></tr><tr><td> Terylene縫合</td><td> Serag Weissner </td><td> OC108000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Portexファインボアポリエチレンチューブ</td><td>医療スミス</td><td> 800/100/100 </td><td> 0.28ミリメートル、内径</td></tr><tr><td> 0.9％食塩水</td><td> Fresinusカービ</td><td> 808771 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>チェンジ·先端デラックス焼灼キット</td><td> Bovie医療</td><td> DEL1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Abbocath-T 14G </td><td> Venisystems </td><td> G713- A01 </td><td>鏡筒として使用</td></tr><tr><td>サーボ人工呼吸器900C </td><td> Maquet </td><td></td><td>動物ventialtorとして使用</td></tr><tr><td>論理的な圧力トランスデューサー</td><td>医療スミス</td><td> MX1960 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sirecust 404モニタ</td><td>ジーメンス</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ABL 700ベンチトップ·アナライザ</td><td>放射計</td><td></td><td>血液ガス測定用</td></tr><tr><td>加温パッド</td><td> Effenberger </td><td> 8319 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>アルミステージ</td><td> Alfun </td><td> AW7022 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>手術用顕微鏡OPMI 6 SDFC </td><td>カールツァイス</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>顕微楽器ラボのら</td><td> S＆T </td><td> 767 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Biemer血管クリップ</td><td>ディーナー</td><td> 64.562 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>鉗子を適用する</td><td>ディーナー</td><td> 64.568 </td><td> Biemer容器クリップの</td></tr><tr><td>ローダミン6G </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich社</td><td> R4127 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ワセリン白DAB </td><td>ウィンスロップ</td><td> 2726853 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>メガネをカバー</td><td></td><td></td><td> 32×32ミリメートル</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 生体内のセットアップ </td></tr><tr><td>ツァイスAxioはスコープ1 MAT </td><td>カールツァイス</td><td> 490036 </td><td>落射蛍光顕微鏡</td></tr><tr><td> 470nmのLEDが</td><td>カールツァイス</td><td> 423052 </td><td>蛍光光源</td></tr><tr><td>コリブリ2システム</td><td>カールツァイス</td><td> 423052 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Wプラン·アポクロマート20倍/ 1,0 DIC </td><td>カールツァイス</td><td> 421452 </td><td>水浸対物レンズ</td></tr><tr><td> AxioCam MRM牧師3つのFireWire </td><td>カールツァイス</td><td> 426509 </td><td>高解像度デジタルカメラ</td></tr><tr><td>アクシオビジョンLEソフトウェア</td><td>カールツァイス</td><td> 410130 </td><td>オフライン解析に使用</td></tr></tbody></table>

real-time digital imaging of leukocyte-endothelial interaction in ischemia-reperfusion injury (iri) of the rat cremaster muscle

虚血再灌流障害（IRI）は、このような脳卒中、心筋梗塞、腸管虚血などの移植や心臓血管手術後などの病的状態の大きな配列に関与しています。以前は虚血組織の1再灌流、不可逆的な予防のために不可欠ながら、組織損傷は、罹患組織の過度の炎症を誘発する。活性酸素種の産生、補体系の活性化と増加した血管透過性に隣接し、白血球の活性化は、再灌流時の炎症性組織損傷の病理学的カスケードの原則俳優の一人です。2、3、白血球の活性化は成る多段階のプロセスです。ローリング、強固な接着と輪廻のような補因子、ケモカイン、または血小板活性化因子としての化学誘引物質に応答して、接着分子との間の複雑な相互作用によって媒介される。4 &lt;Pクラスは= &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;毛細血管細静脈における白血球のローリングは、主に彼らのカウンターリガンドとセレクチン5の相互作用によって媒介されていますが、内皮への白血球の強固な接着は細胞間接着分子（ICAM）、血管の細胞への結合を介してセレクチン制御です。接着分子（VCAM）。6、7 白血球-内皮相互作用の in vivo観察のためのゴールドスタンダードは、1968年に記載され生体内顕微鏡の技術である8。 IRI（虚血再灌流障害）の様々なモデルが様々な器官のために記載されているものの、9月12日わずか数は、画像品質の高いレベルでの微小血管床における白血球動員の直接可視化に適しています。8 ここでは精巣挙筋微小循環の後毛細血管細静脈のデジタル生体蛍光顕微鏡を促進するラット13の定性的かつ定量的に横紋筋組織中のIRI-研究のための白血球動員を分析し、技術を達成するための詳細なマニュアルを提供する便利な方法として。我々はさらに一般的な落とし穴を説明し、読者が本当に感謝することができ、かつ安全にする方法を実行する必要があり有用なヒントを提供しています。 ステップのプロトコル·バイ·ステップでは、より長い期間の動物はしっかりと麻酔を維持するのに十分な監視の下で呼吸制御された麻酔の使用を開始する方法を表しています。その後、卓越した光学分割のための薄い平らなシートとして挙準備を説明し、よく私たちの研究室で確立されているIRIで白血球イメージングのためのプロトコルを提供しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury IRI of the Rat Cremaster Muscle at JoVE.com

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury IRI of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

精巣挙筋微小循環における毛細血管細静脈のデジタル生体蛍光顕微鏡では、白血球 - 内皮相互作用への洞察を得るために便利な方法です。<emin vivoでの&gt;</em&gt;横紋筋組織の虚血再灌流障害（IRI）であった。ここでは、安全技術を実行し、その応用と限界を議論するための詳細なプロトコルを提供しています。

ラットの精巣挙筋の虚血再灌流障害における白血球 - 内皮相互作用のリアルタイムデジタルイメージング（IRI）

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, ...

real-time-digital-imaging-leukocyte-endothelial-interaction-ischemia

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Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (IRI) of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

15.0K ビュー.  University of Freiburg Medical Centre. 精巣挙筋微小循環における毛細血管細静脈のデジタル生体蛍光顕微鏡では、白血球 - 内皮相互作用への洞察を得るために便利な方法です。横紋筋組織の虚血再灌流障害（IRI）であった。ここでは、安全技術を実行し、その応用と限界を議論するための詳細なプロトコルを提供しています。

ビデオ: Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury IRI of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

筋皮虚血再灌流傷害のラットモデル： 現場横腹直筋皮フラップで

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

医学

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

マウスにおける急性腎障害とポスト傷害線維の虚血再灌流モデル

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for myocardial infarction and cardiac complications of thoracic surgery. The ability of certain drugs to precondition the myocardium against ischemia reperfusion injury has led to multiple clinical trials, with little success. The isolated heart model allows acute observation of the functional effects of ischemia reperfusion injury in real time, including the effects of various pharmacological interventions administered at any time-point before or within the ischemia-reperfusion injury window. Since brief periods of ischemia can precondition the heart against ischemic injury, in situ aortic cannulation is performed to allow for functional assessment of non-preconditioned myocardium. A saline filled balloon is placed into the left ventricle to allow for real-time measurement of pressure generation. Ischemic injury is simulated by the cessation of perfusion buffer flow, followed by reperfusion. The duration of both ischemia and reperfusion can be modulated to examine biochemical events at any given time-point. Although the Langendorff isolated heart model does not allow for the consideration of systemic events affecting ischemia and reperfusion, it is an excellent model for the examination of acute functional and biochemical events within the window of ischemia reperfusion injury as well as the effect of pharmacological intervention on cardiac pre- and postconditioning. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to perform in situ aortic cannulation and heart excision followed by ischemia/reperfusion injury in the Langendorff model.

The isolated rat heart is an enduring model for ischemia reperfusion injury. Here, we describe the process of harvesting the beating heart from a rat via in situ aortic cannulation, Langendorff perfusion of the heart, simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury, and infarct staining to confirm the extent of ischemic insult.

ランゲンドルフ灌流ラット心臓における虚血再灌流傷害の誘導と評価

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

腸管虚血 - 再灌流傷害のマウスモデル

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

Inducing Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in the Mouse Ear Skin for Intravital Multiphoton Imaging of Immune Responses

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when there is transient hypoxia due to the obstruction of blood flow (ischemia) followed by a subsequent re-oxygenation of the tissues (reperfusion). In the skin, ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is the main contributing factor to the pathophysiology of pressure ulcers. While the cascade of events leading up to the inflammatory response has been well studied, the spatial and temporal responses of the different subsets of immune cells to an IR injury are not well understood. Existing models of IR using the clamping technique on the skin flank are highly invasive and unsuitable for studying immune responses to injury, while similar non-invasive magnet clamping studies in the skin flank are less-than-ideal for intravital imaging studies. In this protocol, we describe a robust model of non-invasive IR developed on mouse ear skin, where we aim to visualize in real-time the cellular response of immune cells after reperfusion via multiphoton intravital imaging (MP-IVM).

This protocol describes the induction of an ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model on mouse ear skin using magnet clamping. Using a custom-built intravital imaging model, we study in vivo inflammatory responses post-reperfusion. The rationale behind the development of this technique is to extend the understanding of how leukocytes respond to skin IR injury.

免疫応答の生体内多光子イメージングのためのマウスの耳の皮膚に虚血再灌流傷害を誘導します

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when there is transient hypoxia due to the obstruction of blood flow (ischemia) followed by a subsequent ...

Evaluation of Coronary Flow Reserve After Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via recanalization of the coronary artery is the most effective strategy for reducing the size of ischemic myocardium. The coronary microvasculature cannot be visualized and imaged&#160;in vivo, but there are several invasive and noninvasive techniques that can be used to assess parameters which depend directly on coronary microvascular function. The endothelial function after ischemia reperfusion can be assessed also at the level of the coronary circulation via the coronary flow reserve (CFR).&#160;In this study, peak velocity of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was measured in rats in vivo via Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography during resting and stress challenge (induced by Dobutamine). A normal heart can increase its coronary blood flow up to four times above the resting values during stress induction. Following ischemia reperfusion, we found a significantly diminished CFR, which can be used as a marker of coronary microvascular dysfunction. CFR has opened a window on the importance of microvascular dysfunction and has been shown to predict cardiovascular risk independent of whether the severe obstructive disease is present.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR), is defined as the ratio of maximal coronary blood flow to the resting coronary blood flow. We present a protocol for evaluating CFR in rats via ultrasound, which offers the opportunity to predict cardiovascular risk factors in the absence of obstructive coronary disease.

ラットにおける心筋虚血再灌流後の冠動脈流量の評価

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

再建微小外科における虚血再灌流損傷の研究のための前臨床ラットモデル

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Delayed Intramyocardial Delivery of Stem Cells after Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Murine Model

There is significant interest in the use of stem cells (SCs) for the recovery of cardiac function in individuals with myocardial injuries. Most commonly, cardiac stem cell therapy is studied by delivering SCs concurrently with the induction of myocardial injury. However, this approach presents two significant limitations: the early hostile pro-inflammatory ischemic environment may affect the survival of transplanted SCs, and it does not represent the subacute infarction scenario where SCs will likely be used. Here we describe a two-part series of surgical procedures for the induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury and delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This method of stem cell administration may allow for the longer viability and retention around damaged tissue by circumventing the initial immune response. A model of ischemia reperfusion injury was induced in mice accompanied by the delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (3.0 x 105), stably expressing the reporter gene firefly luciferase under the constitutively expressed CMV promoter, intramyocardially 7 days later. The animals were imaged via ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging for confirmation of injury and injection of cells, respectively. Importantly, there was no added complication rate when performing this two-procedure approach for SC delivery. This method of stem cell administration, collectively with the utilization of state-of-the-art reporter genes, may allow for the in vivo study of viability and retention of transplanted SCs in a situation of chronic ischemia commonly seen clinically, while also circumventing the initial pro-inflammatory response. In summary, we established a protocol for the delayed delivery of stem cells into the myocardium, which can be used as a potential new approach in promoting regeneration of the damaged tissue.

Stems cells are continuously investigated as potential treatments for individuals with myocardial damage, however, their decreased viability and retention within injured tissue can impact their long-term efficacy. In this manuscript we describe an alternative method for stem cell delivery in a murine model of ischemia reperfusion injury.

マウスモデルにおける虚血再灌流損傷後の幹細胞の筋内内出産の遅延

There is significant interest in the use of stem cells (SCs) for the recovery of cardiac function in individuals with myocardial injuries. Most commonly, ...

Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Simulating Hemodynamic Changes in Rat Liver Transplant Model

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is a tried and proven animal model used for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative studies, including ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of extrahepatic organs. This model requires numerous experiments and devices. The duration of anhepatic phase is closely related to the time to develop IRI after transplantation. In this experiment, we used hemodynamic changes to induce extrahepatic organ damage in rats and determined the maximum tolerance time. The time until the most severe organ injury varied for different organs. This method can easily be replicated and can also be used to study IRI of the extrahepatic organs after liver transplantation.

This paper provides a detailed description of how to build an animal model of the anhepatic phase (liver ischemia) in rats to facilitate basic research into ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation.

ラット肝移植モデルにおける血球力学的変化をシミュレートすることによる臓器虚血再灌流損傷

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is a tried and proven animal model used for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative studies, ...

Real-Time Assessment of Spinal Cord Microperfusion in a Porcine Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion

Spinal cord injury is a devastating complication of aortic repair. Despite developments for the prevention and treatment of spinal cord injury, its incidence is still considerably high and therefore, influences patient outcome. Microcirculation plays a key role in tissue perfusion and oxygen supply and is often dissociated from macrohemodynamics. Thus, direct evaluation of spinal cord microcirculation is essential for the development of microcirculation-targeted therapies and the evaluation of existing approaches in regard to spinal cord microcirculation. However, most of the methods do not provide real-time assessment of spinal cord microcirculation. The aim of this study is to describe a standardized protocol for real-time spinal cord microcirculatory evaluation using laser-Doppler needle probes directly inserted in the spinal cord. We used a porcine model of ischemia/reperfusion to induce deterioration of the spinal cord microcirculation. In addition, a fluorescent microsphere injection technique was used. Initially, animals were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Thereafter, laser-Doppler needle probe insertion was performed, followed by the placement of cerebrospinal fluid drainage. A median sternotomy was performed for exposure of the descending aorta to perform aortic cross-clamping. Ischemia/reperfusion was induced by supra-celiac aortic cross-clamping for a total of 48 min, followed by reperfusion and hemodynamic stabilization. Laser-Doppler Flux was performed in parallel with macrohemodynamic evaluation. In addition, automated cerebrospinal fluid drainage was used to maintain a stable cerebrospinal pressure. After completion of the protocol, animals were sacrificed, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological and microsphere analysis. The protocol reveals the feasibility of spinal cord microperfusion measurements using laser-Doppler probes and shows a marked decrease during ischemia as well as recovery after reperfusion. Results showed comparable behavior to fluorescent microsphere evaluation. In conclusion, this new protocol might provide a useful large animal model for future studies using real-time spinal cord microperfusion assessment in ischemia/reperfusion conditions.

Spinal cord microcirculation plays a pivotal role in spinal cord injury. Most methods do not allow real-time assessment of spinal cord microcirculation, which is essential for the development of microcirculation-targeted therapies. Here, we propose a protocol using Laser-Doppler-Flow Needle probes in a large animal model of ischemia/reperfusion.

イシュ血症/再灌流の豚モデルにおける脊髄微小灌流のリアルタイム評価

Spinal cord injury is a devastating complication of aortic repair. Despite developments for the prevention and treatment of spinal cord injury, its ...