この作品は、国立保健研究所（NIH）の助成金の1R21NS073097-01と1R01DK082884（JSD）と国立衛生研究所の助成金PIER11VCTRための財団からの資金によって支えられている。

<ol>
	<li>Ehrlich, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inward+rectifier+potassium+currents+as+a+target+for+atrial+fibrillation+therapy.">Inward rectifier potassium currents as a target for atrial fibrillation therapy.</a> J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 52 (2), 129 (2008).</li><li>Bhave, G., Lonergan, D., Chauder, B. A., Denton, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small-molecule+modulators+of+inward+rectifier+K++channels:+recent+advances+and+future+possibilities.">Small-molecule modulators of inward rectifier K+ channels: recent advances and future possibilities.</a> Future Med. Chem. 2 (5), 757 (2010).</li><li>Swartz, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tarantula+toxins+interacting+with+voltage+sensors+in+potassium+channels.">Tarantula toxins interacting with voltage sensors in potassium channels.</a> Toxicon. 49 (2), 213 (2007).</li><li>Jin, W., Lu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+high-affinity+inhibitor+for+inward-rectifier+K++channels.">A novel high-affinity inhibitor for inward-rectifier K+ channels.</a> Biochemistry. 37 (38), 13291 (1998).</li><li>Jin, W., Lu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+a+stable+form+of+tertiapin:+a+high-affinity+inhibitor+for+inward-rectifier+K++channels.">Synthesis of a stable form of tertiapin: a high-affinity inhibitor for inward-rectifier K+ channels.</a> Biochemistry. 38 (43), 14286 (1999).</li><li>Roy, A., McDonald, P. R., Sittampalam, S., Chaguturu, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+access+high+throughput+drug+discovery+in+the+public+domain:+a+Mount+Everest+in+the+making.">Open access high throughput drug discovery in the public domain: a Mount Everest in the making.</a> Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 11 (7), 764 (2010).</li><li>Weaver, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+thallium-sensitive,+fluorescence-based+assay+for+detecting+and+characterizing+potassium+channel+modulators+in+mammalian+cells.">A thallium-sensitive, fluorescence-based assay for detecting and characterizing potassium channel modulators in mammalian cells.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 9 (8), 671 (2004).</li><li>Lewis, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+screening+reveals+a+small-molecule+inhibitor+of+the+renal+outer+medullary+potassium+channel+and.">High-throughput screening reveals a small-molecule inhibitor of the renal outer medullary potassium channel and.</a> 76 (5), 1094 (2009).</li><li>Bhave, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+selective+small-molecule+inhibitor+of+Kir1.1,+the+renal+outer+medullary+potassium+channel.">Development of a selective small-molecule inhibitor of Kir1.1, the renal outer medullary potassium channel.</a> Mol. Pharmacol. 79 (1), 42 (2011).</li><li>Raphemot, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery,+characterization,+and+structure-activity+relationships+of+an+inhibitor+of+inward+rectifier+potassium+(Kir)+channels+with+preference+for+Kir2.3,+Kir3.x,+and+Kir7.1.">Discovery, characterization, and structure-activity relationships of an inhibitor of inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels with preference for Kir2.3, Kir3.x, and Kir7.1.</a> Front Pharmacol. 2, 75 (2012).</li><li>Niswender, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+assay+of+Gi/o-linked+G+protein-coupled+receptor+coupling+to+potassium+channels+provides+new+insights+into+the+pharmacology+of+the+group+III+metabotropic+glutamate+receptors.">A novel assay of Gi/o-linked G protein-coupled receptor coupling to potassium channels provides new insights into the pharmacology of the group III metabotropic glutamate receptors.</a> Mol. Pharmacol. 73 (4), 1213 (2008).</li></ol>

特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

データ処理：いったんデータが収集され、分析の一般的なステップは、実験の最初にF 0を初期値に各ウェルの蛍光応答、Fを、正規化が含まれます。これは、一般的に&quot;静的比&quot;と呼ばれ、 &quot;F / F 0&quot;に象徴される。F0を指示薬色素によって支配されている例では静的比率演算が実質的に、このような照明、信号コレクション内disuniformities...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/4209/high-throughput-screening-for-small-molecule-modulators-inward">High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels</a>. The Protocol section has been updated.
The formula in step 7.1 of the Protocol has been updated from:
Z prime = 1- (3SDp + 3SDn)/|meanp + meann |
to:
Z prime = 1- (3SDp + 3SDn)/|meanp - meann |

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/4209/high-throughput-screening-for-small-molecule-modulators-inward">High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels</a>. The Protocol section has been updated.

Erratum: High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名称 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> 注釈 </td></tr><tr><td> pcDNA5/TO </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> V1033-20 </td><td>テトラサイクリン誘導発現ベクター</td></tr><tr><td> T-REX-HEK293細胞</td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> R71007 </td><td>テトラサイクリン誘導性細胞株</td></tr><tr><td>リポフェクタミンLTX /プラス試薬</td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> 15338100 </td><td>トランスフェクション試薬</td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> ATLANTAバイオ</td><td> S11550 </td><td>細胞培養培地</td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> 11965 </td><td>細胞培養培地</td></tr><tr><td>ハイグロマイシンB </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> 10687-010 </td><td>細胞培養培地</td></tr><tr><td>ブラストサイジンS </td><td>インビトロジェン</td&gt; <td> R210-01 </td><td>細胞培養培地</td></tr><tr><td>ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン</td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> 15140 </td><td>細胞培養培地</td></tr><tr><td>フリーHBSS - 二価</td><td>メディアテック</td><td> 21022CV </td><td>細胞洗浄</td></tr><tr><td>トリプシン0.25パーセント</td><td>メディアテック</td><td> 25053CI </td><td>細胞解離</td></tr><tr><td>テトラサイクリン塩酸</td><td>シグマ</td><td> T9823 </td><td>誘導試薬</td></tr><tr><td>透析FBS </td><td> ATLANTAバイオ</td><td> S12650 </td><td>プレート培地</td></tr><tr><td> FluoZin-2 </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> F24189 </td><td>蛍光染料</td></tr><tr><td>プルロニックF-127 </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> P-3000MP </td><td>色素ローディング</td></tr><tr><td> HBSS </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> 14175 </td><td>アッセイバッファー</td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> 15630 </td><td>アッセイバッファー</td></tr><tr><td> NaHCO 3を </td><td>シグマ</td><td> S6297 </td><td> TL +刺激バッファー</td></tr><tr><td> MgSO 4を </td><td>シグマ</td><td> M2643 </td><td> TL +刺激バッファー</td></tr><tr><td> •のCaSO 4·2H 2 O </td><td>シグマ</td><td> C3771 </td><td> TL +刺激バッファー</td></tr><tr><td> D-グルコース</td><td>シグマ</td><td> G7528 </td><td> TL +刺激バッファー</td></tr><tr><td>硫酸タリウム</td><td>アルドリッチ</td><td> 204625 </td><td> TL +刺激バッファー</td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td>シグマ</td><td> H4034 </td><td> TL +刺激バッファー</td></tr><tr><td> DMSO </td><td>シグマ</td><td> D4540 </td><td>溶剤</td></tr><tr><td> 8チャネルの電子ピペッター</td><td>バイオヒット</td><td> E300 </td><td> 384内のセルメッキ -ウェルプレート</td></tr><tr><td> BD PureCoatアミンコーティングした384ウェルプレート</td><td> BD Biosciences社</td><td> 356719 </td><td>アッセイマイクロプレート</td></tr><tr><td>エコーは、384ウェルマイクロプレートポリプロピレン（384PP）を認定</td><td> Labcyte </td><td> P-05525 </td><td>化合物源マイクロプレート</td></tr><tr><td> 384ウェルマイクロプレートポリプロピレン</td><td>グライナーバイオワン</td><td> 781280 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>マルチドロップコンビ試薬ディスペンサー</td><td>サーモサイエンティフィック</td><td> 5840300 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ELx405マイクロプレートウォッシャー</td><td> BioTekの</td><td> ELx405HT </td><td>自動細胞洗浄</td></tr><tr><td>液体ハンドラをエコー</td><td> Labcyte </td><td> Labcyteエコー550 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ブラボー自動リキッドハンドリングプラットフォーム</td><td>アジレント·テクノロジー</td><td>標準モデル</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hamama津FDSS 6000 </td><td>浜松市</td><td></td><td>キネティック·イメージングプレートリーダー</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。材料および試薬のリスト。

high-throughput screening for small-molecule modulators of inward rectifier potassium channels

内向き整流カリウム（KIR）チャネルファミリーの特定のメンバーは、高血圧、心房細動、疼痛1,2を含む様々な疾患のために創薬ターゲットを想定しています。しかし、ほとんどの場合、それらの治療法としての可能性、あるいは基本的な生理機能を理解するための進捗状況は良い薬理学的ツールの不足により減速されています。確かに、内向き整流ファミリーの分子薬理学は、ナノモル親和性のための番号電位依存性カリウム（KV）チャネルのS4スーパーファミリーのそれより大幅に遅れていると選択性の高いペプチド毒素変調器は3が発見されました。ハチ毒毒素tertiapin及びその誘導体は、Kir1.1とKir3チャネル4,5の強力な阻害剤であるが、ペプチドは実験だけでなく、治療的に使用が制限され、その抗原特性と貧しい生物学的利用能、代謝安定性、組織浸透度に起因しています。強力の開発改良された薬理学的特性を有する選択的低分子プローブは、完全にキールチャネルの生理機能と治療の可能性を理解するための鍵となるでしょう。 学術、科学者がより良い薬理6必要としている分子標的とするシグナル伝達経路のためのプローブディスカバリキャンペーンを開始するために、米国立衛生研究所によってサポートされて分子ライブラリプローブプロダクションセンターネットワーク（MLPCN）は、衛生研究所（NIH）の共通基金の機会を作成しています。 MLPCNは、業界規模スクリーニングセンターや医薬品化学研究者にアクセスを提供し、インフォマティクス、遺伝子や遺伝子ネットワークの機能を解明する小分子プローブを開発するためにサポートしています。 MLPCNにエントリを得るための重要なステップは、ハイスループットスクリーニング（HTS）に適している堅牢なターゲットまたは経路特異的アッセイの開発である。 ここでは、蛍光ベースのタリウム（Tl +）フラックスASSAを開発する方法について説明しハイスループット化合物スクリーニングのための7,8,9,10キールチャネル機能のy。アッセイは、Kの透過性K +同族TLにチャンネル孔+に基づいています。市販の蛍光TL +レポーター色素が細孔を通過Tlの貫通フラックス+を検出するために使用されます。 BTC、FluoZin-2、7,8 FluxOR：TL +フラックスアッセイに適している少なくとも3市販の染料があります。このプロトコルはFluoZin-2を用いたアッセイの開発について説明します。もともと亜鉛指標として開発·販売していますが、FluoZin-2展示Tlの時に蛍光発光+結合で堅牢かつ用量依存的に増加。 FluxORは7,8使用可能だったので9,10を行うために続けている前に、我々はFluoZin-2で働き始めた。しかし、彼らの特定のnに最も適した染料アッセイ開発の手順は、すべての3つの色素について本質的に同一であるため、ユーザーは判断する必要がありますeeds。またMLPCNへのエントリーのために考慮されることで合意されている必要がありアッセイの性能ベンチマークを議論する。 TL +は容易にほとんどのK +チャネルに浸透しているので、このアッセイは、ほとんどのK +チャネルターゲットに適応する必要があります。

テトラサイクリン誘導発現系の使用が特徴的な内因性経路を介してTL +フラックスと関心のあるキールチャネルのための便利な内部統制を提供しています。 図1は、実験の種類で使用されるセルメッキマップの例をいくつか示します。非誘導またはテトラサイクリン誘導細胞を含むウェルの位置が異なる色で示されています。 図2Aは、アッセイ開発と化合物ス?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels at JoVE.com

High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels

内向き整流カリウム（KIR）ハイスループット化合物スクリーニングのためのチャネルの活性を測定するための定量的な蛍光アッセイを開発し、検証するための方法が提示されます。

内向き整流カリウムチャネルの小分子モジュレーターのためのハイスループットスクリーニング

Specific members of the inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel family are postulated drug targets for a variety of disorders, including hypertension, ...

high-throughput-screening-for-small-molecule-modulators-inward

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.9K ビュー.  Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. 内向き整流カリウム（KIR）ハイスループット化合物スクリーニングのためのチャネルの活性を測定するための定量的な蛍光アッセイを開発し、検証するための方法が提示されます。

ビデオ: High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes. However, many compounds identified in screens using cell culture models are often found to be toxic or pharmacologically inactive in vivo1-2. Screening in whole animal models can help avoid these pitfalls and streamline the path to drug development.
C. elegans is a multicellular model organism well suited for HTS. It is small (&lt;1 mm) and can be economically cultured and dispensed in liquids. C. elegans is also one of the most experimentally tractable animal models permitting rapid and detailed identification of drug mode-of-action3.
We describe a protocol for culturing and dispensing fluorescent strains of C. elegans for high-throughput screening of chemical libraries or detection of environmental contaminants that alter the expression of a specific gene. Large numbers of developmentally synchronized worms are grown in liquid culture, harvested, washed, and suspended at a defined density. Worms are then added to black, flat-bottomed 384-well plates using a peristaltic liquid dispenser. Small molecules from a chemical library or test samples (e.g., water, food, or soil) can be added to wells with worms. In vivo, real-time fluorescence intensity is measured with a fluorescence microplate reader. This method can be adapted to any inducible gene in C. elegans for which a suitable reporter is available. Many inducible stress and developmental transcriptional pathways are well defined in C. elegans and GFP transgenic reporter strains already exist for many of them4. When combined with the appropriate transgenic reporters, our method can be used to screen for pathway modulators or to develop robust biosensor assays for environmental contaminants. 
We demonstrate our C. elegans culture and dispensing protocol with an HTS assay we developed to monitor the C. elegans cap &#x2018;n&#x2019; collar transcription factor SKN-1. SKN-1 and its mammalian homologue Nrf2 activate cytoprotective genes during oxidative and xenobiotic stress5-10. Nrf2 protects mammals from numerous age-related disorders such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and chronic inflammation and has become a major chemotherapeutic target11-13.Our assay is based on a GFP transgenic reporter for the SKN-1 target gene gst-414, which encodes a glutathione-s transferase6. The gst-4 reporter is also a biosensor for xenobiotic and oxidative chemicals that activate SKN-1 and can be used to detect low levels of contaminants such as acrylamide and methyl-mercury15-16.

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

A procedure for liquid-based culturing and dispensing of C. elegans strains expressing fluorescent reporter proteins is described that does not require expensive sorting equipment. This approach can be applied to numerous inducible C. elegans genes for drug discovery or biosensing of contaminants.

蛍光とハイスループットスクリーニングとバイオセンシング C.エレガンス菌株

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes.  However, many compounds identified in ...

生物学

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

Cellulase enzymes (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and &beta;-glucosidases) hydrolyze cellulose into component sugars, which in turn can be converted into fuel alcohols1. The potential for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass to provide renewable energy has intensified efforts to engineer cellulases for economical fuel production2. Of particular interest are fungal cellulases3-8, which are already being used industrially for foods and textiles processing.
Identifying active variants among a library of mutant cellulases is critical to the engineering process; active mutants can be further tested for improved properties and/or subjected to additional mutagenesis. Efficient engineering of fungal cellulases has been hampered by a lack of genetic tools for native organisms and by difficulties in expressing the enzymes in heterologous hosts. Recently, Morikawa and coworkers developed a method for expressing in E. coli the catalytic domains of endoglucanases from H. jecorina3,9, an important industrial fungus with the capacity to secrete cellulases in large quantities. Functional E. coli expression has also been reported for cellulases from other fungi, including Macrophomina phaseolina10 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium11-12. 
We present a method for high throughput screening of fungal endoglucanase activity in E. coli. (Fig 1) This method uses the common microbial dye Congo Red (CR) to visualize enzymatic degradation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by cells growing on solid medium. The activity assay requires inexpensive reagents, minimal manipulation, and gives unambiguous results as zones of degradation (&#x201C;halos&#x201D;) at the colony site. Although a quantitative measure of enzymatic activity cannot be determined by this method, we have found that halo size correlates with total enzymatic activity in the cell. Further characterization of individual positive clones will determine , relative protein fitness. 
Traditional bacterial whole cell CMC/CR activity assays13 involve pouring agar containing CMC onto colonies, which is subject to cross-contamination, or incubating cultures in CMC agar wells, which is less amenable to large-scale experimentation. Here we report an improved protocol that modifies existing wash methods14 for cellulase activity: cells grown on CMC agar plates are removed prior to CR staining. Our protocol significantly reduces cross-contamination and is highly scalable, allowing the rapid screening of thousands of clones. In addition to H. jecorina enzymes, we have expressed and screened endoglucanase variants from the Thermoascus aurantiacus and Penicillium decumbens (shown in Figure 2), suggesting that this protocol is applicable to enzymes from a range of organisms.

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

We describe a low cost, high throughput method to screen for fungal endoglucanase activity in E. coli. The method relies on a simple visual readout of substrate degradation, does not require enzyme purification, and is highly scalable. This allows for the rapid screening of large libraries of enzyme variants.

における真菌エンドグルカナーゼ活性のハイスループットスクリーニング大腸菌</em

Cellulase enzymes (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and &beta;-glucosidases) hydrolyze cellulose into component sugars, which in turn can be converted ...

A Fluorescent Screening Assay for Identifying Modulators of GIRK Channels

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and endocrine tissue1,2. GIRK channels become activated following the binding of ligands (neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs, etc.) to their plasma membrane-bound, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This binding causes the stimulation of G proteins (Gi and Go) which subsequently bind to and activate the GIRK channel. Once opened the GIRK channel allows the movement of K+ out of the cell causing the resting membrane potential to become more negative. As a consequence, GIRK channel activation in neurons decreases spontaneous action potential formation and inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. In the heart, activation of the GIRK channel inhibits pacemaker activity thereby slowing the heart rate.
GIRK channels represent novel targets for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment neuropathic pain, drug addiction, cardiac arrhythmias and other disorders3. However, the pharmacology of these channels remains largely unexplored. Although a number of drugs including anti-arrhythmic agents, antipsychotic drugs and antidepressants block the GIRK channel, this inhibition is not selective and occurs at relatively high drug concentrations3.
Here, we describe a real-time screening assay for identifying new modulators of GIRK channels. In this assay, neuronal AtT20 cells, expressing GIRK channels, are loaded with membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes such as bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] or HLB 021-152 (Figure 1). The dye molecules become strongly fluorescent following uptake into the cells (Figure 1). Treatment of the cells with GPCR ligands stimulates the GIRK channels to open. The resulting K+ efflux out of the cell causes the membrane potential to become more negative and the fluorescent signal to decrease (Figure 1). Thus, drugs that modulate K+ efflux through the GIRK channel can be assayed using a fluorescent plate reader. Unlike other ion channel screening assays, such atomic absorption spectrometry4 or radiotracer analysis5, the GIRK channel fluorescent assay provides a fast, real-time and inexpensive screening procedure.

A real-time screening procedure for identifying drugs that interact with G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels is described. The assay utilizes membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes to measure GIRK channel activity. This technique is adaptable for use on a number of cell lines.

GIRKチャネルのモジュレーターを同定するための蛍光スクリーニングアッセイ

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. 293T cells are transiently transfected with plasmids from an arrayed ORF expression library, together with luciferase reporter plasmids, in a one-gene-per-well microplate format. Firefly luciferase activity is assayed after 48 hr to determine the effects of each library gene upon alpha-synuclein transcription, normalized to expression from an internal control construct (a hCMV promoter directing Renilla luciferase). This protocol is facilitated by a bench-top robot enclosed in a biosafety cabinet, which performs aseptic liquid handling in 96-well format. Our automated transfection protocol is readily adaptable to high-throughput lentiviral library production or other functional screening protocols requiring triple-transfections of large numbers of unique library plasmids in conjunction with a common set of helper plasmids. We also present an inexpensive and validated alternative to commercially-available, dual luciferase reagents which employs PTC124, EDTA, and pyrophosphate to suppress firefly luciferase activity prior to measurement of Renilla luciferase. Using these methods, we screened 7,670 human genes and identified 68 regulators of alpha-synuclein. This protocol is easily modifiable to target other genes of interest.

We present a rapid and inexpensive screening method for identifying transcriptional regulators using high-throughput robotic transfections and a homemade dual-glow luciferase assay. This protocol rapidly generates direct side-by-side functional data for thousands of genes and is easily modifiable to target any gene of interest.

自家製デュアルグロールシフェラーゼアッセイを用いて、ハイスループット機能スクリーニング

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

A Method of Permeabilization of Drosophila Embryos for Assays of Small Molecule Activity

The Drosophila embryo has long been a powerful laboratory model for elucidating molecular and genetic mechanisms that control development. The ease of genetic manipulations with this model has supplanted pharmacological approaches that are commonplace in other animal models and cell-based assays. Here we describe recent advances in a protocol that enables application of small molecules to the developing fruit fly embryo. The method details steps to overcome the impermeability of the eggshell while maintaining embryo viability. Eggshell permeabilization across a broad range of developmental stages is achieved by application of a previously described d-limonene embryo permeabilization solvent (EPS1) and by aging embryos at reduced temperature (18 &#176;C) prior to treatments. In addition, use of a far-red dye (CY5) as a permeabilization indicator is described, which is compatible with downstream applications involving standard red and green fluorescent dyes in live and fixed preparations. This protocol is applicable to studies using bioactive compounds to probe developmental mechanisms as well as for studies aimed at evaluating teratogenic or pharmacologic activity of uncharacterized small molecules.

A Method of Permeabilization of Drosophila Embryos for Assays of Small Molecule Activity

Introduction of small molecules to the developing Drosophila embryo offers great potential for characterizing biological activity of novel compounds, drugs, and toxins as well as for probing fundamental developmental pathways. Methods described herein outline steps that overcome natural barriers to this approach, expanding the utility of the Drosophila embryo model.

の透過方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em小分子の活性のアッセイのための&gt;胚

The Drosophila embryo has long been a powerful laboratory model for elucidating molecular and genetic mechanisms that control development. The ease of ...

A Manual Small Molecule Screen Approaching High-throughput Using Zebrafish Embryos

Zebrafish have become a widely used model organism to investigate the mechanisms that underlie developmental biology and to study human disease pathology due to their considerable degree of genetic conservation with humans. Chemical genetics entails testing the effect that small molecules have on a biological process and is becoming a popular translational research method to identify therapeutic compounds. Zebrafish are specifically appealing to use for chemical genetics because of their ability to produce large clutches of transparent embryos, which are externally fertilized. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos can be easily drug treated by the simple addition of a compound to the embryo media. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH), mRNA expression can be clearly visualized within zebrafish embryos. Together, using chemical genetics and WISH, the zebrafish becomes a potent whole organism context in which to determine the cellular and physiological effects of small molecules. Innovative advances have been made in technologies that utilize machine-based screening procedures, however for many labs such options are not accessible or remain cost-prohibitive. The protocol described here explains how to execute a manual high-throughput chemical genetic screen that requires basic resources and can be accomplished by a single individual or small team in an efficient period of time. Thus, this protocol provides a feasible strategy that can be implemented by research groups to perform chemical genetics in zebrafish, which can be useful for gaining fundamental insights into developmental processes, disease mechanisms, and to identify novel compounds and signaling pathways that have medically relevant applications.

The zebrafish is an excellent experimental organism to study vertebrate developmental processes and model human disease. Here, we describe a protocol on how to perform a manual high-throughput chemical screen in zebrafish embryos with a whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) read-out.

ゼブラフィッシュ胚を用いた高スループットへのアプローチマニュアル小分子スクリーン

Zebrafish have become a widely used model organism to investigate the mechanisms that underlie developmental biology and to study human disease pathology ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays focus on transcriptional regulation, being essentially aimed at the identification of promoter-targeting molecules. As a result, post-transcriptional mechanisms are largely uncovered by gene expression targeted drug development. Here we describe a cell-based assay aimed at investigating the role of the 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#8217; UTR) in the modulation of the fate of its mRNA, and at identifying compounds able to modify it. The assay is based on the use of a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3&#8217; UTR of a gene of interest stably integrated into a disease-relevant cell line. The protocol is divided into two parts, with the initial focus on the primary screening aimed at the identification of molecules affecting luciferase activity after 24 hr of treatment. The second part of the protocol describes the counter-screening necessary to discriminate compounds modulating luciferase activity specifically through the 3&#8217; UTR. In addition to the detailed protocol and representative results, we provide important considerations about the assay development and the validation of the hit(s) on the endogenous target. The described cell-based reporter gene assay will allow scientists to identify molecules modulating protein levels via post-transcriptional mechanisms dependent on a 3&#8217; UTR.

Here we describe a cell-based reporter gene assay as a valuable tool to screen chemical libraries for compounds modulating post-transcriptional control mechanisms exerted through 3&#8217; UTR.

転写後調節される遺伝子の化学モジュレーターのためのハイスループットスクリーニング

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...

Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening

We have developed a screening platform to identify dedicated human protein kinases for phosphorylated substrates which can be used to elucidate novel signal transduction pathways. Our approach features the use of a library of purified GST-tagged human protein kinases and a recombinant protein substrate of interest. We have used this technology to identify MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2 (MARK2) as the kinase for a glucose-regulated site on CREB-Regulated Transcriptional Coactivator 2 (CRTC2), a protein required for beta cell proliferation, as well as the Axl family of tyrosine kinases as regulators of cell metastasis by phosphorylation of the adaptor protein ELMO. We describe this technology and discuss how it can help to establish a comprehensive map of how cells respond to environmental stimuli.

Protein phosphorylation is a central feature of how cells interpret and respond to information in their extracellular milieu. Here, we present a high throughput screening protocol using kinases purified from mammalian cells to rapidly identify kinases that phosphorylate a substrate(s) of interest.

ハイスループットスクリーニングを使用したキナーゼ基質ペアの同定


We have developed a screening platform to identify dedicated human protein kinases for phosphorylated substrates which can be used to elucidate novel ...

Automated Modular High Throughput Exopolysaccharide Screening Platform Coupled with Highly Sensitive Carbohydrate Fingerprint Analysis

Many microorganisms are capable of producing and secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have important implications in medical fields, food applications or in the replacement of petro-based chemicals. We describe an analytical platform to be automated on a liquid handling system that allows the fast and reliable analysis of the type and the amount of EPS produced by microorganisms. It enables the user to identify novel natural microbial exopolysaccharide producers and to analyze the carbohydrate fingerprint of the corresponding polymers within one day in high-throughput (HT). Using this platform, strain collections as well as libraries of strain variants that might be obtained in engineering approaches can be screened. The platform has a modular setup, which allows a separation of the protocol into two major parts. First, there is an automated screening system, which combines different polysaccharide detection modules: a semi-quantitative analysis of viscosity formation via a centrifugation step, an analysis of polymer formation via alcohol precipitation and the determination of the total carbohydrate content via a phenol-sulfuric-acid transformation. Here, it is possible to screen up to 384 strains per run. The second part provides a detailed monosaccharide analysis for all the selected EPS producers identified in the first part by combining two essential modules: the analysis of the complete monomer composition via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra violet and electrospray ionization ion trap detection (UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS) and the determination of pyruvate as a polymer substituent (presence of pyruvate ketal) via enzymatic oxidation that is coupled to a color formation. All the analytical modules of this screening platform can be combined in different ways and adjusted to individual requirements. Additionally, they can all be handled manually or performed with a liquid handling system. Thereby, the screening platform enables a huge flexibility in order to identify various EPS.

We present an automated modular high-throughput-method for the identification and characterization of microbial exopolysaccharides in small scale. This method combines a fast preselection to analyze the total amount of secreted polysaccharides with a detailed carbohydrate fingerprint to enable the fast screening of newly isolated bacterial strains or entire strain collections.

自動化されたモジュラーハイスループットエキソポリサッカライドスクリーニングプラットフォームは、高感度炭水化物フィンガープリント分析と相まって

Many microorganisms are capable of producing and secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have important implications in medical fields, food ...

Multi-enzyme Screening Using a High-throughput Genetic Enzyme Screening System

The recent development of a high-throughput single-cell assay technique enables the screening of novel enzymes based on functional activities from a large-scale metagenomic library1. We previously proposed a genetic enzyme screening system (GESS) that uses dimethylphenol regulator activated by phenol or p-nitrophenol. Since a vast amount of natural enzymatic reactions produce these phenolic compounds from phenol deriving substrates, this single genetic screening system can be theoretically applied to screen over 200 different enzymes in the BRENDA database. Despite the general applicability of GESS, applying the screening process requires a specific procedure to reach the maximum flow cytometry signals. Here, we detail the developed screening process, which includes metagenome preprocessing with GESS and the operation of a flow cytometry sorter. Three different phenolic substrates (p-nitrophenyl acetate, p-nitrophenyl-&#946;-D-cellobioside, and phenyl phosphate) with GESS were used to screen and to identify three different enzymes (lipase, cellulase, and alkaline phosphatase), respectively. The selected metagenomic enzyme activities were confirmed only with the flow cytometry but DNA sequencing and diverse in vitro analysis can be used for further gene identification.

This work presents a method of high-throughput screening using a universal genetic enzyme screening system that can be theoretically applied to over 200 enzymes. Here, the single screening system identifies three different enzymes (lipase, cellulase, and alkaline phosphatase) by simply changing the substrate used (p-nitrophenyl acetate, p-nitrophenyl-&#946;-D-cellobioside, and phenyl phosphate).

マルチ酵素ハイスループット遺伝的酵素スクリーニングシステムを用いたスクリーニング

The recent development of a high-throughput single-cell assay technique enables the screening of novel enzymes based on functional activities from a ...