この作品は、NSERCの助成金によってサポートされていました 386634.私たちは有用な議論のためにScreatonラボのメンバーに感謝したいと思います。

試薬、プレート、および細胞の作製<ol><li> 25mMトリスpH7.5で、150mMのNaCl、50mMのNaFを、0.5mMのEDTA pH8.0の、0.5％トリトンX-100、5mMのβグリセロリン酸、5％グリセロール：500 mlの溶解バッファー行います。 4℃で保存します。使用1mMジチオスレイトール（DTT）、1mMのフェニルメチルスルホニルフルオリド（PMSF）及び1mMのバナジン酸ナトリウムを添加する直前。このステップの後、PMSFは、任意のすすぎバッファに必要とされません。 </li><li> 200 mMトリスpH7.5の、50mMのベータ - グリセロホスフェート（FW 216）、2mMのバナジン酸ナトリウム：10倍キナーゼ緩衝液20mlのを行います。 -20℃で1 mlチューブで分注し、店舗。使用直前に、5mMのDTTを追加します。 </li><li> 300μMのアデノシン三リン酸（ATP）、66mMのMgCl 2を、-20℃で33 mMでのMnCl 2.1 mlチューブで小分けして保存：10倍、M-ATPバッファの20ミリリットルを行います。 </li><li> 1.5グラムのトリス塩基、20 mlのグリセロール、30mLのH 2 O：2Xドデシル硫酸ナトリウム（SDS）の溶解緩衝液100mlを作ります溶解し、HClでpHを6.8に調整します。 40を追加mlの10％SDS、100ミリリットルにボリュームを調整します。 25 mgのブロモフェノールブルーを追加します。 </li><li>スポット応じて96ウェルプレートとラベルプレートのセットで、ウェルあたりのGST-キナーゼ14をコードする 25 ngの/μlの哺乳動物発現プラスミドの4μlの。使用するまで-20℃でプレートを密封し、凍結。 </li><li>トランスフェクションの2日前に、CO 2（最終5％）を補充した37℃のインキュベーター内で培養HEK293Tの完全ダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM）+ 10％ウシ胎児血清（FBS）中の細胞及び抗生物質。そしてトリプシンで通過は在庫が拡張中に、&gt; 80％コンフルエントになることはできません。 6×10 7細胞の最小画面（80％コンフルエンスでHEK293T細胞の約3×15cmの皿）に必要とされます。 </li></ol> 2.トランスフェクション注意：プロトコル全体のフローチャートについては、図1を参照してください 。 <ol><li>キナーゼプラスミドを含むプレートは、凍結されている場合は、室温aの解凍NDウェルの底に任意の水分を収集するために、3分間1900×gで遠心します。 </li><li>脂質ベースのトランスフェクション試薬の312.7μlの低血清培地（例えば、OPTI-MEM）の8.6ミリリットルを混ぜます。 5分間座ってみましょう。 </li><li>小容量のカセットを装着した自動液体ディスペンサーを用いて各ウェルに減少血清培地10μlのを追加します。 </li><li>小容量のカセットを装着した自動液体ディスペンサーを用いて、ステップ2.2から減少血清培地/トランスフェクション試薬混合物のウェルあたり10μLを追加します。 20〜45分間座ってみましょう。 </li><li>完全DMEM 80mlに7.5×10 5細胞/ mlで再懸濁した293T細胞。よく標準ボリュームカセットを装着した自動液体ディスペンサーを用いあたり100μlの細胞懸濁液（ すなわち 7.5×10 4細胞）を追加します。 </li><li>均一な細胞分布のために顕微鏡下で井戸を確認し、24時間インキュベーターに戻します。 </li></ol> 3. GST-キナーゼプルダウン<ol><li> Fを作りますレッシュ：H 2 Oの540μlの0.2 Mバナジン酸ナトリウムの60μLを混合することにより、4 mMのペルバナデートソリューション第2のチューブミックス30％の過酸化物の2.7マイクロリットルのPBS 1.4ミリリットルで。 2つのソリューションを追加し、使用前に15分間放置します。 </li><li>マルチチャンネルピ ​​ペットを使用して（それもであまりにも多くの乱流を生成するように自動液体ディスペンサーを使用しないでください）ステップ3.1で調製した過バナジン酸の2.5μlのに続いて、各ウェルに0.25 M CaCl 2を2μLを分注します。 37℃で10分間各プレートをインキュベートした後、氷の上に置きます。 </li><li>第1（試薬の調製）に示すようにDTT、PMSFおよびバナジン酸ナトリウムを添加することによって溶解緩衝液の35ミリリットルを準備します。 </li><li>氷の上でプレートを維持、真空吸引器を使用して、各ウェルから培地を除去します。すぐに標準カセットを装着した自動液体ディスペンサーを用いて氷冷溶解緩衝液50μl/ウェルを追加します。オプション（溶解し、氷上で30分間座ってみましょう：必要に応じてPLATをシールすることによってここに停止することができますE、-80℃で保存します。氷の上で、解凍プレート）を続行します。 </li><li> 4℃で3分間、1,900×gでスピンプレート。 </li><li>各ウェルマルチチャンネルピペットを使用してから細胞をこすり落とし、すべての内容を転送は、適切にV底96ウェルプレートをラベル付けします。 4℃で10分間、1900×gでスピンプレート。 </li><li>スピン中、リンスとして（PMSFなし）の氷冷溶解緩衝液100μl/ウェルでグルタチオン被覆したプレート（各96ウェルプレートに1つずつ）を入力します。氷の上でプレートを保管してください。 </li><li>遠心機からのV底プレートを取り外します。当時の一つは、ペーパータオルの溶解バッファーとブロットを振るために、シンクの上にグルタチオンプレートを反転。底にペレットを乱さないように注意しながら、プレートを傾けると、マルチチャンネルピペットを用いて、グルタチオンプレートにV底プレートから溶解バッファーを転送します。プレートをカバーして結合するための最小2時間、氷上に残します。 </li><li> 2時間結合ステップの終わりに近く、トンを確保し、放射能のワークステーションを準備します彼に必要な安全上の注意事項は、放射性の仕事のための場所です。 30℃のハイブリダイゼーションオーブンを設定します。 </li><li> 1. PMSFこの段階で必要とされていないセクションに示すようにDTTおよびナトリウムバナジン酸を加えることによって、溶解緩衝液200ミリリットルを準備します。 </li><li>溶解バッファーを振る、ペーパータオルにブロットするシンクの上にグルタチオンプレートを反転します。ウェルは（PMSFなし）、100μlの溶解緩衝液で3倍すすいでください。井戸が乾燥座らせてはいけない - 続行する準備ができるまで、すすぎに保管してください。 </li><li> 10倍の株式を希釈し、標準ボリュームのカセットを装着した自動液体ディスペンサーを用いて1×KB50μlの1リンスプレート一度節に示すようにDTTを追加することによって、1×キナーゼ緩衝液（KB）の55ミリリットルを準備します。溶液Aの準備ができるまでのウェルで1倍KBを残します： <ol><li> 15.9ミリリットルまで530関心の基板μgの、ミエリン塩基性タンパク質の500μgの（MBP）、10倍の2.65ミリリットルKB、1 M DTTの13.25μL、 および H 2 Oに500を追加することによって、溶液Aを準備します。 </li></ol></LI&gt; <li>一度に1つは、1×KBリンスを除去ペーパータオルにブロットし、すぐに小容量のカセットを装着した自動液体ディスペンサーを用いて溶液Aの30μlを添加するシンクの上にプレートを反転。氷の上でプレートを保管してください。 </li><li> 2.5ミリリットルの10倍のM-ATP、500μCiのガンマ- 32 PのATP、 および H 2 Oに10ミリリットルを追加することによって、放射能作業領域に溶液Bを準備します。 <ol><li>よく吐出力による混合に役立つリピーターピペットを用いあたり溶液Bの20μLを加えます。覆い、30分間30℃のハイブリダイゼーションオーブンでインキュベート。 </li></ol></li><li> 30分後、氷にバックプレートを転送します。各ウェルマルチチャンネルピペットを使用して2倍のSDS溶解緩衝液50μlを追加します。次のステップにこの時点で進行、または便利になるまで-20℃でアルミホイルや店舗でプレートをシールすることができます。 </li></ol> 4.ランニング、染色、乾燥ゲル注：すべての作業は、エリアdesignaで実行する必要があります放射能のためのテッド。 <ol><li>ハイブリダイゼーションオーブンをオンにして、85℃に設定してください。室温で解凍プレート。一度オーブンオーブンで10分間サンプルを変性するためにインキュベートした温度、転写板に到達しました。 </li><li>ロード一度に複数の井戸を埋めるためにマルチチャンネルピペットを用いて、各反応15μlの26ウェルのプレキャストゲル。ケアは、すべてのヒントは、サンプルを追加する前に十分に対応して整列するように注意しなければなりません。これが組み込まれていないATPが含まれているとして、追跡用色素（青線）は、ゲルの底部から実行させてはいけない150 Vでゲルを実行します。 </li><li>ゲルを解体して、フィルムを露出オーバーになりますようにメスまたはストレートエッジを使用して、取り込まれていないATP（青線）を遮断します。ラベル付き容器にゲルを置き、15分間のクマシー染色でカバーしています。 </li><li>簡単に、クマシー染色を取り除くには、水でゲルを洗浄し、溶液を脱色追加。タンパク質がはっきりと見えるようになるまで、ゲルを脱色。 MBPのためのバンドと基板用バンドべき各サンプルの見えること。 </li><li>ゲルを乾燥させるには： <ol><li>ろ紙の大きなシートをカットし、乾燥機の上に置きます。 </li><li>それは滑らかで、しわがなくなるまで蒸留水にセロファンシートを湿らせて、紙の上に置きます。 </li><li>ゲルのためのノートを作り、セロハンシートの上にゲルを置きます。二セロファンシートを湿らせ、ゲルの上に置きます。 </li><li>素敵な均一な表面のためのすべてのバブルを（プレートシールローラは、この適しています）ロールアウト。 、フラップを閉じ、真空をオンにし、80℃で3時間、ゲルを乾燥させます。 </li></ol></li><li>ゲルが乾燥したら、信号を強化するには、画面を使用してXARフィルムにそれらを公開します。サランラップやビニール袋でカセットをラップし、霜を保つためにテープで密封します。 -80℃で一晩カセットを保管してください。 </li></ol> 5. XARフィルムを開発<ol><li>次の日、冷凍庫からカセットを除去し、室温で解凍してみましょう。フィルムを開発製造業者の指示に従ってフィルムプロセッサを用いて暗室。 注：キナーゼ基質のペアの証拠のためのフィルムを調べます。より長い第2の露光はまた、より弱いリン酸化事象を検出するのに有用であり得ます。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

アプローチ14,15を記述する元の出版以来、180 GST-キナーゼの元のライブラリは、ヒトタンパク質キノームの420のメンバー、または〜80％ ​​にまで拡大されました。拡大ライブラリを使用すると、説明したようにプロトコルは、ホスホおよびデジタル信号増強を使用することによって短縮することができた、（必要と認めた場合）フィルムを開発するために4〜5日、その後1-4日かかり?...

タンパク質の翻訳後修飾（PTMを）は、細胞内の通信のために不可欠です。おそらく全てのPTMの検討最高の細胞内局在性、コンフォメーション、安定性、それらの生化学的活性を含むタンパク質の機能の無数を調節するタンパク質キナーゼによって触媒されるリン酸化は、です。標的タンパク質上のリン酸化部位の同定は、トリプシンリンペプチドマッピングにより、またはリン酸化ペプチド1,2-について富化サンプルを使用して、今、標準プロテオミクス技術によって達成することができます。表現プロテオームの四分の三が3リン酸化されることが予想され、100万6までの推計で20万リン酸化部位5を特定しているが、これらの多くは、経路、またはプロテインキナーゼシグナル伝達、全く割り当てられた生物学を持っていません。 リン酸化部位の同定は比較的簡単ですが、比較的大きな挑戦はにあります基板のペア：これらのサイトを対象と同族キナーゼ（複数可）、我々はマッピングキナーゼと呼ぶプロセスが識別されます。いくつかのキナーゼを同定するための方法：基板対は、目的のキナーゼで開始し、その基質を探しまたは対象の基板から始まると修飾キナーゼ実験7-11または計算12を検索しようとするいずれかの記載されています。既知のリン酸化基質のためのキナーゼを同定するために、バイオインフォマティクスは、基板と沈殿複合体を形成するキナーゼをリン酸化残基（コンセンサス部位）に隣接する、ならびに特定のアミノ酸の短い保存配列を含むタンパク質を同定するために使用することができます。しかしながら、これらの方法は時間がかかり、多くの場合、成功して満たしていません。 私たちは、急速に所定の基板13をリン酸化することができるキナーゼを同定するための体系的な機能的なアプローチを開発しました。スクリーンアッセイは、優れた特定の生成します潜在的な同族のキナーゼのために非常に明確な選択と性、。生物学的シグナル伝達にリン酸化の中心性を考えると、画面は、事実上すべての細胞シグナル伝達経路14-16で発見するのに便利です。画面には、ヒトタンパ​​ク質キナーゼのライブラリーと、大規模なキナーゼアッセイを実施することを含みます。キナーゼは、細菌のグルタチオンS-トランスフェラーゼ（GST）タンパク質でタグ付けされており、組換え酵素があることを意味する、哺乳類細胞抽出物から精製される - 細菌から調製されたものとは異なり、 - 多くの場合に必要な上流のプロテインキナーゼの存在下で生成されます組換え酵素は、インビトロで活性を有すること。セリン、スレオニン、およびチロシンキナーゼ活性は、下流のキナーゼの活性化のために必要としながら実際には、酵母10内に存在する、酵母ゲノムは、500を超える遺伝子17と哺乳類キノームは、するために、かなり複雑になっていることを示す、122プロテインキナーゼをコードしレギュレーションより高次の生物に固有のプロセスをTE。さらに、（例えば、 その他の小分子、増殖因子、ホルモンなど）、細胞生物学およびヒトの疾患に関連した様々な刺激の効果は、適切なコンテキストに14,15モジュレートキナーゼ活性のために使用することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x kinase buffer</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x M-ATP</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 1.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human kinase plasmids</td>
			<td>Orfeome, Invitrogen, Origene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>GST-tagged in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plates</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>CS003595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-11268</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3002201</td>
			<td>supplement with 100U/ml penicillin, 100ug/ml streptomycin, 10% fetal calf serum.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>MCO-17AIC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 cm cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>877224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reduced serum medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>22600-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipid-based transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated liquid dispenser</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>5840300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small cassette attachment</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>24073295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard cassette attachment</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>14072670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4mM pervanadate</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 3.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25 M CaCl2</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel pipette (20-200 uL)</td>
			<td>Labnet</td>
			<td>p4812-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel pipette (1-10 uL)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>4661040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V-bottom 6-well plates</td>
			<td>Evergreen Scientific</td>
			<td>290-8116-01V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutathione coated 96-well plates</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PI-15240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization oven</td>
			<td>Biostad</td>
			<td>350355</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GST tagged substrate</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myelin Basic Protein (MBP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Repeater pipette (1 mL)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22266209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>32P gamma-ATP</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>BLU502Z500UC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X SDS lysis buffer (100 mL)</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See Protocol step 1.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26-well precast TGX gels</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>567-1045</td>
			<td>gel percentage required is dependent on the molecular weight of the substrate of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie stain</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1% Coomassie R250, 10% acetic acid, 40% methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie destain</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10% acetic acid, 20% methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labeled gel containers</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used plastic lids from empty tip boxes, just big enough to contain one gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman filter paper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>57144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellophane sheets (2)</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>165-0963</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel dryer</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>4330150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double emulsion autoradiography film</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>IB1651454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Film cassette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FBAC-1417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intensifying screen</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FBIS-1417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate sealing rubber roller</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R1275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

identification of kinase-substrate pairs using high throughput screening

我々は、新規のシグナル伝達経路を解明するために使用することができ、リン酸化基質のための専用のヒトプロテインキナーゼを同定するためのスクリーニングプラットフォームを開発しました。我々のアプローチは、精製GSTタグ付きヒトプロテインキナーゼのライブラリーを使用すると、目的の組換えタンパク質基質を備えています。私たちは、CREB-規制転写コアクチベーター2（CRTC2）のグルコース調節サイトのキナーゼとしてのMAP /微小管親和性調節キナーゼ2（MARK2）を識別するために、β細胞の増殖に必要なタンパク質、ならびにこの技術を使用していますアダプタータンパク質ELMOのリン酸化による細胞の転移の調節因子としてのチロシンキナーゼのAXLファミリー。私たちはこの技術を記述し、それは、細胞が環境刺激に応答する方法の包括的なマップを確立するのを助けることができる方法について説明します。

画面の代表的な結果を図2に示す 。180は、CRTC2キナーゼならびに古典的なキナーゼアッセイ基質ミエリン塩基性タンパク質（MBP）のアミノ酸268から283に対応するGSTタグ化ペプチド基質を用いてスクリーニングしました。唯一の2つのキナーゼ、MARK2および高度に関連するキナーゼMARK3は、CRTC2ペプチドをリン酸化しました。それは多くのリン酸化残基を含有し、ゲルの底?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening at JoVE.com

Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening

Protein phosphorylation is a central feature of how cells interpret and respond to information in their extracellular milieu. Here, we present a high throughput screening protocol using kinases purified from mammalian cells to rapidly identify kinases that phosphorylate a substrate(s) of interest.

ハイスループットスクリーニングを使用したキナーゼ基質ペアの同定


We have developed a screening platform to identify dedicated human protein kinases for phosphorylated substrates which can be used to elucidate novel ...

identification-kinase-substrate-pairs-using-high-throughput

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.1K ビュー.  Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute. Protein phosphorylation is a central feature of how cells interpret and respond to information in their extracellular milieu. Here, we present a high throughput screening protocol using kinases purified from mammalian cells to rapidly identify kinases that phosphorylate a substrate(s) of interest.

ビデオ: Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes. However, many compounds identified in screens using cell culture models are often found to be toxic or pharmacologically inactive in vivo1-2. Screening in whole animal models can help avoid these pitfalls and streamline the path to drug development.
C. elegans is a multicellular model organism well suited for HTS. It is small (&lt;1 mm) and can be economically cultured and dispensed in liquids. C. elegans is also one of the most experimentally tractable animal models permitting rapid and detailed identification of drug mode-of-action3.
We describe a protocol for culturing and dispensing fluorescent strains of C. elegans for high-throughput screening of chemical libraries or detection of environmental contaminants that alter the expression of a specific gene. Large numbers of developmentally synchronized worms are grown in liquid culture, harvested, washed, and suspended at a defined density. Worms are then added to black, flat-bottomed 384-well plates using a peristaltic liquid dispenser. Small molecules from a chemical library or test samples (e.g., water, food, or soil) can be added to wells with worms. In vivo, real-time fluorescence intensity is measured with a fluorescence microplate reader. This method can be adapted to any inducible gene in C. elegans for which a suitable reporter is available. Many inducible stress and developmental transcriptional pathways are well defined in C. elegans and GFP transgenic reporter strains already exist for many of them4. When combined with the appropriate transgenic reporters, our method can be used to screen for pathway modulators or to develop robust biosensor assays for environmental contaminants. 
We demonstrate our C. elegans culture and dispensing protocol with an HTS assay we developed to monitor the C. elegans cap &#x2018;n&#x2019; collar transcription factor SKN-1. SKN-1 and its mammalian homologue Nrf2 activate cytoprotective genes during oxidative and xenobiotic stress5-10. Nrf2 protects mammals from numerous age-related disorders such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and chronic inflammation and has become a major chemotherapeutic target11-13.Our assay is based on a GFP transgenic reporter for the SKN-1 target gene gst-414, which encodes a glutathione-s transferase6. The gst-4 reporter is also a biosensor for xenobiotic and oxidative chemicals that activate SKN-1 and can be used to detect low levels of contaminants such as acrylamide and methyl-mercury15-16.

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

A procedure for liquid-based culturing and dispensing of C. elegans strains expressing fluorescent reporter proteins is described that does not require expensive sorting equipment. This approach can be applied to numerous inducible C. elegans genes for drug discovery or biosensing of contaminants.

蛍光とハイスループットスクリーニングとバイオセンシング C.エレガンス菌株

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes.  However, many compounds identified in ...

生物学

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

Cellulase enzymes (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and &beta;-glucosidases) hydrolyze cellulose into component sugars, which in turn can be converted into fuel alcohols1. The potential for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass to provide renewable energy has intensified efforts to engineer cellulases for economical fuel production2. Of particular interest are fungal cellulases3-8, which are already being used industrially for foods and textiles processing.
Identifying active variants among a library of mutant cellulases is critical to the engineering process; active mutants can be further tested for improved properties and/or subjected to additional mutagenesis. Efficient engineering of fungal cellulases has been hampered by a lack of genetic tools for native organisms and by difficulties in expressing the enzymes in heterologous hosts. Recently, Morikawa and coworkers developed a method for expressing in E. coli the catalytic domains of endoglucanases from H. jecorina3,9, an important industrial fungus with the capacity to secrete cellulases in large quantities. Functional E. coli expression has also been reported for cellulases from other fungi, including Macrophomina phaseolina10 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium11-12. 
We present a method for high throughput screening of fungal endoglucanase activity in E. coli. (Fig 1) This method uses the common microbial dye Congo Red (CR) to visualize enzymatic degradation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by cells growing on solid medium. The activity assay requires inexpensive reagents, minimal manipulation, and gives unambiguous results as zones of degradation (&#x201C;halos&#x201D;) at the colony site. Although a quantitative measure of enzymatic activity cannot be determined by this method, we have found that halo size correlates with total enzymatic activity in the cell. Further characterization of individual positive clones will determine , relative protein fitness. 
Traditional bacterial whole cell CMC/CR activity assays13 involve pouring agar containing CMC onto colonies, which is subject to cross-contamination, or incubating cultures in CMC agar wells, which is less amenable to large-scale experimentation. Here we report an improved protocol that modifies existing wash methods14 for cellulase activity: cells grown on CMC agar plates are removed prior to CR staining. Our protocol significantly reduces cross-contamination and is highly scalable, allowing the rapid screening of thousands of clones. In addition to H. jecorina enzymes, we have expressed and screened endoglucanase variants from the Thermoascus aurantiacus and Penicillium decumbens (shown in Figure 2), suggesting that this protocol is applicable to enzymes from a range of organisms.

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

We describe a low cost, high throughput method to screen for fungal endoglucanase activity in E. coli. The method relies on a simple visual readout of substrate degradation, does not require enzyme purification, and is highly scalable. This allows for the rapid screening of large libraries of enzyme variants.

における真菌エンドグルカナーゼ活性のハイスループットスクリーニング大腸菌</em

Cellulase enzymes (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and &beta;-glucosidases) hydrolyze cellulose into component sugars, which in turn can be converted ...

High-throughput Crystallization of Membrane Proteins Using the Lipidic Bicelle Method

Membrane proteins (MPs) play a critical role in many physiological processes such as pumping specific molecules across the otherwise impermeable membrane bilayer that surrounds all cells and organelles. Alterations in the function of MPs result in many human diseases and disorders; thus, an intricate understanding of their structures remains a critical objective for biological research. However, structure determination of MPs remains a significant challenge often stemming from their hydrophobicity. 
MPs have substantial hydrophobic regions embedded within the bilayer. Detergents are frequently used to solubilize these proteins from the bilayer generating a protein-detergent micelle that can then be manipulated in a similar manner as soluble proteins. Traditionally, crystallization trials proceed using a protein-detergent mixture, but they often resist crystallization or produce crystals of poor quality. These problems arise due to the detergent&prime;s inability to adequately mimic the bilayer resulting in poor stability and heterogeneity. In addition, the detergent shields the hydrophobic surface of the MP reducing the surface area available for crystal contacts. To circumvent these drawbacks MPs can be crystallized in lipidic media, which more closely simulates their endogenous environment, and has recently become a de novo technique for MP crystallization.
Lipidic cubic phase (LCP) is a three-dimensional lipid bilayer penetrated by an interconnected system of aqueous channels1. Although monoolein is the lipid of choice, related lipids such as monopalmitolein and monovaccenin have also been used to make LCP2. MPs are incorporated into the LCP where they diffuse in three dimensions and feed crystal nuclei. A great advantage of the LCP is that the protein remains in a more native environment, but the method has a number of technical disadvantages including high viscosity (requiring specialized apparatuses) and difficulties in crystal visualization and manipulation3,4. Because of these technical difficulties, we utilized another lipidic medium for crystallization-bicelles5,6 (Figure 1). Bicelles are lipid/amphiphile mixtures formed by blending a phosphatidylcholine lipid (DMPC) with an amphiphile (CHAPSO) or a short-chain lipid (DHPC). Within each bicelle disc, the lipid molecules generate a bilayer while the amphiphile molecules line the apolar edges providing beneficial properties of both bilayers and detergents. Importantly, below their transition temperature, protein-bicelle mixtures have a reduced viscosity and are manipulated in a similar manner as detergent-solubilized MPs, making bicelles compatible with crystallization robots. 
Bicelles have been successfully used to crystallize several membrane proteins5,7-11 (Table 1). This growing collection of proteins demonstrates the versatility of bicelles for crystallizing both alpha helical and beta sheet MPs from prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources. Because of these successes and the simplicity of high-throughput implementation, bicelles should be part of every membrane protein crystallographer&prime;s arsenal. In this video, we describe the bicelle methodology and provide a step-by-step protocol for setting up high-throughput crystallization trials of purified MPs using standard robotics.

Bicelles are lipid/amphiphile mixtures that maintain membrane proteins (MPs) within a lipid bilayer but have unique phase behavior that facilitates high-throughput screening by crystallization robots. This technique has successfully produced a number of high-resolution structures from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources. This video describes protocols for generating the lipidic bicelle mixture, incorporating MPs into the bicelle mixture, setting up crystallizations trials (manually as well as robotically) and harvesting crystals from the medium.

脂質Bicelle法を用いた膜タンパク質のハイスループット結晶化

Membrane proteins (MPs) play a critical role in many physiological processes such as pumping specific molecules across the otherwise impermeable membrane ...

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization

Projects to obtain whole-genome sequences for 10,000 vertebrate species1 and for 5,000 insect and related arthropod species2 are expected to take place over the next 5 years. For example, the sequencing of the genomes for 15 malaria mosquitospecies is currently being done using an Illumina platform3,4. This Anopheles species cluster includes both vectors and non-vectors of malaria. When the genome assemblies become available, researchers will have the unique opportunity to perform comparative analysis for inferring evolutionary changes relevant to vector ability. However, it has proven difficult to use next-generation sequencing reads to generate high-quality de novo genome assemblies5. Moreover, the existing genome assemblies for Anopheles gambiae, although obtained using the Sanger method, are gapped or fragmented4,6.
Success of comparative genomic analyses will be limited if researchers deal with numerous sequencing contigs, rather than with chromosome-based genome assemblies. Fragmented, unmapped sequences create problems for genomic analyses because: (i) unidentified gaps cause incorrect or incomplete annotation of genomic sequences; (ii) unmapped sequences lead to confusion between paralogous genes and genes from different haplotypes; and (iii) the lack of chromosome assignment and orientation of the sequencing contigs does not allow for reconstructing rearrangement phylogeny and studying chromosome evolution. Developing high-resolution physical maps for species with newly sequenced genomes is a timely and cost-effective investment that will facilitate genome annotation, evolutionary analysis, and re-sequencing of individual genomes from natural populations7,8.
Here, we present innovative approaches to chromosome preparation, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and imaging that facilitate rapid development of physical maps. Using An. gambiae as an example, we demonstrate that the development of physical chromosome maps can potentially improve genome assemblies and, thus, the quality of genomic analyses. First, we use a high-pressure method to prepare polytene chromosome spreads. This method, originally developed for Drosophila9, allows the user to visualize more details on chromosomes than the regular squashing technique10. Second, a fully automated, front-end system for FISH is used for high-throughput physical genome mapping. The automated slide staining system runs multiple assays simultaneously and dramatically reduces hands-on time11. Third, an automatic fluorescent imaging system, which includes a motorized slide stage, automatically scans and photographs labeled chromosomes after FISH12. This system is especially useful for identifying and visualizing multiple chromosomal plates on the same slide. In addition, the scanning process captures a more uniform FISH result. Overall, the automated high-throughput physical mapping protocol is more efficient than a standard manual protocol.

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization

Genome assemblies based on massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies are usually highly fragmented. The development of physical chromosome maps can potentially improve genome assemblies. Here, we demonstrate innovative approaches to chromosome preparation, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and imaging that significantly increase throughput of the physical map development.

自動化を使用して染色体のハイスループット物理マッピング<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーション

Projects to obtain whole-genome sequences for 10,000 vertebrate species1 and for 5,000 insect and related arthropod species2 are expected to take place ...

High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels

Specific members of the inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel family are postulated drug targets for a variety of disorders, including hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and pain1,2. For the most part, however, progress toward understanding their therapeutic potential or even basic physiological functions has been slowed by the lack of good pharmacological tools. Indeed, the molecular pharmacology of the inward rectifier family has lagged far behind that of the S4 superfamily of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, for which a number of nanomolar-affinity and highly selective peptide toxin modulators have been discovered3. The bee venom toxin tertiapin and its derivatives are potent inhibitors of Kir1.1 and Kir3 channels4,5, but peptides are of limited use therapeutically as well as experimentally due to their antigenic properties and poor bioavailability, metabolic stability and tissue penetrance. The development of potent and selective small-molecule probes with improved pharmacological properties will be a key to fully understanding the physiology and therapeutic potential of Kir channels.
The Molecular Libraries Probes Production Center Network (MLPCN) supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund has created opportunities for academic scientists to initiate probe discovery campaigns for molecular targets and signaling pathways in need of better pharmacology6. The MLPCN provides researchers access to industry-scale screening centers and medicinal chemistry and informatics support to develop small-molecule probes to elucidate the function of genes and gene networks. The critical step in gaining entry to the MLPCN is the development of a robust target- or pathway-specific assay that is amenable for high-throughput screening (HTS).
Here, we describe how to develop a fluorescence-based thallium (Tl+) flux assay of Kir channel function for high-throughput compound screening7,8,9,10.The assay is based on the permeability of the K+ channel pore to the K+ congener Tl+. A commercially available fluorescent Tl+ reporter dye is used to detect transmembrane flux of Tl+ through the pore. There are at least three commercially available dyes that are suitable for Tl+ flux assays: BTC, FluoZin-2, and FluxOR7,8. This protocol describes assay development using FluoZin-2. Although originally developed and marketed as a zinc indicator, FluoZin-2 exhibits a robust and dose-dependent increase in fluorescence emission upon Tl+ binding. We began working with FluoZin-2 before FluxOR was available7,8 and have continued to do so9,10. However, the steps in assay development are essentially identical for all three dyes, and users should determine which dye is most appropriate for their specific needs. We also discuss the assay's performance benchmarks that must be reached to be considered for entry to the MLPCN. Since Tl+ readily permeates most K+ channels, the assay should be adaptable to most K+ channel targets.

Methods for developing and validating a quantitative fluorescence assay for measuring the activity of inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels for high-throughput compound screening is presented.

内向き整流カリウムチャネルの小分子モジュレーターのためのハイスループットスクリーニング

Specific members of the inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel family are postulated drug targets for a variety of disorders, including hypertension, ...

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

Understanding the function of RNA involved in biological processes requires a thorough knowledge of RNA structure. Toward this end, the methodology dubbed "high-throughput selective 2' hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension", or SHAPE, allows prediction of RNA secondary structure with single nucleotide resolution. This approach utilizes chemical probing agents that preferentially acylate single stranded or flexible regions of RNA in aqueous solution. Sites of chemical modification are detected by reverse transcription of the modified RNA, and the products of this reaction are fractionated by automated capillary electrophoresis (CE). Since reverse transcriptase pauses at those RNA nucleotides modified by the SHAPE reagents, the resulting cDNA library indirectly maps those ribonucleotides that are single stranded in the context of the folded RNA. Using ShapeFinder software, the electropherograms produced by automated CE are processed and converted into nucleotide reactivity tables that are themselves converted into pseudo-energy constraints used in the RNAStructure (v5.3) prediction algorithm. The two-dimensional RNA structures obtained by combining SHAPE probing with in silico RNA secondary structure prediction have been found to be far more accurate than structures obtained using either method alone.

High-throughput selective 2' hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) utilizes a novel chemical probing technology, reverse transcription, capillary electrophoresis and secondary structure prediction software to determine the structures of RNAs from several hundred to several thousand nucleotides at single nucleotide resolution.

ハイスループットSHAPEを使用したRNA二次構造予測

Understanding the function of RNA involved in biological processes requires a thorough knowledge of RNA structure. Toward this end, the methodology dubbed ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. 293T cells are transiently transfected with plasmids from an arrayed ORF expression library, together with luciferase reporter plasmids, in a one-gene-per-well microplate format. Firefly luciferase activity is assayed after 48 hr to determine the effects of each library gene upon alpha-synuclein transcription, normalized to expression from an internal control construct (a hCMV promoter directing Renilla luciferase). This protocol is facilitated by a bench-top robot enclosed in a biosafety cabinet, which performs aseptic liquid handling in 96-well format. Our automated transfection protocol is readily adaptable to high-throughput lentiviral library production or other functional screening protocols requiring triple-transfections of large numbers of unique library plasmids in conjunction with a common set of helper plasmids. We also present an inexpensive and validated alternative to commercially-available, dual luciferase reagents which employs PTC124, EDTA, and pyrophosphate to suppress firefly luciferase activity prior to measurement of Renilla luciferase. Using these methods, we screened 7,670 human genes and identified 68 regulators of alpha-synuclein. This protocol is easily modifiable to target other genes of interest.

We present a rapid and inexpensive screening method for identifying transcriptional regulators using high-throughput robotic transfections and a homemade dual-glow luciferase assay. This protocol rapidly generates direct side-by-side functional data for thousands of genes and is easily modifiable to target any gene of interest.

自家製デュアルグロールシフェラーゼアッセイを用いて、ハイスループット機能スクリーニング

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays focus on transcriptional regulation, being essentially aimed at the identification of promoter-targeting molecules. As a result, post-transcriptional mechanisms are largely uncovered by gene expression targeted drug development. Here we describe a cell-based assay aimed at investigating the role of the 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#8217; UTR) in the modulation of the fate of its mRNA, and at identifying compounds able to modify it. The assay is based on the use of a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3&#8217; UTR of a gene of interest stably integrated into a disease-relevant cell line. The protocol is divided into two parts, with the initial focus on the primary screening aimed at the identification of molecules affecting luciferase activity after 24 hr of treatment. The second part of the protocol describes the counter-screening necessary to discriminate compounds modulating luciferase activity specifically through the 3&#8217; UTR. In addition to the detailed protocol and representative results, we provide important considerations about the assay development and the validation of the hit(s) on the endogenous target. The described cell-based reporter gene assay will allow scientists to identify molecules modulating protein levels via post-transcriptional mechanisms dependent on a 3&#8217; UTR.

Here we describe a cell-based reporter gene assay as a valuable tool to screen chemical libraries for compounds modulating post-transcriptional control mechanisms exerted through 3&#8217; UTR.

転写後調節される遺伝子の化学モジュレーターのためのハイスループットスクリーニング

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...

Automated Modular High Throughput Exopolysaccharide Screening Platform Coupled with Highly Sensitive Carbohydrate Fingerprint Analysis

Many microorganisms are capable of producing and secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have important implications in medical fields, food applications or in the replacement of petro-based chemicals. We describe an analytical platform to be automated on a liquid handling system that allows the fast and reliable analysis of the type and the amount of EPS produced by microorganisms. It enables the user to identify novel natural microbial exopolysaccharide producers and to analyze the carbohydrate fingerprint of the corresponding polymers within one day in high-throughput (HT). Using this platform, strain collections as well as libraries of strain variants that might be obtained in engineering approaches can be screened. The platform has a modular setup, which allows a separation of the protocol into two major parts. First, there is an automated screening system, which combines different polysaccharide detection modules: a semi-quantitative analysis of viscosity formation via a centrifugation step, an analysis of polymer formation via alcohol precipitation and the determination of the total carbohydrate content via a phenol-sulfuric-acid transformation. Here, it is possible to screen up to 384 strains per run. The second part provides a detailed monosaccharide analysis for all the selected EPS producers identified in the first part by combining two essential modules: the analysis of the complete monomer composition via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra violet and electrospray ionization ion trap detection (UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS) and the determination of pyruvate as a polymer substituent (presence of pyruvate ketal) via enzymatic oxidation that is coupled to a color formation. All the analytical modules of this screening platform can be combined in different ways and adjusted to individual requirements. Additionally, they can all be handled manually or performed with a liquid handling system. Thereby, the screening platform enables a huge flexibility in order to identify various EPS.

We present an automated modular high-throughput-method for the identification and characterization of microbial exopolysaccharides in small scale. This method combines a fast preselection to analyze the total amount of secreted polysaccharides with a detailed carbohydrate fingerprint to enable the fast screening of newly isolated bacterial strains or entire strain collections.

自動化されたモジュラーハイスループットエキソポリサッカライドスクリーニングプラットフォームは、高感度炭水化物フィンガープリント分析と相まって

Many microorganisms are capable of producing and secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have important implications in medical fields, food ...

Multi-enzyme Screening Using a High-throughput Genetic Enzyme Screening System

The recent development of a high-throughput single-cell assay technique enables the screening of novel enzymes based on functional activities from a large-scale metagenomic library1. We previously proposed a genetic enzyme screening system (GESS) that uses dimethylphenol regulator activated by phenol or p-nitrophenol. Since a vast amount of natural enzymatic reactions produce these phenolic compounds from phenol deriving substrates, this single genetic screening system can be theoretically applied to screen over 200 different enzymes in the BRENDA database. Despite the general applicability of GESS, applying the screening process requires a specific procedure to reach the maximum flow cytometry signals. Here, we detail the developed screening process, which includes metagenome preprocessing with GESS and the operation of a flow cytometry sorter. Three different phenolic substrates (p-nitrophenyl acetate, p-nitrophenyl-&#946;-D-cellobioside, and phenyl phosphate) with GESS were used to screen and to identify three different enzymes (lipase, cellulase, and alkaline phosphatase), respectively. The selected metagenomic enzyme activities were confirmed only with the flow cytometry but DNA sequencing and diverse in vitro analysis can be used for further gene identification.

This work presents a method of high-throughput screening using a universal genetic enzyme screening system that can be theoretically applied to over 200 enzymes. Here, the single screening system identifies three different enzymes (lipase, cellulase, and alkaline phosphatase) by simply changing the substrate used (p-nitrophenyl acetate, p-nitrophenyl-&#946;-D-cellobioside, and phenyl phosphate).

マルチ酵素ハイスループット遺伝的酵素スクリーニングシステムを用いたスクリーニング

The recent development of a high-throughput single-cell assay technique enables the screening of novel enzymes based on functional activities from a ...