我々は、バイオセーフティーレベル2のサンプルから一次マウスAECIIをソートする際に技術的な支援のためにM.ヘクスターに感謝したいと思います。 この作品は、ドイツ研究協会（DFG）からDB（SFB587、TP B12とBR2221/1-1）、ハノーバー医学研究科（DFG GSC 108）からAAへの奨学金への補助金によって支えられている。 DBは契約番号W2/W3-029下ドイツ研究センターのヘルムホルツ協会（HGF）は大統領のイニシアティブ及びネットワーキング基金によってサポートされています。

必要な試薬および材料に関する詳細は、下記のプロトコール末尾の表にリストされています。水浴中で37℃に作業を開始する前に、ディスパーゼ4mlを含む15 mlチューブを使って（マウス1匹あたり1）を準備し、事前暖かいそれら。加熱ブロックでは、まもなく95から1パーセント低融点アガロース（水中）の小アリコートを加熱℃で液化するまで、使用するまで45℃に続いてクール。 1。マウス肺の調製<ol><li> CO 2窒息によりマウスを生け贄に捧げる。注：正常に実行できませんが、そのような液体と肺のインストールとして、プロトコルの手順に従うように、これは気管を傷つけるように頸椎脱臼を実行しないでください。侵害受容性反射の消失を確認してください。 </li><li>エタノールでマウスをスプレーし、体の腹側正中線に沿って長いカットを行います。腹毛や皮膚を引き、その後も慎重にカットし、腹膜を削除します。 </li><li> Exsanguinate左と右の頚静脈（ 頸静脈 ）並びに腎動脈（ 腎動脈 ） を切断することによって、マウス。組織と流れる血液を除去する。 </li><li>慎重に穿刺してからリブを切り欠いて、心臓や肺を露出するようにダイヤフラムを取り外します。肺を傷つけないよう十分注意してください。 </li><li>緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）冷リン酸で満たさ26Gカニューレおよび10mlのシリンジを用いて、穿刺、心臓の右心室と血がなくなるまでPBSで肺を灌流。 </li><li>気管を露出するために唾液腺を切り取り、削除します。また、慎重に気管を周囲の筋肉を切った。 </li><li>気管に22Gの留置カニューレを挿入し、針を除去し、肺に向かってプラスチック製のカテーテルを押してください。気管およびカテーテルの周りに糸の小片を結合することにより、カテーテルを固定します。 </li></ol> 2。肺組織の酵素消化必要であれば、気管支肺胞洗浄液サンプルはできる次のステップに進む前に、PBSまたは培地で気管内に挿入されたカテーテルを介して肺を洗浄することによって調製した。 <ol><li> 2ミリリットルのシリンジを用いて、慎重にすべてのローブが完全に展開されるように、カテーテルを介して肺にディスパーゼの2ミリリットル（4 mlのアリコートから）の最大音量を植え付ける。液化アガロース0.5 mlを含む1mlシリンジで注射器を交換し、また肺に植え付ける。 </li><li>アガロースの逆流を防止し、すぐに実験室のティッシュペーパーと氷で肺をカバーするためにカテーテルにシリンジのままにしておきます。分のカップルのためのアガロースゲルをみましょう。 </li><li>胸から肺、心臓、胸腺、ティッシュペーパー、氷、注射器やカテーテルを取り外して気管を切断し、消費税。その後、PBSで皿に肺を洗浄し、心臓、胸腺、残りの気管を削除します。 </li><li>ディスパーゼの残りの2ミリリットルに肺を入れて、45分間室温でインキュベートする。 </li></ol> 3。肺の調製細胞懸濁液<ol><li>ディスパーゼから肺を外し、DMEM培地、100μlのDNaseでanti-CD16/32抗体の7ミリリットル（1μg/ mlの最終濃度）を含む皿に移す。 </li><li>ピンセットを用いて、それを完全に引き離すことにより肺組織を崩壊させ、穏やかに200rpmに設定ロッカーに揺らしながら室温で10分間インキュベートする。必要に応じて、細胞懸濁液は、その後、次のステップまで4℃で保存することができます。 </li><li> 100μmであり、その後で、70ミクロン、48ミクロン、30ミクロンの細孔を有する第一ナイロンメッシュを介して細胞懸濁液をろ過する。細胞の損失を最小限に抑え、歩留まりを最大化するために、各メッシュだけでなく、DMEMで徹底的にチューブや食器を洗うために世話をする。あなたがサンプルをプールしている場合、これはその後に同じフィルタを介して1つの群のマウス由来の細胞懸濁液を通過させることによってここに達成することができます。目詰まりした場合にフィルタを新たにする。 </li><li>ボリュームに応じて、1つまたは複数の50mlチューブにろ液を転送し、160×gで15分間、4℃で遠心分離上清を取り除きます。 </li><li> 2ミリリットル赤血球溶解バッファー（0.15M NH 4 Clを 、0.01M KHCO3、0.1mMのEDTA、pH7.2）中で細胞ペレットを再懸濁し、迅速DMEM培地13ミ ​​リリットルを添加して溶解を終了します。 15 mlのチューブと遠心分離機160×gで12分間、4℃に溶液を移す</li></ol> 4。フローサイトメトリー細胞選別のための抗体染色<ol><li>フローサイトメトリーに適した希釈でDMEM培地で調製した3ミリリットル一次抗体カクテル、中に細胞を再懸濁します。 （抗体は以前に100μlの体積で1×10 6脾臓細胞を染色することによって最適な作業希釈の滴定した。使用は5匹までからプールされた細胞のために使用される抗体のそれぞれについて、最適な濃度を含む一次抗体カクテルの3ミリリットル。より多くのマウスは1サンプルにプールされている場合は、ボリュームを調整してください）​​。 </li><li>染色のために、暗所で10分間細胞をインキュベート4℃ </li><li> 160×gで12分および4のDMEM培地、遠心分離にて15mlチューブを充填することにより、細胞を洗浄℃、 </li><li>ケースでは非結合またはビオチン化抗体が4.1で使用された：2で上清を除去し、細胞を再懸濁し - 3ミリリットル二次抗体カクテル。暗闇の中で10分間4℃で染色。 </li><li> 160×gで12分間、4℃でDMEMおよび遠心チューブを充填を介して細胞を洗う</li><li>セルソーティングのためのチューブにフィルターが50μmを通過DMEMおよびプレフィルター1mlに細胞を再懸濁する。オプション：肺の細胞懸濁液中の総細胞数を得るために、細胞をカウントする。 </li></ol> 5。セルソーティング<ol><li>並べ替えの前にボルテックスにより細胞を混ぜる。 AECIIのセルソーティングのために100μmのノズルを使用しています。シース液圧だけでなく、レーザー発光、検出波長は、フローサイトメトリー細胞選別ならびにantibで使用蛍光色素のために使用される機器に依存ODY染色法。 </li><li> DMEMを含むチューブに染色とソートに使用される蛍光色素に対して陰性であるSSCの高い細胞にゲート。 （SSC-）ウィンドウ（でゲーティング戦略の詳細を参照して任意のダブレットまたは細胞凝集体を除外するには、散布高さ（FSC-H）対面積（FSC-A）と側方散乱の高さ（SSC-H）対面積フォワードを使用図1）。 </li><li>選別された細胞は、20×gで280分、4℃で遠心分離収集するために、 </li><li>その後の分析の必要に応じて、文化培地または緩衝液で細胞を再懸濁します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Fehrenbach, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alveolar+epithelial+type+II+cell:+defender+of+the+alveolus+revisited.">Alveolar epithelial type II cell: defender of the alveolus revisited.</a> Respir. Res. 2, 33-46 (2001).</li><li>Folkerts, G., Nijkamp, F. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+epithelium:+more+than+just+a+barrier.">Airway epithelium: more than just a barrier.</a> Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 19, 334-341 (1998).</li><li>Gereke, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+alterations+in+type+II+alveolar+epithelial+cells+in+CD4++T+cell+mediated+lung+inflammation.">Phenotypic alterations in type II alveolar epithelial cells in CD4+ T cell mediated lung inflammation.</a> Respir. Res. 8, 47 (2007).</li><li>Gereke, M., Jung, S., Buer, J., Bruder, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alveolar+type+II+epithelial+cells+present+antigen+to+CD4(+)+T+cells+and+induce+Foxp3(+)+regulatory+T+cells.">Alveolar type II epithelial cells present antigen to CD4(+) T cells and induce Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells.</a> Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 179, 344-355 (2009).</li><li>Gribar, S. C., Richardson, W. M., Sodhi, C. P., Hackam, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+longer+an+innocent+bystander:+epithelial+toll-like+receptor+signaling+in+the+development+of+mucosal+inflammation.">No longer an innocent bystander: epithelial toll-like receptor signaling in the development of mucosal inflammation.</a> Mol. Med. 14, 645-659 (2008).</li><li>Herold, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alveolar+epithelial+cells+direct+monocyte+transepithelial+migration+upon+influenza+virus+infection:+impact+of+chemokines+and+adhesion+molecules.">Alveolar epithelial cells direct monocyte transepithelial migration upon influenza virus infection: impact of chemokines and adhesion molecules.</a> J. Immunol. 177, 1817-1824 (2006).</li><li>Knight, D. A., Holgate, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+airway+epithelium:+structural+and+functional+properties+in+health+and+disease.">The airway epithelium: structural and functional properties in health and disease.</a> Respirology. 8, 432-446 (2003).</li><li>Schmiedl, A., Kerber-Momot, T., Munder, A., Pabst, R., Tschernig, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+distribution+in+lung+parenchyma+early+after+pulmonary+infection+with+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Bacterial distribution in lung parenchyma early after pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 342, 67-73 (2010).</li><li>Loveday, E. K., Svinti, V., Diederich, S., Pasick, J., Jean, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal-+and+Strain-Specific+Host+MicroRNA+Molecular+Signatures+Associated+with+Swine-Origin+H1N1+and+Avian-Origin+H7N7+Influenza+A+Virus+Infection.">Temporal- and Strain-Specific Host MicroRNA Molecular Signatures Associated with Swine-Origin H1N1 and Avian-Origin H7N7 Influenza A Virus Infection.</a> J. Virol. 86, 6109-6122 (2012).</li><li>Marriott, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-1beta+regulates+CXCL8+release+and+influences+disease+outcome+in+response+to+Streptococcus+pneumoniae,+defining+intercellular+cooperation+between+pulmonary+epithelial+cells+and+macrophages.">Interleukin-1beta regulates CXCL8 release and influences disease outcome in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae, defining intercellular cooperation between pulmonary epithelial cells and macrophages.</a> Infect. Immun. 80, 1140-1149 (2012).</li><li>Mata, M., Morcillo, E., Gimeno, C., Cortijo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-acetyl-L-cysteine+(NAC)+inhibit+mucin+synthesis+and+pro-inflammatory+mediators+in+alveolar+type+II+epithelial+cells+infected+with+influenza+virus+A+and+B+and+with+respiratory+syncytial+virus+(RSV).">N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) inhibit mucin synthesis and pro-inflammatory mediators in alveolar type II epithelial cells infected with influenza virus A and B and with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).</a> Biochem. Pharmacol. 82, 548-555 (2011).</li><li>Zarbock, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+surfactant+protein+C+mutation+A116D+alters+cellular+processing,+stress+tolerance,+surfactant+lipid+composition,+and+immune+cell+activation.">The surfactant protein C mutation A116D alters cellular processing, stress tolerance, surfactant lipid composition, and immune cell activation.</a> BMC. Pulm. Med. 12, 15 (2012).</li><li>Taubenberger, J. K., Morens, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathology+of+influenza+virus+infections.">The pathology of influenza virus infections.</a> Annu. Rev. Pathol. 3, 499-522 (2008).</li><li>Dobbs, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+alveolar+type+II+cells.">Isolation and culture of alveolar type II cells.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 258, L134-L147 (1990).</li><li>Corti, M., Brody, A. R., Harrison, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+primary+culture+of+murine+alveolar+type+II+cells.">Isolation and primary culture of murine alveolar type II cells.</a> Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 14, 309-315 (1996).</li><li>Beers, M. F., Kim, C. Y., Dodia, C., Fisher, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization,+synthesis,+and+processing+of+surfactant+protein+SP-C+in+rat+lung+analyzed+by+epitope-specific+antipeptide+antibodies.">Localization, synthesis, and processing of surfactant protein SP-C in rat lung analyzed by epitope-specific antipeptide antibodies.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 269, 20318-20328 (1994).</li><li>Phelps, D. S., Floros, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+pulmonary+surfactant+proteins+using+immunohistochemistry+and+tissue+in+situ+hybridization.">Localization of pulmonary surfactant proteins using immunohistochemistry and tissue in situ hybridization.</a> Exp. Lung Res. 17, 985-995 (1991).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiated+human+alveolar+type+II+cells+secrete+antiviral+IL-29+(IFN-lambda+1)+in+response+to+influenza+A+infection.">Differentiated human alveolar type II cells secrete antiviral IL-29 (IFN-lambda 1) in response to influenza A infection.</a> J. Immunol. 182, 1296-1304 (2009).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immune+response+to+influenza+A+virus+in+differentiated+human+alveolar+type+II+cells.">Innate immune response to influenza A virus in differentiated human alveolar type II cells.</a> Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 45, 582-591 (2011).</li></ol>

特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

フローサイトメトリーによるマウスAECIIの単離のための我々のプロトコルは、機能と分子生物学的研究の全体の範囲のためのマウス肺から初代培養細胞にアクセスするための迅速な方法を提供しています。説明する手順では、このようなRNAの単離（ 図2bを参照）、トランスクリプトーム研究などの直接その後の分析のための番号で十分ですAECIIの非常に現実的で純粋な集団が得ら?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名称 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> 注釈 </td></tr><tr><td>留置カニューレIntrocan 22G </td><td>ブラウン</td><td> REF 4252098B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ディスパーゼ、100ミリリットル（5000カゼイン単位） </td><td> BD Biosciences社</td><td> 354235 </td><td> 15 mlチューブで4ミリリットルのアリコート、-20℃で保存</td></tr><tr><td> Biozymプラークアガロース</td><td> Biozym </td><td> 840101 </td><td> H 2 O中の1％w / vの</td></tr><tr><td>ウシ膵臓、2000クニッツ単位/バイアルからリボヌクレアーゼI </td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> D4263 </td><td>新たに300μlのDMEM中で1バイアルの内容物を溶解</td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td>ギブコ</td><td> 22320-022 </td><td> （メーカが提供する低Gとして使用lucose、ピルビン酸、HEPES） </td></tr><tr><td>セルストレーナー（100μm以下、75μm以下） </td><td> BDファルコン</td><td> 352360、352350 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ナイロンメッシュ（48ミクロン、30ミクロン） </td><td>バックマン社</td><td> 03-48/26-1020、03-30/18-108 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 50μmのフィルターCellTrics </td><td>パーテック</td><td> 04-0042-2317 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>抗マウスCD16/CD32 </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 101302 </td><td>クローン93;精製</td></tr><tr><td>抗マウスF4/80 </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 123116 </td><td>クローンBM8; APC結合</td></tr><tr><td>抗マウスCD11bを</td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 101208 </td><td>クローンM1/70、PE結合</td></tr><tr><td>抗マウスCD11cは</td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 117310 </td><td>クローンN418; APC結合</td></tr><tr><td>抗マウスCD45 </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 103102 </td><td>クローン30-F11;精製</td></tr><tr><td>抗マウスCD19 </td><td> eBioscience社</td><td> 12-0193-83 </td><td> EBIO 1D3、PE結合</td></tr><tr><td>ポリクローナルヤギ抗ラットIgG </td><td> BDファーミンジェン</td><td> 550767 </td><td>ポリクローナル抗体、PE結合</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>代替の蛍光色素に結合された抗体は、使用可能なフローサイトメーターやレーザーに応じて、使用することができます。 </td></tr></tbody></table>

flow cytometric isolation of primary murine type ii alveolar epithelial cells for functional and molecular studies

最後に年間を通して、肺における免疫制御のさまざまな側面に肺胞II型上皮細胞（AECII）の寄与がますます認識されてきた。 AECIIは、炎症を起こした気道でのサイトカイン産生に参加しても感染やT細胞媒介性自己免疫1月8日の両方において抗原提示細胞として作用することが示されている。したがって、彼らはそのような外国人と自己抗原と同様に、直接または間接的にターゲットAECII感染に対する気道過敏性などの臨床の文脈でも、特に興味深いものです。しかし、健康な肺だけでなく、炎症で肺胞II型上皮細胞によって提供される詳細な免疫機能の我々の理解では、断片的なままである。 AECII機能に関する多くの研究が9月12日 、マウスやヒトの肺胞上皮細胞株を使用して実行されます。セルラインでの作業は確かにそのような大量の可用性oと、様々な利点を提供します詳細な分析のためのf細胞。しかし、我々は、プライマリマウスAECIIの使用は感染症や自己免疫炎症のような複雑なプロセスでこの細胞タイプの役割の理解を深めることができると信じています。プライマリマウスAECIIは、彼らが分析設定の役割を果たしているすべての追加の外的要因の影響を受けてきた意味、そのような呼吸器疾患を患っている動物から直接単離することができる。例として、実行可能なAECIIは鼻腔内に主に複製13のためにこれらの細胞を標的とするインフルエンザウイルスに感染したマウスから単離することができる。重要なのは、健康なマウスから単離しAECII の ex vivo での感染を介して、感染時にマウントされた細胞応答の研究は、さらに拡張することができます。 プライマリーネズミAECIIの単離のための私達のプロトコルは、CD11cのは、CD11b、F4/80に特異的な抗体で得られた細胞懸濁液を標識続いマウス肺の酵素消化に基づいているCD19、CD45およびCD16/CD32。粒状AECIIは次に高いラベルの付いていないと脇に散乱（SSC 高 ）細胞集団として同定されており、3を並べ、蛍光活性化細胞で区切られています。 マウス肺からプライマリ上皮細胞を単離する代替的な方法と比較して、負の選択によるAECIIのフローサイトメトリ分離のための我々のプロトコルは比較的短時間で手つかず、極めて現実的で純粋AECIIをもたらします。また、パンとリンパ球の減少による分離の従来の方法とは対照的に、抗体結合磁気ビーズ14,15の結合を介して、フローサイトメトリー細胞ソーティングは、細胞の大きさや細かさによって差別することができます。フローサイトメトリー細胞選別のための計装が使用可能であることを考えると、説明された手順は、比較的低コストで適用できます。このような磁気のような肺の崩壊のために標準的な抗体や酵素、追加の試薬の隣ビーズが必要です。単離された細胞は 、in vitro 培養およびT細胞刺激アッセイならびにトランスクリプトーム、プロテオーム、またはsecretome で分析3、4、機能および分子生物学的研究の広い範囲に適しています。

健康なマウスから単離された肺の細胞懸濁液をソートする場合、AECIIゲートは通常は約42を占めることになるすべてのイベントの±10％。この割合は、初期の細胞懸濁液は、気道に補充リンパ球および他の免疫細胞のかなり高い割合が含まれていますように、このようなウイルス感染などの呼吸器疾患を持つマウスを使用する場合に著しく低くすることができる。 AECIIのために、私たちは約50％...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies at JoVE.com

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

我々は、フローサイトメトリーのネガティブ選択による一次マウスII型肺胞上皮細胞（AECII）の迅速な単離を記述している。これらAECIIは高い生存率と純度を示し、そのような自己免疫疾患や感染症などの呼吸器疾患におけるそれらの役割に関する機能と分子生物学的研究の広い範囲のために適しています。

機能と分子生物学的研究のためのプライマリマウスII型肺胞上皮細胞のフローサイトメトリ分離

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

flow-cytometric-isolation-primary-murine-type-ii-alveolar-epithelial

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

26.1K ビュー.  Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research. 我々は、フローサイトメトリーのネガティブ選択による一次マウスII型肺胞上皮細胞（AECII）の迅速な単離を記述している。これらAECIIは高い生存率と純度を示し、そのような自己免疫疾患や感染症などの呼吸器疾患におけるそれらの役割に関する機能と分子生物学的研究の広い範囲のために適しています。

ビデオ: Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells Within Murine Aortas

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, extracellular matrix, and a lipid-rich core with extensive necrosis and fibrosis of surrounding tissues.1 The innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are involved in the initiation, development and persistence of atherosclerosis.2, 3 There is a significant body of evidence that different subsets of the immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, are present within the aortas of healthy and atherosclerosis-prone mice4. Additionally, immune cells are found in the surrounding aortic adventitia which suggests an important role of this tissue in atherogenesis.2
For some time, the quantitative detection of different types of immune cells, their activation status, and the cellular composition within the aortic wall was limited by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for the study of atherosclerosis. Few attempts were made to perform flow cytometry using human aortas, and a number of problems, such as a high autofluorescence, have been reported5,6. Human atherosclerotic plaques were digested with collagenase 1, and free cells were collected and stained for CD14+/CD11c+ to highlight macrophage-derived foam cells. In this study, a "mock" channel was used to avoid false-positive staining.6 Necrotic materials accumulating during the digestion process give rise in a large amount of debris that generates a high autofluorescence in aortic samples. To resolve this problem, a panel of negative and positive controls has been proposed, but only double staining could be applied in these samples. We have developed a new flow cytometry-based method7 to analyze the immune cell composition and characterize the activation, proliferation, differentiation of immune cells in healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. This method allows the investigation of the immune cell composition of the aortic wall and opens possibilities to use a broad spectrum of immunological methods for investigations of immune aspects of this disease.

This paper presents a flow cytometry-based method to investigate the immune composition of aortas. The paper also illustrates an additional technique that allows examining surrounding adventitia and vessel wall separately. This method opens possibilities to perform phenotypical analyses of aortic leukocytes and apply several immunological assays for atherosclerosis studies.

マウス大動脈内の免疫細胞のフローサイトメトリー分析

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam ...

免疫・感染学

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is initiated by interaction of the pathogen with intestinal epithelial cells. This interaction leads to disruption of intercellular structures such as tight junctions (TJ). TJ ensure sealing of the epithelial layer to separate host tissue from gut lumen. Recent studies provide evidence that disruption of TJ by the parasitic protein EhCPADH112 is a prerequisite for E. histolytica invasion that is accompanied by epithelial barrier dysfunction. Thus, the analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in TJ disassembly during E. histolytica invasion is of paramount importance to improve our understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis. This article presents an easy model that allows the assessment of initial host-pathogen interactions and the parasite invasion potential. Parameters to be analyzed include transepithelial electrical resistance, interaction of EhCPADH112 with epithelial surface receptors, changes in expression and localization of epithelial junctional markers and localization of parasite molecules within epithelial cells.

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Human infection by Entamoeba histolytica leads to amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea in tropical countries. Infection is initiated by pathogen interactions with intestinal epithelial cells, provoking the opening of cell-cell contacts and consequently diarrhea, sometimes followed by liver infection. This article provides a model to assess the early host-pathogen interactions to improve our understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis.

プロデュース上皮損傷の解析<em&gt;赤痢アメーバ</em&gt;感染症

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is ...

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple stages of T cell development: T cell commitment, positive selection and negative selection. However, the function of TECs in the thymus remains incompletely understood. In the article, we provide a method to isolate TEC subsets from fresh mouse thymus using a combination of mechanical disruption and enzymatic digestion. The method allows thymic stromal cells and thymocytes to be efficiently released from cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix connections and to form a single-cell suspension. Using the isolated cells, multiparameter flow cytometry can be applied to identification and characterization of TECs and dendritic cells. Because TECs are a rare cell population in the thymus, we also describe an effective way to enrich and purify TECs by depleting thymocytes, the most abundant cell type in the thymus. Following the enrichment, cell sorting time can be decreased so that loss of cell viability can be minimized during purification of TECs. Purified cells are suitable for various downstream analyses like Real Time-PCR, Western blot and gene expression profiling. The protocol will promote research of TEC function and as well as the development of in vitro T cell reconstitution.

Here we describe an efficient method for isolation, identification, and purification of mouse thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The protocol can be utilized for studies of thymus function for normal T cell development, thymus dysfunction, and T cell reconstitution.

単離、同定、およびマウス胸腺上皮細胞の精製

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

単離とマウス骨髄由来の単球の静脈注射

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

虚血性マウス脳からの免疫細胞の単離およびフローサイトメトリー分析

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glioma-infiltrating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells are capable of eradicating orthotopically implanted mouse GL26 and rat CNS-1 malignant gliomas soon after intracranial engraftment if the cancer cells are rendered deficient in their expression of the &#946;-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-1 (gal-1). More recent work now shows that a population of Gr-1+/CD11b+ myeloid cells is critical to this effect. To better understand the mechanisms by which NK and myeloid cells cooperate to confer gal-1-deficient tumor rejection we have developed a comprehensive protocol for the isolation and analysis of glioma-infiltrating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The method is demonstrated here by comparing PBMC infiltration into the tumor microenvironment of gal-1-expressing GL26 gliomas with those rendered gal-1-deficient via shRNA knockdown. The protocol begins with a description of&#160;how to culture and prepare GL26 cells for inoculation into the syngeneic C57BL/6J mouse brain. It then explains the steps involved in the isolation and flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating PBMCs from the early brain tumor microenvironment. The method is adaptable to a number of in vivo experimental designs in which temporal data on immune infiltration into the brain is required. The method is sensitive and highly reproducible, as glioma-infiltrating PBMCs can be isolated from intracranial tumors as soon as 24 hr post-tumor engraftment with similar cell counts observed from time point matched tumors throughout independent experiments. A single experimentalist can perform the method from brain harvesting to flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating PBMCs in roughly 4-6 hr depending on the number of samples to be analyzed. Alternative glioma models and/or cell-specific detection antibodies may also be used at the experimentalists&#8217; discretion to assess the infiltration of several other immune cell types of interest without the need for alterations to the overall procedure.

Presented here is a straightforward method for the isolation and flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating peripheral blood mononuclear cells that yields time-dependent quantitative data on the number and activation status of immune cells entering the early brain tumor microenvironment.

神経膠腫浸潤末梢血単核細胞の単離およびフローサイトメトリー分析

Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells are capable of eradicating orthotopically implanted mouse GL26 and rat CNS-1 ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine Small Intestinal Lymphocytes

The intestines &#8212; which contain the largest number of immune cells of any organ in the body &#8212; are constantly exposed to foreign antigens, both microbial and dietary. Given an increasing understanding that these luminal antigens help shape the immune response and that education of immune cells within the intestine is critical for a number of systemic diseases, there has been increased interest in characterizing the intestinal immune system. However, many published protocols are arduous and time-consuming. We present here a simplified protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from the small-intestinal lamina propria, intraepithelial layer, and Peyer&#39;s patches that is rapid, reproducible, and does not require laborious Percoll gradients. Although the protocol focuses on the small intestine, it is also suitable for analysis of the colon. Moreover, we highlight some aspects that may need additional optimization depending on the specific scientific question. This approach results in the isolation of large numbers of viable lymphocytes that can subsequently be used for flow cytometric analysis or alternate means of characterization.

There is growing interest in the quantitative characterization of intestinal lymphocytes owing to increasing recognition that these cells play a critical role in a variety of intestinal and systemic diseases. In this protocol, we describe how to isolate single cell populations from different small-intestinal compartments for subsequent flow cytometric characterization.

マウスの小腸リンパ球の単離およびフローサイトメトリーキャラクタリゼーション

The intestines &#8212; which contain the largest number of immune cells of any organ in the body &#8212; are constantly exposed to foreign antigens, both ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Gamma Delta T Cells

The female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosal immune system serves as the first line of defense. Better knowledge of the genital mucosa is therefore essential for understanding pathogenicity of different pathogens including HIV. Gamma delta (GD) T cells are the prototype of &#39;unconventional&#39; T cells and represent a relatively small subset of T cells defined by their expression of heterodimeric T-cell receptors (TCRs) composed of gamma and delta chains. This sets them apart from the classical and much better known CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that are defined by alpha-beta TCRs. GD T cells often show tissue-specific localization and are enriched in epithelium. GD T cells orchestrate immune responses in inflammation, tumor surveillance, infectious disease, and autoimmunity.
Here, we present a method to reproducibly isolate and analyze human endocervical intraepithelial GD T lymphocytes. We have used endocervical cytobrush samples from women participating in the Women&#39;s Interagency HIV Infection Study (WIHS). Knowledge about GD T cells interactions during conditions in which there is an insult to the vaginal mucosal could be applied to any clinical study in which mucosal vulnerability is addressed, including the development of vaginal microbicides.In addition, knowledge about mucosal GD T cell responses has potential for application of GD T cell-based immune therapy in treating infectious diseases.

We describe here an isolation method to obtain human endocervical intraepithelial lymphocytes for the analysis of intraepithelial gamma delta T cells. This protocol can be extended for the purification of endocervical gamma delta T cells by magnetic beads or by cell sorting.

ヒト子宮頸管ガンマ・デルタT細胞の単離およびフローサイトメトリー分析

The female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosal immune system serves as the first line of defense. Better knowledge of the genital mucosa is therefore ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

離とマウスとヒトの肺胞マクロファージの体外培養

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Digestion of the Murine Liver for a Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells

Within the liver, lymphatic vessels are found within the portal triad, and their described function is to remove interstitial fluid from the liver to the lymph nodes where cellular debris and antigens can be surveyed. We are very interested in understanding how the lymphatic vasculature might be involved in inflammation and immune cell function within the liver. However, very little has been published establishing digestion protocols for the isolation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) from the liver or specific markers that can be used to evaluate liver LECs on a per cell basis. Therefore, we optimized a method for the digestion and staining of the liver in order to evaluate the LEC population in the liver. We are confident that the method outlined here will be useful for the identification and isolation of LECs from the liver and will strengthen our understanding of how LECs respond to the liver microenvironment.

The goal of this protocol is to identify lymphatic endothelial cell populations within the liver using described markers. We utilize collagenase IV and DNase and a gentle mincing of tissue, combined with flow cytometry, to identify a distinct population of lymphatic endothelial cells.

リンパ管内皮細胞のフローサイトのマウス肝臓の消化

Within the liver, lymphatic vessels are found within the portal triad, and their described function is to remove interstitial fluid from the liver to the ...