我々は、助成金のCMMI 0854881と1066898 CBETを通してNSFから資金を認める。著者らは、役立つ提案についてマタイMullensに感謝します。

<ol>
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特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

私たちの折り紙風の組立工程では、汎用性が高く、材質、形状およびサイズ​​の広い範囲で3次元静的および再構成可能な粒子の様々な合成に使用することができます。さらに、これらの粒子上に正確にパターンセンサーと電子モジュールへの能力は、光学とエレクトロニクスのために重要である。パターンは比較的不正確である別の方法によって形成された斑状粒子とは対照的に、この方法論は、正確にパターン化された粒子を合成するための手段を提供する。表面張力ベースのアセンブリでは、封止ヒンジを液化の使用は、粒子が（冷却上）よく密封し、組み立て後の機械的に剛性されることを保証します。以前、我々は、縫い目が小分子39,40に対しても漏れ防止であることを観察している。組立後のAuの薄層の電着は、付加的な強度を提供し、継ぎ目の漏れ防止の性質を向上させることができます。薄い膜応力ベースの折りたたみは、STの用途に有用であるimuli敏感な折りたたみは、in vitroおよび in vivo生物学的サンプリングとロボットのピックアンドプレース操作で実行するために使用されているmicrogrippersのように必要とされる。ここに記載された特定の方法論は、一度だけ閉じリコンフィギュラmicrogrippersを作成するために使用することができますが、二重層にストレスを操作するための材料および方法を適切に選択することも、複数サイクルに渡って37、41に再構成することができ、把持デバイスを作成するために利用することができる。これらのデバイスの電源を残留応力の使用のハイライトは、彼らがどんなテザーやワイヤを必要としそうな場所に到達するのは難しいの作動を可能にする優れた操縦性を持っていないということです。さらに、ポリマートリガーを適切に選択することによって、刺激応答挙動がロボット工学や手術に関連の自律機能を有効にするには、酵素42を含む刺激の範囲で有効にすることができます。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名称 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> 注釈 </td></tr><tr><td> 950ポリメタクリル酸メチル（A11） </td><td>マイクロケム</td><td> M230011 </td><td>犠牲層</td></tr><tr><td>クロムメッキされたタングステンロッド</td><td> RDマティス·カンパニー</td><td> CRW-2 </td><td> Crの蒸発源</td></tr><tr><td>銅スラグ</td><td> Alfa Aesar社</td><td> 7440-50-8 </td><td> Cuの蒸発源</td></tr><tr><td>ゴールドスラグ</td><td> Alfa Aesar社</td><td> 7440-57-5 </td><td>金のために蒸発源</td></tr><tr><td> SPR 220 7.0 </td><td>ローム·アンド·ハース</td><td> 10016640 </td><td>ポジ型フォトレジスト</td></tr><tr><td> Sの1800シリーズのフォトレジスト</td><td>ローム·アンド·ハース</td><td></td><td>正の電話hotoresist </td></tr><tr><td> Megaposit MF-26開発者</td><td>ローム·アンド·ハース</td><td> 10016574 </td><td> SPR 220 7.0フォトレジスト用現像液</td></tr><tr><td> Microposit 351開発者</td><td>ローム·アンド·ハース</td><td> 10016653 </td><td> Sの1800シリーズのフォトレジスト用現像液</td></tr><tr><td>スルファミン酸ニッケル</td><td>テクニック株式会社</td><td> 030175 </td><td> Niのめっき液</td></tr><tr><td>テクニはんだメイトNF 820 40分の60 RTU </td><td>テクニック株式会社</td><td> 330681 </td><td>のPb-Snヒンジ用めっき液</td></tr><tr><td> APSは100銅エッチング液</td><td> Transeneカンパニー株式会社</td><td> 021221 </td><td>銅エッチング液</td></tr><tr><td> CRE 473クロムエッチング液</td><td> Transeneカンパニー株式会社</td><td> 040901 </td><td>クロムエッチング液</td></tr><tr><td> 1 - メチル-2 - ピロリジノン（NMP） </td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> M79603 </td><td>自己折りたたみ基づくのPb-Snの蝶番のための高沸点有機溶剤</td></tr><tr><td> Indalloy 5RMAフラックス</td><td>アメリカのインジウム·コーポレーション</td><td> FL28372 </td><td>はんだ表面をきれいにし、良いのPb-Snリフロー用酸化を阻害する化学物質</td></tr></tbody></table>

origami inspired self-assembly of patterned and reconfigurable particles

正確にパターンに2次元（2D）の構造を使用することができるようなフォトリソグラフィー、電子ビームリソグラフィ、ソフトリソグラフィなど数多くのテクニックがあります。これらの技術は、成熟している高精度を提供し、それらの多くは、ハイスループットな方法で実装することができます。我々は平面リソグラフィの利点を活用し、表面張力や残留応力に由来する1月20日 、請求の物理的な力は、3次元（3D）構造に曲線や折り目平面構造に使用されている自己の折りたたみ方法でそれらを組み合わせる。そうすることで、我々は質量正確に合成するために挑戦している静的および再構成可能な粒子をパターン化し生産することが可能になります。 本稿では、詳細は、顕著なのは、パターン化された粒子を作成するための実験プロトコルを可視化（a）に恒久的に接合され、中空、多面体その自己組織化·液化ヒンジ21から23の表面エネルギーの最小化による自己シールおよび（b）グリッパー、自己倍残留応力パワードヒンジ24,25に起因する。記載された特定のプロトコルは、マイクロメートルからセンチメートル長さスケールに至るまでの全体的なサイズの粒子を作成するために使用できます。また、任意のパターンはコロイド科学、エレクトロニクス、光学、医療における重要性の粒子の表面に定義することができます。より一般的には、セルフシールヒンジを使用した自己組み立て機械的に硬質粒子の概念はさらに小さく、100nmの長さの粒子の作成 ​​には、いくつかのプロセス変更で、適用されるスケール22、26および21を含む金属材料の範囲を持つ、半導体9およびポリマー27。再構成可能な把持デバイスの残留応力動力作動に関しては、当社の特定のプロトコルは100μmから2.5mmまでのサイズのデバイスへの関連性のクロムヒンジを採用しています。しかしながら、より一般的には、そのようなテザー無残留応力の概念電動アクチュエーションは、おそらくさらに小さいナノスケールの把握デバイスを作成するために、そのようなヘテロエピタキシャル堆積された半導体膜5,7のような代替高応力材料を使用することができます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles at JoVE.com

Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles

我々は、2次元（2D）前駆体から、パターン化と再構成可能な粒子の合成の実験の詳細を説明します。この方法論は、ミクロからセンチメートルスケールに至る長さスケールで多面体と把持装置を含む、様々な形状の粒子を作成するために使用できます。

折り紙インスパイアパターン化され、再構成可能な粒子の自己組織化

There are numerous techniques such as photolithography, electron-beam lithography and soft-lithography that can be used to precisely pattern two ...

origami-inspired-self-assembly-patterned-reconfigurable

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

21.5K ビュー.  The Johns Hopkins University. 我々は、2次元（2D）前駆体から、パターン化と再構成可能な粒子の合成の実験の詳細を説明します。この方法論は、ミクロからセンチメートルスケールに至る長さスケールで多面体と把持装置を含む、様々な形状の粒子を作成するために使用できます。

ビデオ: Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles

Formation of Ordered Biomolecular Structures by the Self-assembly of Short Peptides

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control self-assembly and mimicking this process in vitro will bring about major advances in the areas of materials science and nanotechnology. Among the available biological building blocks, peptides have several advantages as they present substantial diversity, their synthesis in large scale is straightforward, and they can easily be modified with biological and chemical entities1,2. Several classes of designed peptides such as cyclic peptides, amphiphile peptides and peptide-conjugates self-assemble into ordered structures in solution. Homoaromatic dipeptides, are a class of short self-assembled peptides that contain all the molecular information needed to form ordered structures such as nanotubes, spheres and fibrils3-8. A large variety of these peptides is commercially available.
This paper presents a procedure that leads to the formation of ordered structures by the self-assembly of homoaromatic peptides. The protocol requires only commercial reagents and basic laboratory equipment. In addition, the paper describes some of the methods available for the characterization of peptide-based assemblies. These methods include electron and atomic force microscopy and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, the manuscript demonstrates the blending of peptides (coassembly) and the formation of a &#34;beads on a string&#34;-like structure by this process.9 The protocols presented here can be adapted to other classes of peptides or biological building blocks and can potentially lead to the discovery of new peptide-based structures and to better control of their assembly.

This paper describes the formation of highly ordered peptide-based structures by the spontaneous process of self-assembly. The method utilizes commercially available peptides and common lab equipment. This technique can be applied to a large variety of peptides and may lead to the discovery of new peptide-based assemblies.

短いペプチドの自己組織化によって順序付け生体分子構造の形成

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control ...

化学

Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles

Current methods in DNA nano-architecture have successfully engineered a variety of 2D and 3D structures using principles of self-assembly. In this article, we describe detailed protocols on how to fabricate sophisticated 2D shapes through the self-assembly of uniquely addressable single-stranded DNA tiles which act as molecular pixels on a molecular canvas. Each single-stranded tile (SST) is a 42-nucleotide DNA strand composed of four concatenated modular domains which bind to four neighbors during self-assembly. The molecular canvas is a rectangle structure self-assembled from SSTs. A prescribed complex 2D shape is formed by selecting the constituent molecular pixels (SSTs) from a 310-pixel molecular canvas and then subjecting the corresponding strands to one-pot annealing. Due to the modular nature of the SST approach we demonstrate the scalability, versatility and robustness of this method. Compared with alternative methods, the SST method enables a wider selection of information polymers and sequences through the use of de novo designed and synthesized short DNA strands.

DNA tiling is an effective approach to make programmable nanostructures. We describe the protocols to construct complex two-dimensional shapes by the self-assembly of single-stranded DNA tiles.

一本鎖DNAタイルから複雑な2次元形状の自己集合

Current methods in DNA nano-architecture have successfully engineered a variety of 2D and 3D structures using principles of self-assembly. In this ...

Preparation of Mica and Silicon Substrates for DNA Origami Analysis and Experimentation

The designed nature and controlled, one-pot synthesis of DNA origami provides exciting opportunities in many fields, particularly nanoelectronics. Many of these applications require interaction with and adhesion of DNA nanostructures to a substrate. Due to its atomically flat and easily cleaned nature, mica has been the substrate of choice for DNA origami experiments. However, the practical applications of mica are relatively limited compared to those of semiconductor substrates. For this reason, a straightforward, stable, and repeatable process for DNA origami adhesion on derivatized silicon oxide is presented here. To promote the adhesion of DNA nanostructures to silicon oxide surface, a self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) is deposited from an aqueous solution that is compatible with many photoresists. The substrate must be cleaned of all organic and metal contaminants using Radio Corporation of America (RCA) cleaning processes and the native oxide layer must be etched to ensure a flat, functionalizable surface. Cleanrooms are equipped with facilities for silicon cleaning, however many components of DNA origami buffers and solutions are often not allowed in them due to contamination concerns. This manuscript describes the set-up and protocol for in-lab, small-scale silicon cleaning for researchers who do not have access to a cleanroom or would like to incorporate processes that could cause contamination of a cleanroom CMOS clean bench. Additionally, variables for regulating coverage are discussed and how to recognize and avoid common sample preparation problems is described.

Reproducible cleaning processes for substrates used in DNA origami research are described, including bench-top RCA cleaning and derivatization of silicon oxide. Protocols for surface preparation, DNA origami deposition, drying parameters, and simple experimental set-ups are illustrated.

DNA折り紙解析と実験のためのマイカとシリコン基板の作製

The designed nature and controlled, one-pot synthesis of DNA origami provides exciting opportunities in many fields, particularly nanoelectronics. Many of ...

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a free-radical polymerization strategy to enable the modulation of the nanotube surface properties and produce supramolecular self-assembly of the nanostructures. First, a selective hydroxylation of the pristine nanotubes through a biphasic catalytically mediated oxidation reaction creates superficially distributed reactive sites at the sidewalls. The latter reactive sites are subsequently modified with methacrylic moieties using a silylated methacrylic precursor to create polymerizable sites. Those polymerizable groups can address further polymerization of styrene to produce a hybrid nanomaterial containing PS chains grafted to the nanotube sidewalls. The polymer-graft content, amount of silylated methacrylic moieties introduced and hydroxylation modification of the nanotubes are identified and quantified by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The presence of reactive functional groups hydroxyl and silylated methacrylate are confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Polystyrene-grafted carbon nanotube solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) provide wall-to-wall collinearly self-assembled nanotubes when cast samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those self-assemblies are not obtained when suitable blanks are similarly cast from analogous solutions containing non-grafted counterparts. Therefore, this method enables the modification of the nanotube anisotropic patchiness at the sidewalls which results into spontaneous auto-organization at the nanoscale.

A procedure for the synthesis of polystyrene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes using successive chemical modification steps to selectively introduce the polymer chains to the sidewalls and their self-assembly via anisotropic patchiness is presented.

ポリスチレン自己組織を有効にして異方的不均一性と多層カーボンナノ チューブを移植

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles

Drying a nanoparticle dispersion is a versatile way to create self-assembled structures of nanoparticles, but the mechanism of this process is not fully understood. We have traced the trajectories of individual nanoparticles using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the mechanism of the assembly process. Herein, we present the protocols used for liquid-cell TEM studies of the self-assembly mechanism. First, we introduce the detailed synthetic protocols used to produce uniformly sized platinum and lead selenide nanoparticles. Next, we present the microfabrication processes used to produce liquid cells with silicon nitride or silicon windows and then describe the loading and imaging procedures of the liquid-cell TEM technique. Several notes are included to provide helpful tips for the entire process, including how to manage the fragile cell windows. The individual motions of nanoparticles tracked by liquid-cell TEM revealed that changes in the solvent boundaries caused by evaporation affected the self-assembly process of nanoparticles. The solvent boundaries drove nanoparticles to primarily form amorphous aggregates, followed by flattening of the aggregates to produce a 2-dimensional (2D) self-assembled structure. These behaviors are also observed for different nanoparticle types and different liquid-cell compositions.

Here we introduce experimental protocols for the real-time observation of a self-assembly process using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy.

ナノ粒子の自己集合の追跡のため液晶セルの透過電子顕微鏡観察

Drying a nanoparticle dispersion is a versatile way to create self-assembled structures of nanoparticles, but the mechanism of this process is not fully ...

Fabrication of Spherical and Worm-shaped Micellar Nanocrystals by Combining Electrospray, Self-assembly, and Solvent-based Structure Control

Micellar nanocrystals (micelles with encapsulated nanocrystals) have become an emerging major class of nanobiomaterials. We describe a method of fabricating micellar nanocrystals based on combining top-down electrospray, bottom-up self-assembly, and solvent-based structure control. This method involves first using electrospray to generate uniform ultrafine liquid droplets, each of which functions as a micro-reactor in which self-assembly reaction occurs forming micellar nanocrystals, with the structures (micelle shape and nanocrystal encapsulation) controlled by the organic solvent used. This method is largely continuous and produces high quality micellar nanocrystal products with an inexpensive structure control approach. By using a water-miscible organic solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF), worm-shaped micellar nanocrystals can be produced due to solvent-induced/facilitated micelle fusion. Compared with the common spherical micellar nanocrystals, worm-shaped micellar nanocrystals can offer minimized non-specific cellular uptake, thus enhancing biological targeting. By co-encapsulating multiple nanocrystals into each micelle, multifunctional or synergistic effects can be achieved. Current limitations of this fabrication method, which will be part of the future work, primarily include imperfect encapsulation in the micellar nanocrystal product and the incompletely continuous nature of the process.

The present work describes a method to fabricate micellar nanocrystals, an emerging major class of nanobiomaterials. This method combines top-down electrospray, bottom-up self-assembly, and solvent-based structure control. The fabrication method is largely continuous, can produce high quality products, and possesses an inexpensive means of structure control.

組み立て式、エレクトロ スプレーを組み合わせることによって球形とワーム状ミセル ナノ結晶と溶剤ベースの構造制御の作製

Micellar nanocrystals (micelles with encapsulated nanocrystals) have become an emerging major class of nanobiomaterials. We describe a method of ...

Bio-inspired Polydopamine Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds and Its Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a simple protocol for the multifunctional surface modification of NDs by using mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) coating. In addition, the functional layer of PDA on NDs could serve as a reducing agent to synthesize and stabilize metal nanoparticles. Dopamine (DA) can self-polymerize and spontaneously form PDA layers on ND surfaces if the NDs and dopamine are simply mixed together. The thickness of a PDA layer is controlled by varying the concentration of DA. A typical result shows that a thickness of ~5 to ~15 nm of the PDA layer can be reached by adding 50 to 100 &#181;g/mL of DA to 100 nm ND suspensions. Furthermore, the PDA-NDs are used as a substrate to reduce metal ions, such as Ag[(NH3)2]+, to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The sizes of the AgNPs rely on the initial concentrations of Ag[(NH3)2]+. Along with an increase in the concentration of Ag[(NH3)2]+, the number of NPs increases, as well as the diameters of the NPs. In summary, this study not only presents a facile method for modifying the surfaces of NDs with PDA, but also demonstrates the enhanced functionality of NDs by anchoring various species of interest (such as AgNPs) for advanced applications.

A facile protocol is presented to functionalize the surfaces of nanodiamonds with polydopamine.

ナノダイアモンドおよびその低減銀ナノ粒子の生体 Polydopamine 表面改質

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Gene-therapy Inspired Polycation Coating for Protection of DNA Origami Nanostructures

DNA origami nanostructures hold an immense potential to be used for biological and medical applications. However, low-salt conditions and nucleases in physiological fluids induce denaturation and degradation of self-assembled DNA nanostructures. In non-viral gene delivery, enzymatic degradation of DNA is overcome by the encapsulation of the negatively charged DNA in a cationic shell. Herein, inspired by gene delivery advancements, a simple, one-step and robust methodology is presented for the stabilization of DNA origami nanostructures by coating them with chitosan and linear polyethyleneimine. The polycation coating efficiently protects DNA origami nanostructures in Mg-depleted and nuclease-rich media. This method also preserves the full addressability of enzyme- and aptamer-based functionalization of DNA nanostructures.

Here, a protocol for the protection of DNA origami nanostructures in Mg-depleted and nuclease-rich media using natural cationic polysaccharide chitosan and synthetic linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) coatings is presented.

遺伝子療法ポリカチオン コーティングに影響を与えた DNA 折り紙ナノ構造体の保護

DNA origami nanostructures hold an immense potential to be used for biological and medical applications. However, low-salt conditions and nucleases in ...

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock copolymers are produced by one of three techniques: thin film rehydration, solvent switching or polymerization-induced self-assembly, and produce only flexible, polydisperse cylinders. Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) is a method which can produce cylinders with these properties, by stabilizing structures of a lower curvature due to the formation of a crystalline core. However, the living polymerization techniques by which most core-forming blocks are formed are not trivial processes and the CDSA process may yield unsatisfactory results if carried out incorrectly. Here, the synthesis of cylindrical nanoparticles from simple reagents is shown. The drying and purification of reagents prior to a ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone catalyzed by diphenyl phosphate is described. This polymer is then chain extended by methyl methacrylate (MMA) followed by N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) using reversible addition&#8722;fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, affording a triblock copolymer that can undergo CDSA in ethanol. The living CDSA process is outlined, the results of which yield cylindrical nanoparticles up to 500 nm in length and a length dispersity as low as 1.05. It is anticipated that these protocols will allow others to produce cylindrical nanostructures and elevate the field of CDSA in the future.

Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) displays the unique ability to fabricate cylindrical nanostructures of narrow length distributions. The organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone and subsequent chain extensions of methyl methacrylate and N,N-dimethyl acrylamide are demonstrated. A living CDSA protocol that produces monodisperse cylinders up to 500 nm in length is outlined.

生分解性ブロック共重合体の結晶化駆動自己組織化による単分散円筒ナノ粒子の合成

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock ...

DNA Origami-Mediated Substrate Nanopatterning of Inorganic Structures for Sensing Applications

Structural DNA nanotechnology provides a viable route for building from the bottom-up using DNA as construction material. The most common DNA nanofabrication technique is called DNA origami, and it allows high-throughput synthesis of accurate and highly versatile structures with nanometer-level precision. Here, it is shown how the spatial information of DNA origami can be transferred to metallic nanostructures by combining the bottom-up DNA origami with the conventionally used top-down lithography approaches. This allows fabrication of billions of tiny nanostructures in one step onto selected substrates. The method is demonstrated using bowtie DNA origami to create metallic bowtie-shaped antenna structures on silicon nitride or sapphire substrates. The method relies on the selective growth of a silicon oxide layer on top of the origami deposition substrate, thus resulting in a patterning mask for following lithographic steps. These nanostructure-equipped surfaces can be further used as molecular sensors (e.g., surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)) and in various other optical applications at the visible wavelength range owing to the small feature sizes (sub-10 nm). The technique can be extended to other materials through methodological modifications; therefore, the resulting optically active surfaces may find use in development of metamaterials and metasurfaces.

Here, we describe a protocol to create discrete and accurate inorganic nanostructures on substrates using DNA origami shapes as guiding templates. The method is demonstrated by creating plasmonic gold bowtie-shaped antennas on a transparent substrate (sapphire).