この作品は、DFGからGMTへの助成金によって支えられて

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M., Seifert, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+growth+from+limb+motorneurons+in+the+locust+embryo:+the+effect+of+target+limb+removal+on+the+pattern+of+axon+branching+in+the+periphery.">Axon growth from limb motorneurons in the locust embryo: the effect of target limb removal on the pattern of axon branching in the periphery.</a> Developmental Biology. 106, 438-449 (1984).</li><li>Whitington, P. M., Leach, D., Sandeman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+change+in+neural+development+within+the+arthropods:+axonogenesis+in+the+embryos+of+two+crustaceans.">Evolutionary change in neural development within the arthropods: axonogenesis in the embryos of two crustaceans.</a> Development. 118, 449-461 (1993).</li><li>Williams, D. 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著者らは、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

モデル系としてショウジョウバエの一つの主要な利点は、単一細胞のレベルでの発達と機能の解析を可能にすることである。これは、細胞の種類の多様性は非常に高く、隣接する細胞の機能と形態が全く異なることがあります神経系に関しては特に便利です。 ここでお見せする方法は、永久染色剤や蛍光顕微鏡法による直接調べに変換することができる色素を持?...

個々の細胞レベルでの神経形態の知識は神経接続とCNS機能を理解するための重要な前提条件です。このように、神経科学の黎明期から、研究者は、単一細胞標識技術（この問題の歴史的な治療のために7を参照）を開発しようとしてきた。そのようなゴルジ染色などの古典的な方法は、神経形態の優れた解像度を提供しますが、一つは染色はランダムに発生するように、指示された方法で、神経細胞の特定の種類にラベルを付けるために求める場合は適していません。微小電極から色素の細胞内またはjuxtacellular注射することで、単一細胞を染色するための方法の開発は、特定のラベリングの要件に対処した。 ショウジョウバエへの単一ニューロン染料注入のアプリケーションが原因生物とニューロンの両方のサイズが小さい、大きな課題を提示した。 ショウジョウバエの胚のそれにもかかわらず、単一のニューロンの染色</em&gt;ニューロンはコーリー·グッドマン15の研究室では、1980年代半ばに達成された。方法は極めて有用であったし、最後の20〜30年（ 例えば、2、10）以上、ショウジョウバエの神経発達のメカニズムにいくつかの重要な洞察を提供してきましたが、多くの労働者が主な理由として、その技術的な要求のために、それを敬遠してきた。 ショウジョウバエのニューロンの標識のための遺伝的技術のより近年の可用性は、単一ニューロンの色素注入の不人気に貢献してきました。膜標的化GFPコンストラクトのGAL4指向発現は、神経形態学1、20の優れた分解能を提供することができます。しかし、この方法は、一定の制限があります：複数の細胞におけるGFPのしばしば不可避式は個々のニューロンの構造を分かりにくくすることができますとGAL4ドライバーラインは、関心のある特定の神経細胞での発現を駆動するのに利用可能でないかもしれません。 MARCM（REPを持つモザイク解析ressible細胞マーカー）法8は、個々 の細胞レベルで、本質的に任意のニューロンを標識しましたが、正常になぜならGAL80タンパク質の代謝回転の遅い胚と早期幼虫に使用することはできませんを提供することができます。 遺伝標識のこれらの制限を考えて、私たちは、 ショウジョウバエの胚において、単一ニューロンの色素注入は重要な手法のままで、広範なアプリケーションに値すると信じています。この目標を推進するために、我々はここで方法の詳細な説明を提供します。そのパワーのイラストが遅くショウジョウバエの胚14の腹部neuromeresにおける介在の完全なセットの形態の我々の最近のアカウントで提供されています。個々の神経細胞種の形態学的変動と胎児の中枢神経系における神経分節組織の原則の両方を明らかにしたこの研究では、現在使用可能な他の標識法では不可能だったでしょう。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬/材料の名称 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> 注釈 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 試薬 </td></tr><tr><td> DAB </td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> <a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/d5905" target="_blank">D-5905</a> </td><td> 100mMのトリス-HCl、pH 7.4で2-3 mg / mlの</td></tr><tr><td> DiIを</td><td>インビトロジェン/モレキュラープローブ</td><td> <a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/D282" target="_blank">D-282</a> </td><td>エタノール中で1 mg / mlの</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="http://www.merckmillipore.com/germany/chemicals/formaldehydloesung-min-37-prozent/MDA_CHEM-104002/p_Wt6b.s1L6pAAAAEWpOEfVhTl" target="_blank">ホルムアルデヒド</a> </td><td>メルクミリポア</td><td></td><td> PBS中の7,4％ </td> &lt;/ TR&gt; <tr><td>グリセロール</td><td> <a href="http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/" target="_blank">ロート</a> </td><td> 3783 </td><td> PBS中で70パーセント</td></tr><tr><td>ヘプタングルー</td><td>バイヤスドルフ社</td><td>チェロ31-39-30 * </td><td> caを薄める。 n-ヘプタンで1から1 </td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td></td><td></td><td> 1X </td></tr><tr><td>トリス</td><td> <a href="http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/" target="_blank">ロート</a> </td><td> 4855 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vectashield </td><td>ベクターラボラトリーズ</td><td> <a href="http://www.vectorlabs.com/catalog.aspx?prodID=427" target="_blank">H1000</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 機器 </td></tr><tr><td>共焦点顕微鏡</td><td>ライカ</td><td> TCS SP2 </td><td>蛍光で標識化して表示し、文書化する</td></tr><tr><td> DC -mplifier </td><td>ドラガン·コーポレーション</td><td>礎石ION-100 </td><td>ラベル付けを実行する</td></tr><tr><td>カバースリップ</td><td> <a href="http://www.menzel.de/" target="_blank">メンツェル</a> </td><td> BB018018A1 </td><td> 18 x 18のmm </td></tr><tr><td>カバースリップ</td><td> <a href="http://www.menzel.de/" target="_blank">メンツェル</a> </td><td> BB024060A1 </td><td> 24×60ミリメートル</td></tr><tr><td>解剖顕微鏡</td><td>ライカ</td><td> MZ8 </td><td>胚を準備しdisectする</td></tr><tr><td>フラットキャピラリ</td><td> <a href="http://www.hilgenberg-gmbh.de/" target="_blank">Hilgenberg</a> </td><td></td><td>外径1ミリメートル; GLAS厚さ0.1ミリメートル</td></tr><tr><td>注射毛細血管</td><td>サイエンス事業</td><td> 100 GBのTF 8P </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>マニピュレーターR </td><td>ライカ</td><td></td><td>ラベル付けを実行する</td></tr><tr><td>モデルP-97 </td><td>サターインスツルメンツ</td><td></td><td>毛細血管を引っ張る</td></tr><tr><td>オブジェクトスライド</td><td> <a href="http://www.marienfeld-superior.com/" target="_blank">Marienfeldスペリオル</a> </td><td> 1000000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>科学的な顕微鏡</td><td>ツァイス</td><td> Axioskop 2名言</td><td>光変換後にラベル付けを表示する</td></tr><tr><td>科学的な顕微鏡</td><td>オリンポス</td><td> BX50 </td><td>ラベル付けを実行する</td></tr><tr><td>ソニーMC3255ビデオカメラ</td><td>ソニー/ AVTホーン</td><td>ソニーMC3255 </td><td>光変換後ラベリングを記録する</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。

labeling of single cells in the central nervous system of drosophila melanogaster

この記事では、我々は個々に親油性の蛍光膜マーカーDiIのjuxtacellular注射によるキイロショウジョウバエの胚中枢神経系の神経細胞をラベル付けする方法を説明します。この方法は、非常に詳細に神経細胞形態の可視化を可能にします。それは、CNS内の任意のセルにラベルを付けることが可能です：標的ニューロンの細胞体は、DIC光学の下やGFPなどの蛍光遺伝子マーカーの発現によって可視化されています。標識後、DIIは、透過光とDIC光学系と細胞形態の可視化を可能にすることにより光電永久茶色の染色に変換することができます。あるいは、DiI標識細胞を遺伝子導入した蛍光レポータータンパク質がcolocalisedすることを可能にする、共焦点顕微鏡で直接観察することができます。技術はそれが可能な単一細胞の解像度で変異体の表現型を解析すること、遺伝子型にかかわらず、任意の動物に使用することができます。

図4は技術の典型的な結果を示して、私たちはここで説明しています。 図4Aは、きれいにphotoconvertedたDiIを埋め単一介在ニューロンの例を示しています。それは、うまくこれらの準備が提供する詳細情報の量を示しています。非標識の周囲の組織内に標識された細胞の空間的な文脈が見えるようになり、DIC光学の下で見たときに、皮質内および神経網内の繊維投影の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

我々は、中枢神経系における単一ニューロンを標識するための技術（CNS）の提示<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;透過光または共焦点顕微鏡法のいずれかによる神経形態の分析を可能にする胚。

の中枢神経系における単一細胞のラベリング<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

labeling-single-cells-central-nervous-system-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

12.6K ビュー.  University of Mainz. 我々は、中枢神経系における単一ニューロンを標識するための技術（CNS）の提示ショウジョウバエ透過光または共焦点顕微鏡法のいずれかによる神経形態の分析を可能にする胚。

ビデオ: Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Thorough preclinical testing of central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics includes a consideration of routes of administration and agent biodistribution in assessing therapeutic efficacy. Between the two major classifications of administration, local vs. systemic, systemic delivery approaches are often preferred due to ease of administration. However, systemic delivery may result in suboptimal drug concentration being achieved in the CNS, and lead to erroneous conclusions regarding agent efficacy. Local drug delivery methods are more invasive, but may be necessary to achieve therapeutic CNS drug levels. Here, we demonstrate proper technique for three routes of systemic drug delivery: intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, and oral gavage. In addition, we show a method for local delivery to the brain: convection-enhanced delivery (CED). The use of fluorescently-labeled compounds is included for in vivo imaging and verification of proper drug administration. The methods are presented using murine models, but can easily be adapted for use in rats.

Thorough preclinical testing of drugs that act in the central nervous system often involves assessing and comparing drug biodistribution in association with specific routes of administration. Here, three commonly used methods of systemic delivery (intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral) as well as a method for local delivery (convection-enhanced delivery) are demonstrated in mice.

齧歯類モデルで中枢神経系の疾患を治療するための全身および局所薬物送達

Thorough preclinical testing of central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics includes a consideration of routes of administration and agent biodistribution ...

神経科学

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

The Drosophila embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the procedure for the visualization of Drosophila embryonic nervous system using antibodies to neuronal proteins. Since the entire embryonic peripheral nervous and central nervous systems are well characterized at the level of individual cells (Dambly-Chaudi&egrave;re et al., 1986; Bodmer et al., 1987; Bodmer et al., 1989), any aberrations to these systems can be easily identified using antibodies to different neuronal proteins. The developing embryos are collected at certain times to ensure that the embryos are in the proper developmental stages for visualization. After collection, the outer layers of the embryo, the chorion membrane and the vitelline envelope that surrounds the embryo, are removed before fixation. Embryos are then incubated with neuronal antibodies and visualized using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies. Embryos at stages 12-17 are visualized to access the embryonic nervous system. At stage 12 the CNS germ band starts shortening and by stage 15 the definitive pattern of the commissure has been achieved. By stage 17 the CNS contracts and the PNS is fully developed (Campos-Ortega et al. 1985). Thus changes in the pattern of the PNS and CNS can be easily observed during these developmental stages.

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

We describe the procedure to prepare staged Drosophila embryos for the visualization of the embryonic nervous system during embryogenesis.

ホールマウントの胎児神経系の可視化ショウジョウバエ胚

The Drosophila embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the ...

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. 
The optic nerve can be accessed within the orbit of the eye and completely transected (axotomized), cutting the axons of the entire RGC population. Optic nerve 
transection is a reproducible model of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the adult CNS 1-4. This model is particularly attractive because the vitreous
 chamber of the eye acts as a capsule for drug delivery to the retina, permitting experimental manipulations via intraocular injections. The diffusion of chemicals 
through the vitreous fluid ensures that they act upon the entire RGC population. Moreover, RGCs can be selectively transfected by applying short interfering RNAs 
(siRNAs), plasmids, or viral vectors to the cut end of the optic nerve 5-7 or injecting vectors into their target, the superior colliculus 8. 
This allows researchers to study apoptotic mechanisms in the desired neuronal population without confounding effects on other bystander neurons or surrounding glia. 
An additional benefit is the ease and accuracy with which cell survival can be quantified after injury. The retina is a flat, layered tissue and RGCs are localized in 
the innermost layer, the ganglion cell layer. The survival of RGCs can be tracked over time by applying a fluorescent tracer (3% Fluorogold) to the cut end of the 
optic nerve at the time of axotomy, or by injecting the tracer into the superior colliculus (RGC target) one week prior to axotomy. The tracer is retrogradely transported, labeling 
the entire RGC population. Because the ganglion cell layer is a monolayer (one cell thick), RGC densities can be quantified in flat-mounted tissue, without the need 
for stereology. Optic nerve transection leads to the apoptotic death of 90% of injured RGCs within 14 days postaxotomy 9-11. RGC apoptosis has a 
characteristic time-course whereby cell death is delayed 3-4 days postaxotomy, after which the cells rapidly degenerate. This provides a time window for 
experimental manipulations directed against pathways involved in apoptosis.

Optic Nerve transection is a widely used model of adult CNS injury. Ninety percent of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) whose axons are completely transected (axotomy) die within 14 days after axotomy. This model is easily amenable to experimental manipulations and highly reproducible.

視神経切断：中枢神経系における成人ニューロンのアポトーシスのモデル

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. 
The optic nerve can be ...

Multimodal Imaging of Stem Cell Implantation in the Central Nervous System of Mice

During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, both in preclinical and clinical studies. However, to date results regarding functional outcome and/or tissue regeneration following stem cell transplantation are quite diverse. Generally, a clinical benefit is observed without profound understanding of the underlying mechanism(s)1. Therefore, multiple efforts have led to the development of different molecular imaging modalities to monitor stem cell grafting with the ultimate aim to accurately evaluate survival, fate and physiology of grafted stem cells and/or their micro-environment. Changes observed in one or more parameters determined by molecular imaging might be related to the observed clinical effect. In this context, our studies focus on the combined use of bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological analysis to evaluate stem cell grafting.
BLI is commonly used to non-invasively perform cell tracking and monitor cell survival in time following transplantation2-7, based on a biochemical reaction where cells expressing the Luciferase-reporter gene are able to emit light following interaction with its substrate (e.g. D-luciferin)8, 9. MRI on the other hand is a non-invasive technique which is clinically applicable10 and can be used to precisely locate cellular grafts with very high resolution11-15, although its sensitivity highly depends on the contrast generated after cell labeling with an MRI contrast agent. Finally, post-mortem histological analysis is the method of choice to validate research results obtained with non-invasive techniques with highest resolution and sensitivity. Moreover end-point histological analysis allows us to perform detailed phenotypic analysis of grafted cells and/or the surrounding tissue, based on the use of fluorescent reporter proteins and/or direct cell labeling with specific antibodies.
In summary, we here visually demonstrate the complementarities of BLI, MRI and histology to unravel different stem cell- and/or environment-associated characteristics following stem cell grafting in the CNS of mice. As an example, bone marrow-derived stromal cells, genetically engineered to express the enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) and firefly Luciferase (fLuc), and labeled with blue fluorescent micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs), will be grafted in the CNS of immune-competent mice and outcome will be monitored by BLI, MRI and histology (Figure 1).

This article describes an optimized sequence of events for multimodal imaging of cellular grafts in rodent brain using: (i) in vivo bioluminescence and magnetic resonance imaging, and (ii) post mortem histological analysis. Combining these imaging modalities on a single animal allows cellular graft evaluation with high resolution, sensitivity and specificity.

マウスの中枢神経系における幹細胞注入のマルチモーダルイメージング

During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, ...

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing therapeutic approaches. Lentiviral vectors are attractive tools in transduction of neurons and other cell types in CNS as they transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, support sustained expression of transgenes, and have relatively large packaging capacity and low toxicity 1-3. Lentiviral vectors have been successfully used in transducing many neural cell types in vitro 4-6 and in animals 7-10.
Great efforts have been made to develop lentiviral vectors with improved biosafety and efficiency for gene delivery. The current third generation replication-defective and self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors are depicted in Figure 1. The required elements for vector packaging are split into four plasmids. In the lentiviral transfer plasmid, the U3 region in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) is replaced with a strong promoter from another virus. This modification allows the transcription of the vector sequence independent of HIV-1 Tat protein that is normally required for HIV gene expression 11. The packaging signal (&Psi;) is essential for encapsidation and the Rev-responsive element (RRE) is required for producing high titer vectors. The central polypurine tract (cPPT) is important for nuclear import of the vector DNA, a feature required for transducing non-dividing cells 12. In the 3' LTR, the cis-regulatory sequences are completely removed from the U3 region. This deletion is copied to 5' LTR after reverse transcription, resulting in transcriptional inactivation of both LTRs. Plasmid pMDLg/pRRE contains HIV-1 gag/pol genes, which provide structural proteins and reverse transcriptase. pRSV-Rev encodes Rev which binds to the RRE for efficient RNA export from the nucleus. pCMV-G encodes the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) that replaces HIV-1 Env. VSV-G expands the tropism of the vectors and allows concentration via ultracentrifugation 13. All the genes encoding the accessory proteins, including Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef are excluded in the packaging system. The production and manipulation of lentiviral vectors should be carried out according to NIH guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA (<a href="http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf" target="_blank">http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf</a>). An approval from individual Institutional Biological and Chemical Safety Committee may be required before using lentiviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors are commonly produced by cotransfection of 293T cells with lentiviral transfer plasmid and the helper plasmids encoding the proteins required for vector packaging. Many lentiviral transfer plasmids and helper plasmids can be obtained from Addgene, a non-profit plasmid repository (<a href="http://www.addgene.org/" target="_blank">http://www.addgene.org/</a>). Some stable packaging cell lines have been developed, but these systems provide less flexibility and their packaging efficiency generally declines over time 14, 15. Commercially available transfection kits may support high efficiency of transfection 16, but they can be very expensive for large scale vector preparations. Calcium phosphate precipitation methods provide highly efficient transfection of 293T cells and thus provide a reliable and cost effective approach for lentiviral vector production.
In this protocol, we produce lentiviral vectors by cotransfection of 293T cells with four plasmids based on the calcium phosphate precipitation principle, followed by purification and concentration with ultracentrifugation through a 20% sucrose cushion. The vector titers are determined by fluorescence- activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis or by real time qPCR. The production and titration of lentiviral vectors in this protocol can be finished with 9 days. We provide an example of transducing these vectors into murine neocortical cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes. We demonstrate that lentiviral vectors support high efficiency of transduction and cell type-specific gene expression in primary cultured cells from CNS.

In this protocol we describe production, purification and titration of lentiviral vectors. We provide an example of lentiviral vector-mediated gene delivery in primary cultured neurons and astrocytes. Our methods may also apply to other cell types in vitro and in vivo.

中枢神経系から細胞を変換するためのレンチウイルスベクターの生産

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing ...

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. Understanding repair and regeneration in animals is a key question in biology. The damaged human CNS does not regenerate, and understanding how to promote the regeneration is one of main goals of medical neuroscience. The powerful genetic toolkit of Drosophila can be used to tackle the problem of CNS regeneration.
A lesion to the CNS ventral nerve cord (VNC, equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord) is applied manually with a tungsten needle. The VNC can subsequently be filmed in time-lapse using laser scanning confocal microscopy for up to 24 hr to follow the development of the lesion over time. Alternatively, it can be cultured, then fixed and stained using immunofluorescence to visualize neuron and glial cells with confocal microscopy. Using appropriate markers, changes in cell morphology and cell state as a result of injury can be visualized. With ImageJ and purposely developed plug-ins, quantitative and statistical analyses can be carried out to measure changes in wound size over time and the effects of injury in cell proliferation and cell death. These methods allow the analysis of large sample sizes. They can be combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and repair.

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An injury paradigm using the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord to investigate central nervous system regeneration and repair is described. Stabbing followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy in time-lapse and fixed specimens, combined with quantitative analysis with purposefully developed software and genetics, are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CNS regeneration and repair.

中枢神経系の修復を調査するために傷害パラダイム<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

Direct Intraventricular Delivery of Drugs to the Rodent Central Nervous System

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses specifically on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), though the techniques shown in the video here can also be used to deliver a plethora of other drugs to the CNS. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have the capability to knockdown sequence-specific targets 1 as well as shift isoform ratios of specific genes 2. To achieve widespread gene knockdown or splicing in the CNS of mice, the ASOs can be delivered into the brain using two separate routes of administration, both of which we demonstrate in the video.
The first uses Alzet osmotic pumps, connected to a catheter that is surgically implanted into the lateral ventricle. This allows the ASOs to be continuously infused into the CNS for a designated period of time. The second involves a single bolus injection of a high concentration of ASO into the right lateral ventricle. Both methods use the mouse cerebral ventricular system to deliver the ASO to the entire brain and spinal cord, though depending on the needs of the study, one method may be preferred over the other.

We describe a method to target drugs to the central nervous system by either implanting a catheter or performing a bolus injection into the right lateral ventricle in mice. We focus specifically on the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. This technique is readily adaptable to other drugs and to rats.

齧歯中枢神経系への薬物の直接脳室内デリバリー

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses ...

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Multiple processes are involved in gene expression including transcription, translation and stability of mRNAs and proteins. Each of these steps are tightly regulated, affecting the final dynamics of protein abundance. Various regulatory mechanisms exist at the translation step, rendering mRNA levels alone an unreliable indicator of gene expression. In addition, local regulation of mRNA translation has been particularly implicated in neuronal functions, shifting &#39;translatomics&#39; to the focus of attention in neurobiology. The presented method can be used to bridge transcriptomics and proteomics.
Here we describe essential modifications to the technique of polyribosome fractionation, which interrogates the translatome based on the association of actively translated mRNAs to multiple ribosomes and their differential sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Traditionally, working with in vivo samples, particularly of the central nervous system (CNS), has proven challenging due to the restricted amounts of material and the presence of fatty tissue components. In order to address this, the described protocol is specifically optimized for use with minimal amount of CNS material, as demonstrated by the use of single mouse spinal cord and brain. Briefly, CNS tissues are extracted and translating ribosomes are immobilized on mRNAs with cycloheximide. Myelin flotation is then performed to remove lipid rich components. Fractionation is performed on a sucrose gradient where mRNAs are separated according to their ribosomal loading. Isolated fractions are suitable for a range of downstream assays, including new genome wide assay technologies.

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

This protocol illustrates essential modifications of polyribosome fractionation in order to study the translatome of in vivo CNS samples. It allows global assessment of translation and transcription regulation through the isolation and comparison of total RNA to ribosome bound RNA fractions.

ポリリボソーム画によって中枢神経系Translatomeの生体尋問中

Multiple processes are involved in gene expression including transcription, translation and stability of mRNAs and proteins. Each of these steps are ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution has been a long sought tool for neuroscientists in the systems-level search for the neural circuitry governing complex behavioral states. Optogenetics is a cutting-edge tool that is revolutionizing the field of neuroscience and represents one of the first systematic approaches to enable causal testing regarding the relation between neural signaling events and behavior. By combining optical and genetic approaches, neural signaling can be bi-directionally controlled through expression of light-sensitive ion channels (opsins) in mammalian cells. The current protocol describes delivery of specific wavelengths of light to opsin-expressing cells in deep brain structures of awake, freely-moving rodents for neural circuit modulation. Theoretical principles of light transmission as an experimental consideration are discussed in the context of performing in vivo optogenetic stimulation. The protocol details the design and construction of both simple and complex laser configurations and describes tethering strategies to permit simultaneous stimulation of multiple animals for high-throughput behavioral testing.

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Optogenetics has become a powerful tool for use in behavioral neuroscience experiments. This protocol offers a step-by-step guide to the design and set-up of laser systems, and provides a full protocol for carrying out multiple and simultaneous in vivo optogenetic stimulations compatible with most rodent behavioral testing paradigms.

齧歯類の中枢神経系の生体光遺伝学的刺激

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

Optical Clearing of the Mouse Central Nervous System Using Passive CLARITY

Traditionally, tissue visualization has required that the tissue of interest be serially sectioned and imaged, subjecting each tissue section to unique non-linear deformations, dramatically hampering one's ability to evaluate cellular morphology, distribution and connectivity in the central nervous system (CNS). However, optical clearing techniques are changing the way tissues are visualized. These approaches permit one to probe deeply into intact organ preparations, providing tremendous insight into the structural organization of tissues in health and disease. Techniques such as Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY) achieve this goal by providing a matrix that binds important biomolecules while permitting light-scattering lipids to freely diffuse out. Lipid removal, followed by refractive index matching, renders the tissue transparent and readily imaged in 3 dimensions (3D). Nevertheless, the electrophoretic tissue clearing (ETC) used in the original CLARITY protocol can be challenging to implement successfully and the use of a proprietary refraction index matching solution makes it expensive to use the technique routinely. This report demonstrates the implementation of a simple and inexpensive optical clearing protocol that combines passive CLARITY for improved tissue integrity and 2,2&#8242;-thiodiethanol (TDE), a previously described refractive index matching solution.

Optical clearing techniques are revolutionizing the way tissues are visualized. In this report we describe modifications of the original Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY) protocol that yields more consistent and less expensive results.

パッシブCLARITYを使用したマウス中枢神経系の光学クリア

Traditionally, tissue visualization has required that the tissue of interest be serially sectioned and imaged, subjecting each tissue section to unique ...