本研究では、ベルリンの分子医学とシャリテ医学部センターをDelbrückの実験的および臨床研究センター、マックスの協力からSWにドイツ学術振興（DFG WA 2804）とSWに大学の助成金によって賄われていた。資金提供者は、研究デザイン、データ収集と分析、公表することを決定、または原稿の準備で何の役割を持っていた。我々は我々の研究室で彼のインターンシップ中に技術的なサポートのために氏ロバート·ウェストファルに感謝します。

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(17), e773 (2008).</li><li>Inaba, K., Inaba, M., Romani, N., Aya, H., Deguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+large+numbers+of+dendritic+cells+from+mouse+bone+marrow+cultures+supplemented+with+granulocyte/macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor.">Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor.</a> Journal of Experimental Medicine. 176 (6), 1693-1702 (1992).</li><li>Lanzavecchia, A., Sallusto, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ralph+M.+Steinman.+1943-2011.">Ralph M. Steinman. 1943-2011.</a> Cell. 147 (6), 1216-1217 (1943).</li><li>Srinivas, M., Turner, M. S., Janjic, J. M., Morel, P. A., Laidlaw, D. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perfluoroctylbromide+as+a+diagnostic+contrast+medium+in+gastroenterography.">Perfluoroctylbromide as a diagnostic contrast medium in gastroenterography.</a> Radiology. 122 (1), 71-76 (1977).</li><li>Kwiatkowska, K., Sobota, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+pathways+in+phagocytosis.">Signaling pathways in phagocytosis.</a> Bioessays. 21 (5), 422-431 (1999).</li><li>Mitragotri, S., Lahann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+approaches+to+biomaterial+design.">Physical approaches to biomaterial design.</a> Nat. Mater. 8 (1), 15-23 (2009).</li><li>Hoult, D. I., Richards, R. 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著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

リンパ節へのDCの移動に追従する19 F / 1 H MRIを用いるこの方法は、 生体内で免疫細胞の移動パターンを検討する機会を与える。樹状細胞は急速に緊密に特定の基材17に付着することなく3次元構造を通して操縦することができる免疫細胞の移行の優れた例である。記載された技術の低い空間分解能（μmの範囲は）多光子顕微鏡で達成することができる高分解能（nm...

生体内での細胞の追跡は生物医学のいくつかの分野において重要な側面である。このために、選択的に、ある期間にわたって細胞をローカライズすることができ非侵襲イメージング技術は非常に貴重である。 3次元磁気共鳴イメージング（MRI）の開発に先立ち、免疫細胞遊走の追跡は、顕微鏡の分析又は組織生検に限られていた。 MRIの助けを借りて追跡細胞は、 生体内の免疫細胞の挙動を研究するための免疫学者だけでなく、臨床および幹細胞の研究者だけでなく、過去数年間で莫大な注目を集めている。 90年代半ばの間に、酸化鉄の最初の研究では、MRIで追跡セルに対して開発のカスケードを開始した1ナノ。酸化鉄粒子は、標識された細胞のMR緩和時間（T2 *）短縮し、従って、MR画像の信号枯渇を招く。酸化鉄粒子は、ラベルマクロファージ2、オリゴデンドロサイトウェブに採用されているrogenitors 3および他の多くの細胞型。これらの粒子の一部は、臨床的にメラノーマ患者4のセルラワクチンを標識するためにFDAによって承認されている。 インビボで発信または酸化鉄粒子による細胞のex vivoでの標識は、T2 *信号の短縮に依存しており、後者はまた、マイクロ出血、鉄沈着物や気泡等のインビボ感受性に関連したT2 *効果によってもたらされることができるそれは、他のバックグラウンドT2 *信号絶滅5からin vivoで標識された細胞を同定することは困難かもしれません。 本稿では、19 F / 1 H磁気共鳴イメージング（MRI）を使用することによってインビボで樹状細胞（DC）を追跡する技術が記載されている。この細胞トラッキング技術は、MRIにおける19 Fのために最初に認識アプリケーションが7と報告されていた数年後、2005年6で導入されました。一つの重要なアドバ酸化鉄粒子の細胞標識上の19 Fのntageは、組織内の19 Fの低い生物学的な発生であり、これは、基本的に背景のない画像と非常に選択的に細胞を追跡することが可能となる。また、従来1H MRIから得られた解剖画像で標識した細胞移植から19 F MR信号をオーバーレイすることができる。19 F / 1 H MRIしたがって、in vivoでの細胞遊走を調査研究にかなり関連している。この方法で検討した細胞を19 F-リッチな粒子で標識される。主に炭素およびフッ素原子からなる合成由来パーフルオロカーボン（PFC）は、一般に粒子を調製するために使用される。これらの化合物は水に不溶性であり、in vitroまたはin vivoでの適用の前に乳化する必要がある。 インビボ19のための他のグループによって使用されてきたPFC粒子F-MRI追跡実験の通常のサイズ100 nmおよび245 nmの6,8-10の間の範囲にある。我々は、しかし、ことが示されている増加粒径（&gt; 560 nm）のとペルフルオロ-15 -クラウン5 -エーテル（PFCE）粒子が増えると樹状細胞をラベルで効率11

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>REAGENTS</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>C57BL/6 mice</td>
 <td>Charles River, Berlin</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RPMI</td>
 <td>Gibco</td>
 <td>21875-091</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FBS Superior</td>
 <td>Biochrom AG</td>
 <td>S 0615</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HEPES</td>
 <td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15630-056</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
 <td>Gibco</td>
 <td>15140-122</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-glutamine</td>
 <td>Gibco</td>
 <td>25030-024</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dulbecco's PBS</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>D8662</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PFA</td>
 <td>Santa Cruz</td>
 <td>sc-281692</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether </td>
 <td>ChemPur</td>
 <td>391-1996</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pluronic F-68 </td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>P5556</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Petri dishes (35 x 10 mm)</td>
 <td>VWR, Germany</td>
 <td>391-1996</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>27 &frac12; G syringes</td>
 <td>VWR, Germany</td>
 <td>612-0151</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Nylon cell strainers (100 &mu;m mesh) </td>
 <td>VWR, Germany</td>
 <td>734-0004</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NMR tubes </td>
 <td>VWR, Germany</td>
 <td>634-0461</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>EQUIPMENT</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dissection tools</td>
 <td>FST</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CO2 incubator </td>
 <td>Binder</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Small animal MR system</td>
 <td>Bruker Biospin</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>9.4T BioSpec 94/20 USR, ParaVision Acquisition and Processing Software</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1H/19F dual-tunable volume RF coil </td>
 <td>Rapid Biomed, W&uuml;rzburg, Germany</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>35 mm inner diameter, 50 mm length</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>19F spectroscopy coil </td>
 <td>in-house</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>tune/match loop coil, 4 turns, inner diameter 5 mm, 10 mm long, two capacitors for tuning and matching</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isoflurane inhalation system</td>
 <td>F&ouml;hr Medical Instruments GmbH</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Animal monitoring system Model 1025</td>
 <td>SA Instruments Inc., New York, USA</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

monitoring dendritic cell migration using 19f / 1h magnetic resonance imaging

このような磁気共鳴などの非侵襲的イメージングモダリティの継続進歩はイメージング（MRI）は、大幅に生活生物の生理的または病理学的プロセスを研究するために我々の能力を改善している。 MRIはまた、in vivoで移植された細胞を捕捉するための貴重なツールであることが証明されて。 MR緩和時間に影響を与える造影剤のMRIなさ使用する初期細胞標識戦略（T1、T2、T2 *）と標識された細胞が存在するシグナルの増強（T1）又は枯渇（T2 *）につながる。このような超酸化鉄剤（USPIO）は細胞遊走およびいくつかを研究するために用いられてきたとしてT2 *増強剤は、臨床応用のためにFDAによって承認されている。 T2 *剤の欠点は、血液凝固、マイクロ出血や気泡等の他のアーティファクトから標識された細胞によって作成された信号消光を区別することが困難である。本稿では、 生体内でトラッキング細胞についての新興技術を記述するフッ素（19 F）が豊富な粒子で細胞をラベルに基づいています。これらの粒子は、パーフルオロカーボン（PFC）の化合物を乳化することにより調製し、その後MRI 19 Fによって画像化することができる標識細胞に使用される。 生体内では、（i）は、その後19 F MR分光法による細胞シグナルを定量化するために、背景のない画像と完全セルselectivityand（ii）の可能性をもたらし、生体内での炭素に結合した19 F、非存在下で細胞を追跡するためのPFC類の重要な利点。

皮内適用 ​​後十八に二〇から一時間、19 F標識樹状細胞（DC）は、排水膝窩リンパ節に移行します。排出politealリンパ節へのリンパ管を介してDCの移動は、19 F DC画像（ 図2A）と1 H解剖画像を重ねることによって理解することができる。我々は以前に、in vivoでのこれらの細胞の遊走、ならびに吸収効率11を含むDC免疫生物学上の19 F-粒...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRIを用いて細胞の追跡は、過去数年間に顕著な注目を集めている。このプロトコルは、フッ素と樹状細胞のラベルを記述する（<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F）に富む粒子、これらの細胞のin vivoでの応用、で排出リンパ節への移動の程度を監視する<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H MRIと<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F MRS。

使用して樹状細胞の移行の監視<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H磁気共鳴イメージング

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

monitoring-dendritic-cell-migration-using-19f-1h-magnetic-resonance

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

11.7K ビュー.  A joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine. MRIを用いて細胞の追跡は、過去数年間に顕著な注目を集めている。このプロトコルは、フッ素と樹状細胞のラベルを記述する（ 19 F）に富む粒子、これらの細胞のin vivoでの応用、で排出リンパ節への移動の程度を監視する 19 F / 1 H MRIと 19 F MRS。

ビデオ: Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high resolution imaging technique that has been broadly adapted by biologists. The value of 2P microscopy is that it provides rich spatiotemporal information regarding cell behaviors within intact tissues and in live mice. Leukocyte recruitment plays a significant role in host defense against infection and when unchecked, can contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Studying leukocyte recruitment in vivo is technically challenging since cells are moving rapidly within vessels located deep within light scattering tissues. To date, most intravital imaging studies require surgical preparation to expose the blood vessels and tissues. To avoid the tissue damage and inflammation induced by surgery itself, here, we describe a non-invasive single-cell imaging approach that can be used to study leukocyte trafficking in the mouse footpad and phalanges. We discuss the technical aspects of our 2P imaging preparation and walk the reader through a typical experiment from initial set up to execution and data collection.

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

Here, we describe a non-invasive two-photon (2P) microscopy approach to study leukocyte homing in the mouse footpad. We discuss the technical aspects of our tissue imaging preparation and walk the reader through a typical experiment from initial set up to execution and data collection.

白血球ホーミングと移行の非侵襲的イメージング in vivoで</em

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high resolution imaging technique that has been broadly adapted by biologists.  The value of 2P microscopy is that it ...

免疫・感染学

Real-time Imaging of Leukotriene B4 Mediated Cell Migration and BLT1 Interactions with &beta;-arrestin

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the seven transmembrane protein family and mediate the transduction of extracellular signals to intracellular responses. GPCRs control diverse biological functions such as chemotaxis, intracellular calcium release, gene regulation in a ligand dependent manner via heterotrimeric G-proteins1-2. Ligand binding induces a series of conformational changes leading to activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins that modulate levels of second messengers such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacyl glycerol (DG). Concomitant with activation of the receptor ligand binding also initiates a series of events to attenuate the receptor signaling via desensitization, sequestration and/or internalization. The desensitization process of GPCRs occurs via receptor phosphorylation by G-protein receptor kinases (GRKs) and subsequent binding of &beta;-arrestins3. &beta;-arrestins are cytosolic proteins and translocate to membrane upon GPCR activation, binding to phosphorylated receptors (most cases) there by facilitating receptor internalization 4-6.
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a pro-inflammatory lipid molecule derived from arachidonic acid pathway and mediates its actions via GPCRs, LTB4 receptor 1 (BLT1; a high affinity receptor) and LTB4 receptor 2 (BLT2; a low affinity receptor)7-9. The LTB4-BLT1 pathway has been shown to be critical in several inflammatory diseases including, asthma, arthritis and atherosclerosis10-17. The current paper describes the methodologies developed to monitor LTB4-induced leukocyte migration and the interactions of BLT1 with &beta;-arrestin and , receptor translocation in live cells using microscopy imaging techniques18-19.
Bone marrow derived dendritic cells from C57BL/6 mice were isolated and cultured as previously described 20-21. These cells were tested in live cell imaging methods to demonstrate LTB4 induced cell migration. The human BLT1 was tagged with red fluorescent protein (BLT1-RFP) at C-terminus and &beta;-arrestin1 tagged with green fluorescent protein (&beta;-arr-GFP) and transfected the both plasmids into Rat Basophilic Leukomia (RBL-2H3) cell lines18-19. The kinetics of interaction between these proteins and localization were monitored using live cell video microscopy. The methodologies in the current paper describe the use of microscopic techniques to investigate the functional responses of G-protein coupled receptors in live cells. The current paper also describes the use of Metamorph software to quantify the fluorescence intensities to determine the kinetics of receptor and cytosolic protein interactions.

Real-time Imaging of Leukotriene B4 Mediated Cell Migration and BLT1 Interactions with &amp;#946;-arrestin

This paper describes the methodology to determine the chemotactic response of leukocytes to specific ligands and identify interactions between the cell surface receptors and cytosolic proteins using live cell imaging techniques.

ロイコトリエンBのリアルタイムイメージング 4介在細胞の移行とβ-アレスチンとBLT1の相互作用

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the seven transmembrane protein family and mediate the transduction of extracellular signals to ...

Competitive Homing Assays to Study Gut-tropic T Cell Migration

In order to exert their function lymphocytes need to leave the blood and migrate into different tissues in the body. Lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and tissue extravasation is a multistep process controlled by different adhesion molecules (homing receptors) expressed on lymphocytes and their respective ligands (addressins) displayed on endothelial cells 1 2. Even though the function of these adhesion receptors can be partially studied ex vivo, the ultimate test for their physiological relevance is to assess their role during in vivo lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Two complementary strategies have been used for this purpose: intravital microscopy (IVM) and homing experiments. Although IVM has been essential to define the precise contribution of specific adhesion receptors during the adhesion cascade in real time and in different tissues, IVM is time consuming and labor intensive, it often requires the development of sophisticated surgical techniques, it needs prior isolation of homogeneous cell populations and it permits the analysis of only one tissue/organ at any given time. By contrast, competitive homing experiments allow the direct and simultaneous comparison in the migration of two (or even more) cell subsets in the same mouse and they also permit the analysis of many tissues and of a high number of cells in the same experiment.
Here we describe the classical competitive homing protocol used to determine the advantage/disadvantage of a given cell type to home to specific tissues as compared to a control cell population. We chose to illustrate the migratory properties of gut-tropic versus non gut-tropic T cells, because the intestinal mucosa is the largest body surface in contact with the external environment and it is also the extra-lymphoid tissue with the best-defined migratory requirements. Moreover, recent work has determined that the vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the main molecular mechanism responsible for inducing gut-specific adhesion receptors (integrin a4b7and chemokine receptor CCR9) on lymphocytes. Thus, we can readily generate large numbers of gut-tropic and non gut-tropic lymphocytes ex vivoby activating T cells in the presence or absence of RA, respectively, which can be finally used in the competitive homing experiments described here.

Competitive homing experiments allow to directly assessing the migratory properties of two different cell populations in a single mouse. Here we illustrate this procedure by comparing the migration of ex vivo-generated gut-tropic versus non-gut tropic T cells.

腸管指向性T細胞の移動を研究するために競争力のあるホーミングアッセイ

In order to exert their function lymphocytes need to leave the blood and migrate into different tissues in the body. Lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial ...

Optimized Protocol for Efficient Transfection of Dendritic Cells without Cell Maturation

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection of pathogenic antigen by na&iuml;ve DCs is through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are able to recognize specific conserved structures referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). Detection of PAMPs by DCs triggers an intracellular signaling cascade resulting in their activation and transformation to mature DCs. This process is typically characterized by production of type 1 interferon along with other proinflammatory cytokines, upregulation of cell surface markers such as MHCII and CD86 and migration of the mature DC to draining lymph nodes, where interaction with T cells initiates the adaptive immune response2,3. Thus, DCs link the innate and adaptive immune systems. 
The ability to dissect the molecular networks underlying DC response to various pathogens is crucial to a better understanding of the regulation of these signaling pathways and their induced genes. It should also help facilitate the development of DC-based vaccines against infectious diseases and tumors. However, this line of research has been severely impeded by the difficulty of transfecting primary DCs4.
Virus transduction methods, such as the lentiviral system, are typically used, but carry many limitations such as complexity and bio-hazardous risk (with the associated costs)5,6,7,8. Additionally, the delivery of viral gene products increases the immunogenicity of those transduced DCs9,10,11,12. Electroporation has been used with mixed results13,14,15, but we are the first to report the use of a high-throughput transfection protocol and conclusively demonstrate its utility.
In this report we summarize an optimized commercial protocol for high-throughput transfection of human primary DCs, with limited cell toxicity and an absence of DC maturation16. Transfection efficiency (of GFP plasmid) and cell viability were more than 50% and 70% respectively. FACS analysis established the absence of increase in expression of the maturation markers CD86 and MHCII in transfected cells, while qRT-PCR demonstrated no upregulation of IFN&beta;. Using this electroporation protocol, we provide evidence for successful transfection of DCs with siRNA and effective knock down of targeted gene RIG-I, a key viral recognition receptor16,17, at both the mRNA and protein levels.

We present our optimized high-throughput nucleofection protocol as an efficient way of transfecting primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells with either plasmid DNA or siRNA without causing cell maturation. We further provide evidence for successful siRNA silencing of targeted gene RIG-I at both the mRNA and protein levels.

細胞の成熟せずに樹状細胞の効率的なトランスフェクションに最適化されたプロトコル

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection ...

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) drug-resistant strains threatens to derail current disease control efforts. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop drugs and vaccines that are more effective than those currently available. The genome of M. tuberculosis has been known for more than 10 years, yet there are important gaps in our knowledge of gene function and essentiality. Many studies have since used gene expression analysis at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels to determine the effects of drugs, oxidants, and growth conditions on the global patterns of gene expression. Ultimately, the final response of these changes is reflected in the metabolic composition of the bacterium including a few thousand small molecular weight chemicals. Comparing the metabolic profiles of wild type and mutant strains, either untreated or treated with a particular drug, can effectively allow target identification and may lead to the development of novel inhibitors with anti-tubercular activity. Likewise, the effects of two or more conditions on the metabolome can also be assessed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technology that is used to identify and quantify metabolic intermediates. In this protocol, procedures for the preparation of M. tuberculosis cell extracts for NMR metabolomic analysis are described. Cell cultures are grown under appropriate conditions and required Biosafety Level 3 containment,1 harvested, and subjected to mechanical lysis while maintaining cold temperatures to maximize preservation of metabolites. Cell lysates are recovered, filtered sterilized, and stored at ultra-low temperatures. Aliquots from these cell extracts are plated on Middlebrook 7H9 agar for colony-forming units to verify absence of viable cells. Upon two months of incubation at 37 &deg;C, if no viable colonies are observed, samples are removed from the containment facility for downstream processing. Extracts are lyophilized, resuspended in deuterated buffer and injected in the NMR instrument, capturing spectroscopic data that is then subjected to statistical analysis. The procedures described can be applied for both one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR and two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C NMR analyses. This methodology provides more reliable small molecular weight metabolite identification and more reliable and sensitive quantitative analyses of cell extract metabolic compositions than chromatographic methods. Variations of the procedure described following the cell lysis step can also be adapted for parallel proteomic analysis.

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

The metabolomic profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is determined after growth in broth cultures. Conditions can be varied to test the effects of nutritional supplements, oxidants, and anti-tuberculosis agents on the metabolic profile of this microorganism. Procedure for extract preparation is applicable for both 1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C NMR analyses.

のサンプル調製<em&gt;結核菌</em核磁気共鳴代謝研究のための&gt;抽出

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) ...

Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key players involved in initiation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-specific T cells. DCs are present in peripheral tissues in steady state; however in response to antigen stimulation, DCs take up the antigen and rapidly migrate to the draining lymph nodes where they initiate T cell response against the antigen1,2. Additionally, DCs also play a key role in initiating autoimmune as well as allergic immune response3.
DCs play an essential role in both initiation of immune response and induction of tolerance in the setting of lung environment4. Lung environment is largely tolerogenic, owing to the exposure to vast array of environmental antigens5. However, in some individuals there is a break in tolerance, which leads to induction of allergy and asthma. In this study, we describe a strategy, which can be used to monitor airway DC maturation and migration in response to the antigen used for sensitization. The measurement of airway DC maturation and migration allows for assessment of the kinetics of immune response during airway allergic inflammation and also assists in understanding the magnitude of the subsequent immune response along with the underlying mechanisms.
Our strategy is based on the use of ovalbumin as a sensitizing agent. Ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma is a widely used model to reproduce the airway eosinophilia, pulmonary inflammation and elevated IgE levels found during asthma6,7. After sensitization, mice are challenged by intranasal delivery of FITC labeled ovalbumin, which allows for specific labeling of airway DCs which uptake ovalbumin. Next, using several DC specific markers, we can assess the maturation of these DCs and can also assess their migration to the draining lymph nodes by employing flow cytometry.

We describe a strategy to monitor maturation and migration of pulmonary dendritic cells in response to ovalbumin in the setting of ovalbumin induced allergic airway inflammation. This strategy can be modified to assess migration of pulmonary dendritic cells in settings of infection.

アレルギー性​​気道炎症時の肺樹状細胞の成熟および移行の解析

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key players involved in initiation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-specific T cells. DCs are present in ...

Generation of a Novel Dendritic-cell Vaccine Using Melanoma and Squamous Cancer Stem Cells

We identified cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched populations from murine melanoma D5 syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice and the squamous cancer SCC7 syngeneic to C3H mice using ALDEFLUOR/ALDH as a marker, and tested their immunogenicity using the cell lysate as a source of antigens to pulse dendritic cells (DCs). DCs pulsed with ALDHhigh CSC lysates induced significantly higher protective antitumor immunity than DCs pulsed with the lysates of unsorted whole tumor cell lysates in both models and in a lung metastasis setting and a s.c.&#160;tumor growth setting, respectively. This phenomenon was due to CSC vaccine-induced humoral as well as cellular anti-CSC responses. In particular, splenocytes isolated from the host subjected to CSC-DC vaccine produced significantly higher amount of IFN&#947; and GM-CSF than splenocytes isolated from the host subjected to unsorted tumor cell lysate pulsed-DC vaccine. These results support the efforts to develop an autologous CSC-based therapeutic vaccine for clinical use in an adjuvant setting.

Evaluated in syngeneic immunocompetent hosts, cancer stem cell (CSC) based dendritic cell (DC) vaccine demonstrated significantly higher antitumor immunity than traditional DC vaccines pulsed with heterogeneous bulk tumor cells.

黒色腫と扁平上癌幹細胞を用いた新規樹状細胞ワクチンの生成

We identified cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched populations from murine melanoma D5 syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice and the squamous cancer SCC7 syngeneic to C3H ...

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

炎症真皮における撮像CD4 T細胞間質への移行

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...

A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph node (DLN). The mobilization of DCs to the DLN is complex and remains to be fully elucidated during infection. Herein described is the use of an innovative, simple assay that relies on the fluorochrome 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to track the migration of DCs during footpad infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) in C57BL/6 mice. This assay enables the characterization of skin DC sub-populations that actively relocate to the draining, popliteal LN in response to BCG. This protocol originates from a BCG model where migratory skin DCs were identified by flow cytometry. The assay is amiable to the study and identification of DCs or other cells that home to the popliteal LN after inoculation of microbes, their metabolites or other inflammatory stimuli in the footpad, and consequently to study factors that regulate the migration of these cells.

A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with &lt;em&gt;Mycobacterium bovis&lt;/em&gt; Bacille Calmette-Gu&amp;#233;rin

An assay in mice to track cell migration from skin to draining lymph node is described which enables the characterization of skin Dendritic cells mobilized to the lymph node after footpad infection with Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin.

での感染の間に流入領域リンパ節へのマウスの皮膚樹状細胞の移動を研究するためにCFSEベースアッセイ<em&gt;マイコバクテリウム・ボビス</em&gt;カルメット - ゲラン

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph ...

Generation of Large Numbers of Myeloid Progenitors and Dendritic Cell Precursors from Murine Bone Marrow Using a Novel Cell Sorting Strategy

Cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) generated from mouse bone marrow using Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) have recently been recognized to be more heterogeneous than previously appreciated. These cultures routinely contain moDC as well monocyte-derived macrophages (moMac), and even some less developed cells such as monocytes. The goal of this protocol is to provide a consistent method for identification and separation of the many cell types present in these cultures as they develop, so that their specific functions may be further investigated. The sorting strategy presented here separates cells first into four populations based on expression of Ly6C and CD115, both of which are expressed transiently by cells as they develop in GM-CSF-driven culture. These four populations include Common myeloid progenitors or CMP (Ly6C-, CD115-), granulocyte/macrophage progenitors or GMP (Ly6C+, CD115-), monocytes (Ly6C+, CD115+), and monocyte-derived macrophages or moMac (Ly6C-, CD115+). CD11c is also added to the sorting strategy to distinguish two populations within the Ly6C-, CD115- population: CMP (CD11c-) and moDC (CD11c+). Finally, two populations may be further distinguished within the Ly6C-, CD115+ population based on the level of MHC class II expression. MoMacs express lower levels of MHC class II, while a monocyte-derived DC precursor (moDP) expresses higher MHC class II. This method allows for the reliable isolation of several developmentally distinct populations in numbers sufficient for a variety of functional and developmental analyses. We highlight one such functional readout, the differential responses of these cell types to stimulation with Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs).

Here we provide a method for identifying and isolating large numbers of GM-CSF driven myeloid cells using high speed cell sorting. Five distinct populations (Common myeloid progenitors, granulocyte/macrophage progenitors, monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and monocyte-derived DCs) can be identified based on Ly6C and CD115 expression.

大量の骨髄前駆細胞と新規セルソーティング戦略を使用してマウスの骨髄から樹状細胞前駆体の生成

Cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) generated from mouse bone marrow using Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) have ...