The authors thank the University of Rochester Multiphoton Microscope Core facility for help with live imaging. Supported by NIH AI072690 and AI02851 to DJF; AI114036 to AG and AI089079 to MGO.

All procedures involving mice were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Rochester, and carried out in strict accordance with the Animal Welfare Act and the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals administered by the National Institutes of Health, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare.
1. Preparation of Effector CD4 T Cells
NOTE: BALB/c TCR-transgenic DO11.10 mice that specifically recognize a ...

The authors have nothing to disclose.&#160;

Significance
Here we present a complete protocol for the 4D visualization of transferred, antigen-specific effector Th1 cells in the intact mouse ear dermis. This method provides advantages over some current imaging modalities for several reasons. By imaging the ventral ear dermis, we are able to forego hair removal that is required for imaging protocols involving other skin sites. Although depilatories are generally mild, they have been shown to cause disruption to the skin barrier <...

The effector function of CD4 T cells is critically dependent on their ability to rapidly enter and traverse a wide variety of peripheral tissues to survey for damage, locate foci of infection, or cause pathology from chronic infection or autoimmunity. While the processes of homing to inflamed sites1-4 and extravasation5-7 from the vasculature into tissues have been well-characterized, the factors that drive and regulate the interstitial motility of T cells remain undefined. The migration of T cells in complex 3D environments has been studied in vitro through the use of artificial matrices8-10 or microfluidic devices11,12, but these fail to recapitulate the complex and dynamic environment of an in vivo system. It is only recently, with the advent of high-resolution multi-color intravital imaging that it has become possible to study the dynamic behavior of immune cells in situ, allowing for a better understanding of intact immune responses.
Over a decade ago, several influential studies were published that first utilized multiphoton microscopy to address immunological questions. Early studies focused on the behavior of immune cells within explanted lymphoid organs13-16, which were soon followed by techniques to image exposed lymph nodes in anesthetized mice17. Imaging allowed for new fundamental observations about the stages of lymph node priming of T cells18, the mechanisms by which T cells migrate in secondary lymphoid organs19, T cell interactions with other immune cells20,21, and dynamic T cell positioning within the lymph node22. Although many early studies focused on lymph node dynamics, intravital imaging has been since been utilized to image the immune response in many peripheral tissues, including the brain23-25, liver26, lung27, and skin28-30. 
The mouse ear dermis is particularly well poised for imaging, due to the thinness of ear skin, a relative lack of hair, and the ease with which it can be isolated from respiratory movements31. Indeed, the ear dermis has been used to image the interstitial behavior of dendritic cells32,33, T cells28,29,34,35, and neutrophils36,37, and is a well-established site for studying dermal inflammation. Increasingly, non-invasive procedures have been replacing surgical preparations of the skin, including split dermis38,39, flank39,40, or dorsal skin flap window39,41 models, that can induce changes to the local inflammatory milieu. The use of transferred, in vitro-primed, antigen-specific CD4 effector T cells allows for the study of a homogenous population of cells in the context of a dermal inflammatory response30. Here we describe a non-invasive imaging procedure that allows for the visualization of antigen-specific effector CD4 T cells in the dermal interstitium of the inflamed mouse ear, and the ability to manipulate these cells in real-time by introducing blocking antibodies through a venous catheter. We show that this model is effective for tracking the movement of CD4 T cells in the dermis and for querying the mechanisms that govern this motility.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1060">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">BALB/c mice</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">000651</td>
			<td style="width:472px;">Mice used were bred in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">DO11.10 mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>003303</td>
			<td>Mice used were bred in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">HBSS</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td>Multiple Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Newborn Calf Serum (NCS)</td>
			<td>Thermo/HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30118.03</td>
			<td>Heat inactivated at 56 &#176;C for 30 minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Guinea Pig Complement</td>
			<td>Cedarlane</td>
			<td>CL-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">anti-CD8 antibody</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>3.155 (ATCC TIB-211)</td>
			<td>Antibodies derived from&#160; this hybridoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">anti-MHC Class II antibody</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>M5/114.15.2 (ATCC TIB-120)</td>
			<td>Antibodies derived from&#160; this hybridoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">anti-CD24 antibody</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>J11d.2 (ATCC TIB-183)</td>
			<td>Antibodies derived from&#160; this hybridoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">anti-Thy1.2 antibody</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>J1j.10 (ATCC TIB-184)</td>
			<td>Antibodies derived from&#160; this hybridoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Ficoll (Fico/Lite-LM)</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>I40650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td>Multiple Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>15323591</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">biotinylated anti-CD62L antibody (clone MEL-14)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>553149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">streptavidin magnetic separation beads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-048-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">MACS LS Separation Column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">recombinant human IL-2</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>200-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">recombinant mouse IL-4</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>214-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">recombinant mouse IL-12</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>210-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">anti-IFNg antibody (clone XMG 1.2)</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>16-7311-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">anti-IL-4 antibody (clone 11b11)</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>16-7041-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">RPMI</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>45000-412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>15303641</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>15323671</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">ovalbumin peptide</td>
			<td>Biopeptide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ISQAVHAAHAEINEAGR-OH peptide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Fetal Calf Serum (FCS)</td>
			<td>Thermo/HyClone</td>
			<td>SV30014.03</td>
			<td>Heat inactivated at 56 &#176;C for 30 minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">24-well culture plate</td>
			<td>LPS</td>
			<td>3526</td>
			<td>Multiple Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">CFSE</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>C34554</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">CMTMR</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>C2927</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">28 G1/2 insulin syringes, 1ml</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>329420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">28 G1/2 insulin syringes, 300&#956;l</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">27 G1/2 TB syringes, 1ml</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309623</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">30 G1/2 needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">PE-10 medical tubing</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>427400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">cyanoacrylate veterinary adhesive (Vetbond)</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">heating plate</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>61830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Heating plate controller</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>ATC-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Water blanket controller</td>
			<td>Gaymar</td>
			<td>TP500</td>
			<td>No longer in production, newer equivalent available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">water blanket</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>TP3E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Isoflurane vaporizer</td>
			<td>LEI Medical</td>
			<td>Isotec 4</td>
			<td>No longer in production, newer equivalent available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ordered through Veterinary staff</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20170-038</td>
			<td>Multiple Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">medical tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1538-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">isoflurane nosecone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Built In-house, see Fig 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">imaging platform</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Built In-house, see Fig 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">curved forceps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>15915-G</td>
			<td>Multiple Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-6802</td>
			<td>Multiple Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">glass coverslips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multiple Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">high vacuum grease</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>146355D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">cotton swabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multiple Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">delicate task wipes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>34155</td>
			<td>Multiple Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:247px;">Olympus Fluoview 1000 AOM-MPM upright microscope with Spectra-Physics MaiTai HP DeepSee Ti:Sa laser</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>call for quote</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">optical table with vibration control</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>call for quote</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">25x NA 1.05 water immersion objective for multiphoton imaging</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>XLPLN25XWMP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">objective heater</td>
			<td>Bioptechs</td>
			<td>PN 150815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Detection filter cube</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV10-MRVGR/XR</td>
			<td>Proprietary cube, can be approximated from individual filters/dichroics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">anti-integrin &#946;1 antibody (clone hMb1-1)</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>16-0291-85</td>
			<td>Azide free, low endotoxin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">anti-integrin &#946;3 antibody (clone 2C9.G3)</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>16-0611-82</td>
			<td>Azide free, low endotoxin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Texas Red Dextran (70,000 MW)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D-1830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging cd4 t cell interstitial migration in the inflamed dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The ability to study immune responses in situ without altering the immune environment is essential in studying real-time interactions of T effector cells with an inflamed tissue. Imaging of the intact ear dermis by this protocol, outlined in Figure 1A and B, allows for the visualization of transferred fluorescently labeled T effector cells in the dermal interstitium. This permits both high-resolution (Figure 1C) and time-lapse (<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis at JoVE.com

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...

The overall goal of this imaging protocol is to visualize CD4 positive T Cell dynamics in the inflamed skin. This method can help answer key questions in the field of immunology, such as, what are the mechanisms that underlie immune cell motility, and function in inflamed tissues. The main advantage of this technique, is that it provides a minimally invasive way to study CD4 T cell dynamic behavior In Situ.Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as the steps to prepare the ear for imaging are difficult to learn, and proper positioning of the ear is necessary to capture high quality images. I'm Alison Gaylo, a graduate student, and I will be doing the demonstration of this protocol. Begin by aspirating 300 microliters of fluorescently labeled effector T cell suspension per mouse into a syringe equipped with a 27 and a half gauge needle.Then turn the syringe needle side up, and gently flick the shaft of the syringe, moving the plunger up and down as necessary to remove any bubbles. When the cells are ready, transfer the mice into a clean cage, and place them under a heat lamp, until the tail veins are vasodilated. Then transfer the first mouse into the restrainer, and wipe the tail with an alcohol swab.After identifying a lateral tail vein, slowly inject 200 microliters of cells into the vein. When all of the cells have been transferred, draw 50 microliters of complete fluorescens emulsion into a 28 and a half gauge insulin syringe and press down firmly on the plunger to remove any large air bubbles. Then place a thimble on the left index finger, and carefully grasp the mouse's ear between the left thumb and thimble, with the ventral ear facing up.Then slide the needle, bevel side up, into the dermis in the outer third of the pinna, and slightly off center, and slowly inject ten microliters of emulsion into the tissue. After injecting all of the animals, monitor the mice until they are fully recovered. Three days following the immunization, vasodilate the tail veins of the injected animals as just demonstrated.After anesthetizing, immobilize the tail of the first mouse with a pair of forceps. Wipe the tail with an alcohol swab, then carefully slide a 30 and a half gauge needle catheter into a lateral tail vein, checking for patency by gentle pressure to the syringe plunger. When the catheter is in place, apply one to two drops of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive to the injection site, and allow the adhesive to dry for approximately 30 seconds.Then use scissors to carefully trim the whiskers and the hair from the back and sides of the ear. Next, use a cotton swab to moisten the inner surface of the ear with PBS. Then rotate the mouse, and flatten the injected ear onto a 24 by 50 millimeter number one point five glass cover slip, until it is flush with the glass.Blot away the excess PBS. Then use two pairs of curved forceps to grasp an approximately 20 millimeter long piece of fabric tape lengthwise at the top corners, and place the bottom of the tape onto the cover slip at the top of the mouse's ear. Roll the tape over the rest of the ear, pushing the excess hair out of the way with the forceps as necessary, and use a dry cotton swab to gently press the tape around the ear to ensure a tight seal, taking care not to press on the ear itself.It is essential that the ear is taped properly to the cover slip with a good seal on both sides and with minimal air bubbles, as this will affect the quality of the images that can be obtained. Now tape a fluorescent microscope imaging platform to a 37 degree Celsius heating block, and apply vacuum grease to both sides of the ear area of the platform. Rotate the mouse to place the cover slip onto the platform, taking care to align the ear in the center of the felt.When the ear is in place, snap the isoflurane nose cone into the holder on the platform, ensuring that the cone is secure, and completely covering the mouse's nose. Then use a cotton swab to firmly, but carefully, press the cover slip onto the imaging platform, spreading the vacuum grease under the cover slip. Wrap two 20 millimeter pieces and two longer pieces of tape around the upper portion of the platform to affix the cover slip to the platform.Next, move the mouse to the microscope stage. Secure the platform with more tape, and pipe a double layer of vacuum grease onto the cover slip around the ear. Then wrap a water filled heating blanket around the mouse, and fill the vacuum grease reservoir with 37 degrees Celsius distilled water.For In Vivo time lapse imaging, begin by positioning the objective over the center of the ear, and lower the objective until it just contacts the surface of the water in the reservoir. Next, using an external light source, slowly lower the objective until the surface of the ear comes into focus. Then, lower the inner and outer curtains around the microscope stage, and adjust the laser wave length to 900 nanometers in the MP laser controller window, the laser power in the acquisition setting laser window, and the PMT voltages in the image acquisition control window.In the acquisition setting size and mode windows, set the microscope to five twelve by five twelve pixel resolution, with a two microsecond per pixel dwell time, and select XY repeat to activate a live imaging mode for scanning through the tissue. Once an appropriate imaging field has been located, locate the highest cell in the dermis, and click the set zero button to set the Z position to zero. Scroll down in the Z direction to measure the extent of the cell depth.Then set the starting and end positions in the acquisition setting microscope window, and adjust the instrument PMT voltages and laser power in the bright Z window to optimize the visualization of the cells throughout the depth of the imaging field. Check the depth and time buttons, and set a common filter to scan the image three times per line in the image acquisition control filter mode window. Adjust the Z slice depth in the image acquisition microscope window so that it takes approximately one minute to capture a complete stack as noted in the time view window.Then, to assess the stability of the tissue, set the number of repeats to five in the acquisition setting time scan window, and click the scan button to capture a five minute time lapse image of the area. If the tissue is stable after five minutes, set the number of repeats to between 30 and 45 in the acquisition setting time scan window, and collect a 30 to 45 minute time lapse image, monitoring for any minor tissue drift as the image is collected. Save the pre-antibody image in the appropriate format, and then draw the antibody mixture into a one milliliter tuberculin syringe, taking care to remove all of the air bubbles.Gently press the plunger so that the antibody solution forms a droplet at the end of the needle, and lift the curtains around the stage to locate the catheter. Replace the PBS syringe with the syringe of antibody, and then slowly inject the antibodies into the catheter. When the antibodies have been successfully injected, re-lower the curtains and note the time of injection.Then immediately start collecting a new 20 to 40 minute imaging sequence, in the same location, using the same instrument settings as the pre-antibody image. Finally, save the post-antibody image file in the appropriate format, and carefully remove the mouse from the microscope stage, monitoring the animal until it is fully recovered. Imaging of the intact ear dermis by this protocol facilitates the acquisition of high resolution and time lapse images of effector T cell dynamics in the inflamed dermis.In this movie, the green adoptively transferred effector T cells can be observed moving throughout the dermal tissue. After the administration of antibeta one and antibeta three entogrin blocking antibodies through the catheter, however, the previously motile cells arrest within the dermis. The cells exhibit a decreased average velocity after antibody administration as well as a significant decrease in their meandering index.That is, the ration of the total displacement to the total track length. Autofluorescents from hair follicles, shadowing and autofluorescents from overlying hair, and air bubbles trapped between the ear surface and the cover slip, can all lead to imaging artifacts, which obscure the visualization of the T cells, and interfere with the automated image analysis software. In addition, using multiple sources of heat can cause tissue stability issues, leading to large oscillations during imaging that make interpreting the results difficult.Once mastered, imaging the CD4 T cells in the dermis can be completed in two to three hours, if the procedure has been performed correctly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to follow the appropriate animal care and use guidelines for working with mice. This procedure can be adapted to visualize other T cell subsets or types of immune cells in the ear, using different models of infect, or different methods of inducing inflammation.After its development, intravital imaging paved the way for researchers in the field of immunology, to explore the dynamics of ongoing immune responses in living animals. Don't forget that working with a multi-phosphor laser can be extremely hazardous and that precautions, such as proper shielding, should always be taken while performing this procedure. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to induce inflammation in a mouse ear dermis, how to use intravital imaging to capture the time lapse images of CD4 T cell activity before and after antibody administration.

imaging-cd4-t-cell-interstitial-migration-in-the-inflamed-dermis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.5K ビュー.  University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY. The overall goal of this imaging protocol is to visualize CD4 positive T Cell dynamics in the inflamed skin. This method can help answer key questions in the field of immunology, such as, what are the mechanisms that underlie immune cell motility, and function in inflamed tissues. The main advantage of this technique, is that it provides a minimally invasive way to study CD4 T cell dynamic behavior In Situ.Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as the steps to prepare the ear...