著者らは、これらの方法が開発されており、チューリッヒ連邦工科大学の生化学研究所のマティアスピーターと彼のグループに感謝します。この作品は、スイス国立科学財団によってサポートされています。

1。顕微鏡測定<ol><li>酵母で合成培地5mlに植菌。 </li><li> 30℃で一晩細胞を成長させる。 </li><li>翌朝一晩培養物のOD 600を測定します。 </li><li> 600 0.05にOD 5ミリリットル合成培地中で一晩培養を希釈します。 </li><li>少なくとも4時間、30℃で希釈した培養を育てる。 </li><li>合成培地に集中して3倍（0.6 M）のNaCl溶液を調製する。 </li><li> PBSにコンカナバリンA（ConAを）の1 mg / mLの溶液を調製する。 </li><li>ろ液〜ウェルスライドにConAを溶液200μl。 </li><li> 30分間放置してみましょう。 </li><li>のConA溶液を除去。 </li><li>ウェルに150μlのH 2 Oを追加します。 </li><li> H 2 Oを削除</li><li>細胞培養のOD 600を測定します。 </li><li> 1.5ミリリットルマイクロチューブに= 0.02 OD 600で細胞培養液300μlを準備します。 </li><li> 45秒間、水浴中で細胞を超音波処理する。 </li><li>渦簡単にマイルcrotube。 </li><li> 45秒間、水浴中で細胞を超音波処理する。 </li><li>簡単に渦マイクロチューブ。 </li><li>ウェルに、細胞培養液200μlを加える。 </li><li>細胞がウェルの底に沈殿させるために30分待ちます。 </li><li>顕微鏡上でうまくスライドを配置します。 </li><li>記録される蛍光チャンネル用照明設定を選択します。 </li><li> （：細胞の適切なセグメンテーションを可能にするために、焦点面下の3程度やや焦点のうち、1）2明視野画像の照明設定を選択します。 </li><li>タイムラプス測定のための時間間隔を選択します。 </li><li>画像への視野を選択します。 </li><li>数フレームの取得を開始します。 </li><li> 0.6MのNaClを培地100μlを追加し、取得を一時停止します。 </li><li>画像を再開する。 </li></ol> 2。フローサイトメトリー測定<ol><li>酵母で合成培地5mlに植菌。 </li><li>一晩30℃で成長する。 </li><li>対策OD一晩培養の600翌朝。 </li><li> OD 600 0.1に5ミリリットル合成培地中で一晩培養を希釈します。 </li><li> 0.2〜0.4のOD 600に到達するために、少なくとも4時間、30℃で成長する。 </li><li> H 2 Oにシクロヘキシミド溶液1 mg / mlのを準備します</li><li>合成培地に集中して3倍（0.6 M）のNaCl溶液を調製する。 </li><li>測定対象の各時点での0.6 MのNaCl培地100μlで1 1.5ミリリットルマイクロチューブを準備します。 </li><li>時間0で、各マイクロチューブに細胞培養液200μlを加える。 </li><li> 30℃で振とうしながらインキュベート</li><li>時刻tでの、マイクロチューブに30μlのシクロヘキシミドを追加します。 </li><li>すべての希望する時点について、手順2.11。 </li><li>少なくとも45分間、すべてのマイクロチューブをインキュベートし、振とうしながら30℃まで3時間。 </li><li> 400μlのPBSでFACSチューブを準備します。 </li><li> 1分間水浴中で細胞を超音波処理する。 </li><li>簡単に渦マイクロチューブ。 </li><li>息子1分間水浴中で細胞をicate。 </li><li>簡単に渦マイクロチューブ。 </li><li>各マイクロチューブからそれに対応する、FACSチューブに100μlの細胞培養を追加します。 </li><li>検出のために488nmの励起レーザーと30分の530 nmのバンドパスフィルタを選択します。 </li><li>テスト非発現し、完全に彼らは検出器の感度の範囲に入るかどうかを確認するためにサンプルを表現する。 </li><li>取得した各サンプルについて、10,000個の細胞を測定します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gasch, A. P., Spellman, P. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+expression+programs+in+the+response+of+yeast+cells+to+environmental+changes.">Genomic expression programs in the response of yeast cells to environmental changes.</a> Molecular biology of the cell. 11 (12), 4241-4257 (2000).</li><li>de Nadal, E., Zapater, M., Alepuz, P. M., Sumoy, L., Mas, G., Posas, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MAPK+Hog1+recruits+Rpd3+histone+deacetylase+to+activate+osmoresponsive+genes.">The MAPK Hog1 recruits Rpd3 histone deacetylase to activate osmoresponsive genes.</a> Nature. 427 (6972), 370-374 (2004).</li><li>Ghaemmaghami, S., Huh, W. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+protein+expression+in+yeast.">Global analysis of protein expression in yeast.</a> Nature. 425 (6959), 737-741 (2003).</li><li>Wu, J. -. Q., Pollard, T. 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B., Levine, A. J., Siggia, E. D., Swain, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stochastic+gene+expression+in+a+single+cell.">Stochastic gene expression in a single cell.</a> Science. 297 (5584), 1183-1186 (2002).</li><li>Pelet, S., Dechant, R., Lee, S. S., van Drogen, F., Peter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrated+image+analysis+platform+to+quantify+signal+transduction+in+single+cells.">An integrated image analysis platform to quantify signal transduction in single cells.</a> Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro. 4 (10), 1274-1282 (2012).</li><li>Carpenter, A. E., Jones, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CellProfiler:+image+analysis+software+for+identifying+and+quantifying+cell+phenotypes.">CellProfiler: image analysis software for identifying and quantifying cell phenotypes.</a> Genome biology. 7 (10), R100 (2006).</li><li>Chernomoretz, A., Bush, A., Yu, R., Gordon, A., Colman-Lerner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Cell-ID+1.4+with+R+for+microscope-based+cytometry.">Using Cell-ID 1.4 with R for microscope-based cytometry.</a> Current protocols in molecular biology. Chapter 14, Unit 14.18 (2008).</li><li>Dimopoulos, S., Mayer, C., Rudolf, F., Stelling, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+Single+Cell+Segmentation+in+a+Variety+of+Microscopy+Images.">Automatic Single Cell Segmentation in a Variety of Microscopy Images.</a> Current protocols in molecular biology. , (2012).</li><li>Miyawaki, A., Nagai, T., Mizuno, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+protein+fluorophore+formation+and+engineering.">Mechanisms of protein fluorophore formation and engineering.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 7 (5), 557-562 (2003).</li><li>Hersen, P., McClean, M. N., Mahadevan, L., Ramanathan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signal+processing+by+the+HOG+MAP+kinase+pathway.">Signal processing by the HOG MAP kinase pathway.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (20), 7165-7170 (2008).</li><li>Pepperkok, R., Ellenberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+fluorescence+microscopy+for+systems+biology.">High-throughput fluorescence microscopy for systems biology.</a> Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 7 (9), 690-696 (2006).</li></ol>

著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

顕微鏡検査 ConAを持つウェルの治療は、細胞の適切な画像化を確保するための重要なステップです。のConAをPBS（5 mg / ml）を、低溶解性を有するため、濾過工程は、フィルタリングされていない溶液中に存在し、撮像を妨害する大きな凝集物を除去することができる。細胞が処理された表面に比較的強く付着し、誘導溶液の添加は、刺激の前と後の継続的な追跡を可能にし、...

伝達カスケードを介したシグナル伝達は、多くの場合、タンパク質の発現で絶頂に達する。この発現プロファイルの特徴付けは、生物学的経路の機能を理解する上で重要な要素です。アップレギュレートされたタンパク質およびその活性化の動態のスペクトルの同定は、例えば、マイクロアレイ、ノーザンブロットまたはウェスタンブロット1-3のような様々な技術によって達成することができる。しかしながら、これらの技術は、細胞の集団全体の応答を平均化する。タンパク質の発現の微調節を理解するためには、単一細胞レベルでの測定値を収集することが望ましい。理想的には、これらの測定は、根本的な経路の数学モデルを開発するために適し定量的データを提供すべきである。 顕微鏡およびフローサイトメトリー、理想的な定量的な単一細胞の測定値を提供するのに適している二つの技術、である。蛍光タンパク質とタンパク質の内因性のタグ付けはできるBeは、それらの発現レベル4を定量するために使用。タンパク質の末端における大きな蛍光部分の付加は、それを非機能的にすることができるので、それは、蛍光構築物の発現を駆動するプロモーターに基づいて、特定の発現レポーターを生成するために、多くの場合望ましい。このレポータータンパク質は、セルラーシステムに対して外因性であるため、セルに行われているシグナル伝達事象に影響を与えることはない。 顕微鏡法およびフローサイトメトリーの両方が広く酵母シグナリング分野で使用されてきた。例として、コールマン·ラーナーらは相関単一細胞では、酵母接合シグナル伝達カスケード5のノイズを定量化するために顕微鏡によって具体的かつ構成的に発現記者を交配の発現、Acarのと制御ネットワークを研究するフローサイトメトリーを使用し、同僚GAL遺伝子6の発現を制御する。以前の研究7において、我々はcombinatiを使用している出芽酵母では高浸透圧グリセロール（HOG）経路からの発現の出力を研究するため、これら2つの技術の上。このマイトジェン活性化プロテインキナーゼ（MAPK）経路は、超浸透圧ストレスによって誘発される。それは、およそ300の遺伝子の発現を生じる転写プログラムを誘導するために、細胞の核に移行しHOG1 MAPKの活性化をもたらす。このプロセスを研究するために、我々は、四重ビーナス蛍光タンパク質（STL1のp-QV）の発現を駆動STL1プロモーター（HOG1活性8に応答して特異的に誘導される遺伝子）に基づく発現レポーターを設計した。測定はフローサイトメトリー、蛍光レポーターを表現する人口のほんの一部に中間ストレスレベル（0.1MのNaCl）で細胞の2集団が存在することを発見した。今後も、この動作を調査するために顕微鏡を使用し、タンパク質発現におけるこのノイズは本質的な要因9に支配されたことを発見した。我カップLDさらにHOG1活動の同様のレベルを有する細胞が著しく異なる発現の結果を表示できることを確認します。これら2つの技術の組み合わせは、私たちはストレス応答遺伝子の遅いリモデリングは、単一細胞レベル7での発現の結果に影響を与えたかを証明することができました。 本論文では、顕微鏡によるタンパク質発現の定量化の一例として、超浸透圧ショックにより誘導されたP STL1-QVレポーターの式を使用し、フローサイトメトリー。 0.2 MのNaClストレスを受ける同じ株を、両方の技術を用いて研究した。これは、私たちは、これらの2つの高度に補完的な技術のいくつかの重要な違いを強調することができます。

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td>Reagent</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Yeast Nitrogen Base</td>
			 <td>ForMedium</td>
			 <td>CYN6202</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>CSM amino-acid mix</td>
			 <td>ForMedium</td>
			 <td>DCS0011</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Concanavalin A</td>
			 <td>GE Healthcare</td>
			 <td>17-0450-01</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Cycloheximide</td>
			 <td>Fluka Aldrich Sigma</td>
			 <td>C7698</td>
			 <td>Toxic</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>ySP9</td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td>W303Mata leu2::LEU2-pSTL1-quadrupleV enus</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>pSP34</td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td>pRS305 pSTL1 (-800 -0) - quadruple V enus</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td></td>
			 <td>Material</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Microscope</td>
			 <td>Nikon</td>
			 <td>Ti-Eclipse</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Microscope control software</td>
			 <td>Micro-manager</td>
			 <td>Ver 1.4.11</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Incubation chamber</td>
			 <td>LIS</td>
			 <td>The Box</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Fluorescence light source</td>
			 <td>Lumencor</td>
			 <td>SpectraX</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Camera</td>
			 <td>Hamamatsu</td>
			 <td>Flash 4.0</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Flow cytometer</td>
			 <td>BD</td>
			 <td>FACS calibur</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>Sonicator bath</td>
			 <td>Telesonic</td>
			 <td>TUC-150</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>8-well-slide </td>
			 <td>Thermo Lab-tek</td>
			 <td>155409</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>96-well-plate</td>
			 <td>Matrical bioscience</td>
			 <td>MGB096-1-2-LG</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			 <td>FACS tube</td>
			 <td>BD Falcon</td>
			 <td>352054</td>
			 <td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

temporal quantification of mapk induced expression in single yeast cells

単一細胞レベルでの遺伝子発現の定量化は、集団レベルで実行される測定に不明瞭新規調節機構をが明らかになりました。二つの方法に基づいて、顕微鏡およびフローサイトメトリーは、このようなデータを取得することができる方法を示すために提示される。酵母における高浸透圧グリセロールMAPK経路の活性化の際に誘導される蛍光レポーターの発現は、例として使用される。各方法の具体的な利点が強調表示されます。フローサイトメトリーは、細胞（10,000）を多数測定し、蛍光タンパク質の成熟遅い速度の独立したタンパク質発現の動力学を直接測定を提供する。顕微鏡による生細胞のイメージングは​​、少数の細胞におけるレポーターの成熟した形での測定に限定された対照的である。しかし、この技術によって生成されたデータ·セットは、複数のレポーターの組合せ及び空間的及び時間的情報のおかげで非常に豊富であることができる個々の細胞から得られた。これら二つの測定法の組み合わせはシグナル伝達経路によってタンパク質発現の調節に関する新たな洞察を提供することができます。

顕微鏡検査発現レポーターSTL1のp-QV（ySP9 7）を有する酵母細胞は、ウェルスライドの底部に取り付けられ、顕微鏡下に置いた。細胞は、撮像セッションの過程の間に直接ウェルに応力媒体を添加することにより刺激した。これは、私たちは、経路誘導前の細胞のいくつかの画像を取得し、刺激後、彼らの運命をたどることができます。この場合、細胞を10分間...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells at JoVE.com

Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells

フローサイトメトリーおよび顕微鏡検査に基づいて、二つの相補的な方法は、酵母におけるMAPK経路の活性化によって誘導される遺伝子発現の動態を、単一細胞レベルで、定量化を可能にする提示されている。

シングル酵母細胞中のMAPK誘導発現の時間的な定量

The quantification of gene expression at the  single cell level uncovers novel regulatory mechanisms obscured in measurements  performed at the population ...

temporal-quantification-mapk-induced-expression-single-yeast

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.4K ビュー.  University of Lausanne. フローサイトメトリーおよび顕微鏡検査に基づいて、二つの相補的な方法は、酵母におけるMAPK経路の活性化によって誘導される遺伝子発現の動態を、単一細胞レベルで、定量化を可能にする提示されている。 

ビデオ: Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 1 of 3.

ワクシニアウイルス感染とウイルスの遺伝子発現の時間的解析：その1

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells.  Members of ...

生物学

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 2 of 3.

ワクシニアウイルス感染とウイルスの遺伝子発現の時間的解析：その2

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 3 describes the process of fluorescently labeling the amplified RNA from both host and viral samples by amino allyl coupling of dyes. Part 3 of 3.

ワクシニアウイルス感染とウイルスの遺伝子発現の時間的解析：その3

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

高効率で初代培養細胞をトランスフェクトするためにジーンパルサーMXcellのエレクトロポレーションシステムの使用

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Expression of Recombinant Proteins in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris

Protein expression in the microbial eukaryotic host Pichia pastoris offers the possibility to generate high amounts of recombinant protein in a fast and easy to use expression system.
As a single-celled microorganism P. pastoris is easy to manipulate and grows rapidly on inexpensive media at high cell densities. Being a eukaryote, P. pastoris is able to perform many of the post-translational modifications performed by higher eukaryotic cells and the obtained recombinant proteins undergo protein folding, proteolytic processing, disulfide bond formation and glycosylation [1].
As a methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris is capable of metabolizing methanol as its sole carbon source. The strong promoter for alcohol oxidase, AOX1, is tightly regulated and induced by methanol and it is used for the expression of the gene of interest. Accordingly, the expression of the foreign protein can be induced by adding methanol to the growth medium [2; 3].
Another important advantage is the secretion of the recombinant protein into the growth medium, using a signal sequence to target the foreign protein to the secretory pathway of P. pastoris. With only low levels of endogenous protein secreted to the media by the yeast itself and no added proteins to the media, a heterologous protein builds the majority of the total protein in the medium and facilitates following protein purification steps [3; 4].
The vector used here (pPICZ&alpha;A) contains the AOX1 promoter for tightly regulated, methanol-induced expression of the gene of interest; the &alpha;-factor secretion signal for secretion of the recombinant protein, a Zeocin resistance gene for selection in both E. coli and Pichia and a C-terminal peptide containing the c-myc epitope and a polyhistidine (6xHis) tag for detection and purification of a recombinant protein. We also show western blot analysis of the recombinant protein using the specific Anti-myc-HRP antibody recognizing the c-myc epitope on the parent vector.

Expression of Recombinant Proteins in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris

The protocol describes protein expression using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The preparation of electrocompetent yeast cells, transformation of the vector with the gene of interest into P. pastoris and yeast DNA purification are also performed. Western blot analysis and protein purification build the last steps in this protein expression protocol.

メチロトローフ酵母における組換えタンパク質の発現ピキアパストリス</em

Protein expression in the microbial eukaryotic host Pichia pastoris offers the possibility to generate high amounts of recombinant protein in a fast and ...

Identification of Growth Inhibition Phenotypes Induced by Expression of Bacterial Type III Effectors in Yeast

Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a type III secretion system to translocate a suite of effector proteins into the cytosol of host cells. Within the cell, type III effectors subvert host cellular processes to suppress immune responses and promote pathogen growth. Numerous type III effectors of plant and animal bacterial pathogens have been identified to date, yet only a few of them are well characterized. Understanding the functions of these effectors has been undermined by a combination of functional redundancy in the effector repertoire of a given bacterial strain, the subtle effects that they may exert to increase virulence, roles that are possibly specific to certain infection stages, and difficulties in genetically manipulating certain pathogens. Expression of type III effectors in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may allow circumventing these limitations and aid to the functional characterization of effector proteins. Because type III effectors often target cellular processes that are conserved between yeast and other eukaryotes, their expression in yeast may result in growth inhibition phenotypes that can be exploited to elucidate effector functions and targets. Additional advantages to using yeast for functional studies of bacterial effectors include their genetic tractability, information on predicted functions of the vast majority of their ORFs, and availability of numerous tools and resources for both genome-wide and small-scale experiments. Here we discuss critical factors for designing a yeast system for the expression of bacterial type III effector proteins. These include an appropriate promoter for driving expression of the effector gene(s) of interest, the copy number of the effector gene, the epitope tag used to verify protein expression, and the yeast strain. We present procedures to induce expression of effectors in yeast and to verify their expression by immunoblotting. In addition, we describe a spotting assay on agar plates for the identification of effector-induced growth inhibition phenotypes. The use of this protocol may be extended to the study of pathogenicity factors delivered into the host cell by any pathogen and translocation mechanism.

In this video, we describe a procedure for the expression of bacterial type III effectors in yeast and the identification of effector-induced growth inhibition phenotypes. Such phenotypes can be subsequently exploited to elucidate effector functions and targets.

酵母の菌タイプIIIエフェクターの発現により誘導される増殖阻害表現型の同定

Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a type III secretion system to translocate a suite of effector proteins into the cytosol of host cells. Within ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

ナマルバ細胞におけるIL - 4依存性遺伝子発現のsiRNAのノックダウン：遺伝子発現研究を簡素化する自動化セルカウンターの使い方

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

低酸素症後単一細胞レベルでのグローバルのRNA合成の分析

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assay in tobacco epidermal cells, from testing protein-protein interaction to monitoring spatial distribution of signal transduction in plant cells. In this protocol, we used the BiFC assay to show that the interaction and the signaling between the Arabidopsis MAPKKK YODA and MAPK6 occur at the plasma membrane. When the scaffold protein BASL was co-expressed, the YODA-MAPK interaction redistributed and spatially co-polarized with CFP-BASL. This modified tobacco expression system allows for quick examination of signaling localization and dynamic changes (less than 4 days) and can accommodate multiple of fluorescent protein colors (at least three). We also presented detailed methods to quantify protein distribution (asymmetric spatial localization, or &#34;polarization&#34;) in tobacco cells. This advanced tobacco expression system has a potential to be used widely for quick testing of dynamic signaling events in live plant cells.

At the subcellular level, signaling events are dynamically modulated by developmental and environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol that employs the tobacco transient expression system to monitor dynamic protein-protein interaction and to disclose spatial organization of signal transduction in plant cells.

タバコ一過性発現系を使用したMAPKシグナル伝達経路の空間再編のイメージング

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular ...

Using Microfluidic Devices to Measure Lifespan and Cellular Phenotypes in Single Budding Yeast Cells

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects on the lifespan across species. However, the molecular causes of aging and death remain elusive. To gain a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yeast aging, we need high-throughput methods to measure lifespan and to quantify various cellular and molecular phenotypes in single cells. Previously, we developed microfluidic devices to track budding yeast mother cells throughout their lifespan while flushing away newborn daughter cells. This article presents a method for preparing microfluidic chips and for setting up microfluidic experiments. Multiple channels can be used to simultaneously track cells under different conditions or from different yeast strains. A typical setup can track hundreds of cells per channel and allow for high-resolution microscope imaging throughout the lifespan of the cells. Our method also allows detailed characterization of the lifespan, molecular markers, cell morphology, and the cell cycle dynamics of single cells. In addition, our microfluidic device is able to trap a significant amount of fresh mother cells that can be identified by downstream image analysis, making it possible to measure the lifespan with higher accuracy.

This article presents a protocol optimized for the production of microfluidic chips and the setup of microfluidic experiments to measure the lifespan and cellular phenotypes of single yeast cells.

シングル出芽酵母細胞での寿命と細胞表現型を測定するためのマイクロ流体デバイスを使用しました

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects ...