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動物に関わるすべての手続きは、ミシガン州立大学施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認された。 1。実験装置<ol><li>片側に5ホールのnosepoke壁と反対側の食品配達谷で構成されていオペラント条件付けボックスを使用します。 <ol><li>中央nosepokeホールが「固定」ホールと4他の穴（固定穴の両側にある2）と考えられているが、モータ目標穴と考えられている。各孔は、三色LED及び動物が入り、固定孔から退避するときを検出する赤外線ビームエミッタ - 検出器システムを備えている。 </li><li>ミリ秒の精度を持つ単一周波数トーンを生成し、それをオペラント箱の中に取り付けられたスピーカーに接続するために、プログラム可能な音源を使用してください。適切なソフトウェアを使用して、行動追跡システムを通じて音源とnosepokesを制御します。ハードウェアとSOFTWを使用行動イベントや手がかりと応答の制御、ミリ秒の時間スケールのモニタリングを提供するシステムである。 注：トーンとノイズの両方手がかりの振幅が約60±3デシベルSPLを保つ必要があります。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。初期の馴化<ol><li>被験者の正常体重（ 例えば 3日間にわたって）の100グラム当たり〜5グラムまで徐々に被験者の食物摂取を制限します。被験者は、自分の自由摂取体重の85から90パーセントを維持する必要があります。 </li><li>実験者が取り扱いの対象を慣らすと絶食プロトコルを開始する最初の日からの装置を用いて、被写体を読ん。動物の取り扱い開始し、ケージを探索し、報酬の配信場所に慣れるために、被写体を奨励するために、ペレットトラフにおける食物ペレットを提供しながら、オペラント条件付けボックスに入れてください。 </li></ol> 3。対象トレーニング<ol><li> 一般的な注意事項<ol><li>ここで提案タスクが遅延期間および移動実行時の動きを最小限に抑え、聴覚信号の認識との間の正確な調整を必要とします。 </li><li>徐々に、最終的な目的の動作のためにそれらを準備するために、被写体のステップバイステップを訓練。 </li><li>各ステップの終了時に、被写体が次のステージに進む前に、少なくとも3つの連続した​​セッションのための&gt; 75％の行動性能を維持していることを確認してください。 </li><li>最終段階に達すると、パフォーマンスが望ましいレベルに維持されていることを確認するために週のためのプロトコル上に被写体を保つ。 </li></ol></li><li> 開始：nosepoke穴、食品供給口と点滅穴と報酬との関連付けで対象をよく理解。 <ol><li>ランダムなスケジュールで4つのターゲットのうち、いずれかを選択します。 </li><li>ゴーキュー（ホワイト聴覚ノイズ）を再生すると、（0.3秒のパルス持続時間）が点滅孔内にLEDを保つ。 </li><li> Sを設定穴への訪問時に対象に報いるためにoftware。 </li><li>タイムアウト30秒後に裁判ホールを訪れ、新たな試みを開始していない場合。 </li><li>間違った穴への訪問を報いるしないでください。 </li></ol></li><li> ターゲット選択：選択されていない穴に誤った訪問を処罰。 <ol><li>間違った穴への訪問時には、黒のアウトの5秒間に続く裁判を終了します。 注：ブラックアウトエポックの間、固定孔LEDは、ケージにオフされる。これは、被験者が治験を開始することができないことを意味し、LEDが点滅し、固定穴まで待つ必要があります。 </li><li>新しい穴を選択し、新しいトライアルを開始します。 </li></ol></li><li> Nosepoke：裁判を開始するために固定穴の内側に突く件名をトレーニングします。 <ol><li>固定穴の中に黄色のLEDが点滅。 </li><li>固定穴を訪問するとすぐに行くキューを再生し、新しい試みを開始します。 </li><li> 5秒で不正な訪問を罰する;暗幕の。 </li></ol></li><li> 遅延：トレーニングが進行するにつれて徐々に増加する時間（遅延時間）の期間を定めて固定孔の内部に鼻を維持するために被験体を教える。 <ol><li>固定穴を訪問する対象のを待ちます。 </li><li>対象は、500ミリ秒以内に退避させる場合には裁判を終了します。それ以外の場合は、移動キューを再生します。 </li><li> 7秒間ブラックアウト期間で時期尚早撤回を罰する。 </li><li>食物ペレットを提供することで、正確な訪問を報いる。 </li></ol></li><li> （ランプ付）二つの手がかり：増加と遅延期間の長さをランダム化し、聴覚の命令キューをご紹介します。 <ol><li> 1.5秒の平均に遅延期間の長さを増加させる。 </li><li> 1.3〜1.8秒の間に均一な密度に基づいて、各試行でランダムな遅延期間の長さを選択します。 </li><li> 150ミリ秒のパルス持続時間、三つ子でパルス単一周波数の聴覚音として命令キューを導入し、100ミリ秒のパルス間隔。 <ol><li>被写体が固定穴に入った直後の命令キューを再生します。 </li><li>各ターゲットへの2つの命令キューを割り当てます。 </li><li>唯一のこの段階ではターゲットごとに関連付けられている1のキューを使用します。 </li></ol></li><li>被験者がターゲットホールを選択して、両方の聴覚と視覚的な手がかりを使用してみましょう。 </li></ol></li><li> （ランプなし）二つの手がかりのみ聴覚手がかりを使用するには、被写体をトレーニングします。 <ol><li>被写体が唯一の聴覚命令キューを使用するように、ターゲットホール内LEDの点滅をオフにします。 </li></ol></li><li> 四手がかり：ランダムに提示された命令キューとリピートのセクション3.5.3-3.6.1の配列を他の二つの手がかりを導入する。 </li></ol> 4。行動データ解析<ol><li> 成功率：試行の総数で割ったターゲットへの正しい訪問数の割合として成功率を定義します。 <ol><li&gt;研修の各段階で成功率を測定します。 </li></ol></li><li> エラーの種類： <ol><li>時期尚早の後退：タイムアウトにより固定穴からの早期撤回に試験の割合を測定します。 </li><li>コミッションエラー：対象は、無知なターゲットにアクセスすると失敗した試行の割合を計算</li><li>不作為エラー：対象は、トライアル開始後のターゲットのいずれかを訪問していない場合にエラーの割合を計算します。 </li></ol></li><li> 測定された変数： <ol><li>反応時間（RT）：各試行では、囲碁のキューの開始および固定穴から後退主題間の遅延を測定します。 </li><li>ターゲットへの時間（TT）：対象の固定穴から後退し、ターゲット穴に入るまでの期間を測定します。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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ラットは広く世紀以上神経科学の研究に用いられてきた。猫34効果の法則の概念のソーンダイクの導入以来、オペラント条件付けは動物の行動のさまざまな側面をテストするための標準的なアプローチとなっている。意思決定と運動の準備を含む多くの神経科学の実験は、命令キューとアクションの間隔の間の遅延時間が含まれています。これは、取得されたデータの神経への交絡を...

<html>神経生理学と行動との関係を研究することは、システム神経科学の究極の目標です。歴史的には、動物モデルの選択と行動レパートリー1-5の間にはトレードオフがあった。ウミウシのような単純な生物は6またはイカ7つのイオンチャネル、ニューロンおよび単純な神経回路の特性を研究するために広く使用されてきたが、より高次の種は、例えば、空間ナビゲーションのようなより複雑な機能を研究するために必要とされ、8〜11および認知意思決定12月14日を制御します。行動のような人間のための標準的な動物モデルであるにもかかわらず、ヒト以外の霊長類の使用は、15〜18の設定、単一の実験室での実験の広い範囲での使用を排除し、コストと倫理的配慮を求めるメッセージが表示されます。例えば、げっ歯類など単純な動物モデルは、一般に、それらが関心対象の挙動の基礎となる類似の神経基盤を有して設けられ、19が好ましい。 &quot;&gt;げっ歯類、霊長類20-22に見られるものと同様の皮質及び皮質下の構造を共有することを示唆する十分な証拠があります。げっ歯類も泡立て調整し、スニッフィングすることにより、例えば、それらの作用23-25 ​​を導くために、複数の感覚様相を介して情報を統合することが知られている探索行動26中または聴覚と視覚/嗅覚イベント25,27を統合し。 ここでは、認知課題28〜32をテストするために使用されるげっ歯類のオペラント条件付けのためのフレームワークについて説明します。このフレームワークでは、被験者はnosepokeホール内固定すると、外出先キューのプレゼンテーションまで、穴の内側に自分の鼻を維持するために必要とされています。行動タスクは、従来から5の選択肢の連続反応時間課題研究のために使用される5孔nosepoke設計である。遅延期間中に、命令キューの範囲は、アクションを実行する対象を導くために提示される。このフレームワークは簡単に合わせて変更することができます短い間隔にわたっての明白な動きを最小限に抑えるために被験体を訓練する実験の広い範囲が必要である。これは、個々のニューロンのスパイク活性はこの間隔の間に特定の手がかりによって影響される程度を研究が可能になる。プロトコルは、トレーニング時間を最小限に抑えることができ、横断被写体学習ばらつきを低減することができる。タスクの概略フローチャートを図1に示す。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="757">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;"> 5-HOLED NOSE POKE WITH 3STIM CUE LIGHT - RAT CAGE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> H21-06M/R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">TEST CAGE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H10-11R-TC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Graphic State Software</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PROGRAMMABLE TONE/NOISE GENERATOR</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A12-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Dustless Precision Pellets</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Bio-Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F0165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;"> SPEAKER MODULE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H12-01R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a fully automated rodent conditioning protocol for sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments

げっ歯類は、伝統的に、認知、感覚、および運動タスクの無数を含む実験室実験における標準的な動物モデルとして使用されてきた。このような意思決定や注意の変調のような感覚応答を正確に制御する必要が高い認知機能は、しかし、一般的にヒト以外の霊長類で評価されます。これらの関数の複数のバリエーションを研究することを可能にする霊長類の行動の豊かさにもかかわらず、げっ歯類モデルは、霊長類モデルに魅力的な、費用対効果の高い代替のまま。これらの複雑な機能の広い範囲を勉強しながら、さらに、完全にげっ歯類でオペラント条件付けを自動化する機能は、ヒト以外の霊長類の労働集約的な訓練のユニークな利点が追加されます。 ここでは、ワーキングメモリタスクを実行する上でoperantlyコンディショニングラットのためのプロトコルを紹介する。タスクの重要なエポックの間、プロトコルが動物の明白な動きはのrequによって最小化されることを保証する囲碁キューは、非ヒト霊長類実験計画に似て配信されるまで &#39;FIXATE&#39;に動物·配線。シンプルな2代替強制選択タスクが性能を発揮するために実装されます。私たちは、他のタスクにこのパラダイムの適用を議論する。

提案されフレームワークは、認知課題の範囲に被写体を訓練できます。ここでは、げっ歯類の前頭前野における目標指向行動のメカニズムを調査するために設計された指示の遅延タスクを実装しました。 図1は、実験計画のフローチャートを示す。 被験者が各ステップでタスクの要件を理解していることを確実にするために、業績指標を継続的に評価される?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments at JoVE.com

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

げっ歯類オペラントコンディショナー完全に自動化されたプロトコルが提案されている。プロトコルは、感覚運動統合と認知対照実験の基礎となる、この制御に影響を与える神経活動への広がりを調査するために、行動のイベントの正確な時間的制御に依存しています。

感覚統合と認知制御実験のための完全に自動化されたげっ歯類エアコンプロトコル

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

a-fully-automated-rodent-conditioning-protocol-for-sensorimotor

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.5K ビュー.  Michigan State University. げっ歯類オペラントコンディショナー完全に自動化されたプロトコルが提案されている。プロトコルは、感覚運動統合と認知対照実験の基礎となる、この制御に影響を与える神経活動への広がりを調査するために、行動のイベントの正確な時間的制御に依存しています。 

ビデオ: A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

寸法変化カードソート·パフォーマンスと認知制御ネットワーク関連の機能的結合の加齢の違いを調査するための方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

行動学

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

フロアプロジェクション迷路を用いた記録神経活動のための自動化された視覚認知課題

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

コンピューターの自動学習装置（ALDM）テストシステムのネットワークを用いた非ヒト霊長類における社会的認知の評価

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated systems require upper limb amputees to learn complex control schemes. Humans have the ability to learn new movements through imitation and other learning strategies. This protocol describes a structured rehabilitation method, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning, and aims to assess if this method can improve multifunctional prosthetic control. A left below elbow amputee, with 4 years of experience in prosthetic use, took part in this case study. The prosthesis used was a Michelangelo hand with wrist rotation, and the added features of wrist flexion and extension, which allowed more combinations of hand movements. The participant&#8217;s Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure score improved from 58 to 71 following structured training. This suggests that a structured training protocol of imitation, repetition and reinforcement may have a role in learning to control a new prosthetic hand. A larger clinical study is however required to support these findings.

As prosthetic development moves towards the goal of natural control, harnessing amputees&#8217; inherent ability to learn new motor skills may enable proficiency. This manuscript describes a structured rehabilitation protocol, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning strategies, for improved multifunctional prosthetic control.

改良された多機能人工制御のための構造化リハビリテーションプロトコル：ケーススタディ

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

官能評価のための自動化された表情解析技術と時間的分析へのデータの収集と分析応用のためのプロトコル

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

筋萎縮性側索硬化症の患者で認知機能を評価するために、アイトラッキング制御

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease, Using IntelliCage

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

アルツハイマー病、IntelliCage を使用しての複数の遺伝モデルにおける認知機能の長期的な行動のアッセイの自動化

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and spatial cognition. With a local area network and dedicated software platform, experimenters can efficiently monitor the behavior of the participants that are simultaneously immersed in a desktop virtual environment and digitalize the collected data. These capabilities allow for experimental designs in spatial cognition and navigation research that would be difficult (if not impossible) to conduct in the real world. Possible experimental variations include stress during an evacuation, cooperative and competitive search tasks, and other contextual factors that may influence emergent crowd behavior. However, such a laboratory requires maintenance and strict protocols for data collection in a controlled setting. While the external validity of laboratory studies with human participants is sometimes questioned, a number of recent papers suggest that the correspondence between real and virtual environments may be sufficient for studying social behavior in terms of trajectories, hesitations, and spatial decisions. In this article, we describe a method for conducting experiments on decision-making and navigation with up to 36 participants in a networked desktop virtual reality setup (i.e., the Decision Science Laboratory or DeSciL). This experiment protocol can be adapted and applied by other researchers in order to set up a networked desktop virtual reality laboratory.

This paper describes a method for conducting multi-user experiments on decision-making and navigation using a networked computer laboratory.

意思決定科学の複数の参加者とナビゲーション実験ネットワーク デスクトップ仮想現実のセットアップ

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

仮想現実実験生理学的対策

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

木蟻で visual の古典的条件付け

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...