This research was supported by NASA (NNX15AC17G to CMD), and by NASA cooperative agreement NCC 9-58 (E000010 to CMD, NBPF02802 and NBPF04201 to RDH) with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本明細書に記載された方法論は、人間の文献で報告され、典型的なPVTのパフォーマンスに多くの面で遜色がラットでrPVT公演になります。現在の技術を使用して、一方が迅速rPVTを実行するために、ラットを訓練することができ、これらの技術を用いて得られた性能が明らか差別（応答正しいすなわち 、高レベルの両方の応答を時期尚早と経過の低レベル）により特徴付けられます。 Bei...

人間の精神運動警戒試験（PVT）は、ヒトに警戒し、持続的注意を測定するために広く使用されている、よく検証ツールであり、もともとデンジーズらによって開発されました。全体としてセッション内および個々のセッション内の時間間の両方、反応時間と注意（注意における早期の応答および失効の観点から例えば 、エラー）での安定性を評価するための1-3。長年にわたり、人間のPVTは修正され、さまざまな側面の注目の経時変化を追跡するために、4月11日に更新し、睡眠不足や疲労の変化に敏感であることが実証されており、薬物使用と被験者12の年齢によって影響されています、13。 10秒 - PVTは、刺激（典型的には、LEDナンバーディスプレイ）は2の後、典型的には、時間的にランダムに表示されたときに被写体が簡単に画面をタッチする一見単純な手順です。人間のバージョンでは、番号表示はミリ秒でインクリメントしたときトン停止します彼の画面は、このように被験者の反応時間（RT）を示す、タッチされました。警戒反応時間、2）人間の文献で「漏れの誤差」と呼ば経過の増大（及び通常は長さ&gt; 500ミリ秒）であるのRTのように定義され、3）増大は、1）減速示される減少します早期の応答（と呼ばれる「手数料のエラー」またはヒト文学における「偽開始」）。他の手段もまた、性別や年齢の違いなどの変数を検査するためのPVTを得ることができます。これらの対策の見直しのため、Basnerとデンジーズ4を参照してください。最後に、PVTは人間のリスク評価の一般的な領域で採用されており、成功したようなNASAのエクストリーム環境のミッションとして、軍事、航空、鉄道産業、第一応答者、および極限環境を含む業務領域の広い範囲の下で使用されていますオペレーション（NEEMO）、国際Mars500プロジェクト14、および国際SPACについてEステーション（ISS）。 ISSには、PVTは「反応セルフテスト」と呼ばれ、個別疲労関連のフィードバックとの宇宙飛行士を提供するために使用されている（ 例えば 、RTのか注目で経過で変化します）。 （やや似ています）単純反応時間のタスクの齧歯類のバージョンを持っているように人間のPVTは、何十年も使用されています。これは、ごく最近、しかしながら、人間のPVTに直接げっ歯類対応物は、文献に報告されているされていること。クリスティらは、ラットのための人間のPVTのバージョンを記載し、睡眠不足15,16以下の警戒の減少を報告しました。追加の最近の研究では、rPVT 17-19のバージョンを報告しています。これらのレポートは、さまざまな睡眠不足のテクニック以下の持続的注意の変化を記載しています。しかしながら、これらの研究からのデータはまた、例えば 、RESPOの総数のいくつかの場合において、40％以上（応答早期の高レベルを報告していますNSE）;このような性能は非常に人間との任意のPVTの公演とは違っています。人間の性能対げっ歯類でのこのような大きな違いは、PVTのげっ歯類バージョン対ヒトにおいて使用される特定のパラメータの違いによる可能性が高いです。例えば、クリスティら。 （ - 4秒foreperiod。1を使用しています人間のPVTの3分バージョンのBasner ら 5を参照してくださいが）10秒foreperiod -人間のPVTは通常2を採用しながら、7秒foreperiod -研究では、ランダムに変化3を採用しました。比較的短いforeperiod値の使用は、多くの場合、その応答「タイミング」動物をもたらすことができる、したがって、現在のげっ歯類rPVT研究で報告されているように偶発的補強を介して、早期応答の数を増加させ、促進することができます。 ここで説明rPVTのバージョンは、私たちの以前に発表された物品20をベースにしており、関連する技術および手順の詳細な説明を提供します。それは異なります以下の点でrPVTの以前に公開されたバージョンから：1）ラットを3の可変foreperiod値で訓練した - 10秒、および2）ラットは短い応答ウィンドウ内でのみ応答するので、迅速に対応しなければならなかった（また、「限定と呼ばれますrPVTの以前公開されたバージョンでは3.0秒）;）」を開催し、次の刺激開始は、（本研究で1.5秒を強化しました。精度の大幅な向上と早期の応答のレベルの低下によって示されるように、誤ったためにこれらの変更だけでなく、短いタイムアウトを使用して、刺激制御のより高いレベルをもたらしたで応答し。本報告書はまた、パフォーマンス変数で予測可能な変更点について説明します（ 例えば 、注意、のRTでの経過）を調べる警戒が21をデクリメントし、ときに人間に見られるものを平行ヒト」タスク上の時間」効果と対応-などの他の性能尺度を調べるとき刺激間隔（RSI）は、ヒトPVTで観察される効果<s&gt; 22アップ。 ここで説明rPVTの最終バージョンは、家の光をオンにすることによって開始する（ 図1を参照）。 3の可変間隔（foreperiod）の後 - 10秒経過すると、鼻を突くキーを1.5秒の最大のために照射されます。 （foreperiods期間の平等な分配を保証するために、値がランダムに200ミリ秒の単位に基づいて、3〜10秒の範囲で36可能な値のリストから交換せずに生成されます。）nosepokeキーのイルミネーションに動物のための信号であり、対応し、光発症後150〜1500ミリ秒の間に発生する応答は、45 mgのペレットで補強されています。補強応答の後、鼻を突くキーライト、家の光の両方がオフになっていると1秒の試行間の間隔は（ITIは、家の光オフ）が行なわれます。光発症前で鼻ポークは、家の光を消火によって通知された実験不測の事態から8秒タイムアウト（TO）を産生します。何の応答は1.5秒の解像度内で発生しない場合ponseウィンドウは、nosepoke光と家の光の両方がオフし、ITIが続いて起こる1秒されています。その後の裁判のための次のスケジュールforeperiod値は、前の試験中に発生した方、ITI 1秒または8秒のいずれかの後に開始されます。セッションは、通常、約200件の試験で構成され、30分後に終了（5日/週）、毎日行われています。これは平均して、約7.5秒の持続時間を有する各試験での結果。 最初は決勝まで逐次近似を強化することにより、チャンバ内の食品トレーのうち、鼻突くキーに対応するため2）手整形ラットを食物ペレットを取るために、ラットを適応）rPVT上の安定したベースライン性能は1によって達成されるシェーピング鼻が応答を突く、および3）rPVT手順（ すなわち 、foreperiod、ITI、TO、およびキー照明回）のパラメータは、徐々に各ラットは、各セッション中に実行しているどれだけうまくに応じて、セッションを介して調整されている毎日のセッションを行います（以下に詳細に記載）。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="672">
	<colgroup>
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:315px;">Modular rat operant chamber with stainless steel grid floor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-008</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Med Associates Inc. 
			PO Box 319 
			St. Albans, Vermont 05478, 
			USA 
			Phone: (802) 527-2343</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Sound attenuating chamber&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-022MD</td>
			<td>Houses rat operant chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Houselight for rat</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-215M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">1&#34; diameter rat nose poke response key</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-119M-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Pellet receptacle, trough type</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-200R2M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Modular pellet dispenser for rat, 45-mg</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-203M-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">PCI Operating package for up to 8 operant chambers</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MED-SYST-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">SmartCtrl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DIG-716P1</td>
			<td>This catalog number has 8 outputs and 4 inputs which is the minimum needed to run the rPVT; SmartCtrl can also be purchased with 16 outputs and 8 inputs for more flexibility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Med-PC IV software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SOF-735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:315px;">PC computer with PCI card slot</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any manfacturer (e.g., Dell)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Use of the PCI operating package requires a computer with a PCI card slot. Systems that use PCIe are available. Contact Med Associates for details.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:315px;">Dustless Precision pellets 45-mg rodent grain-based diet</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bio Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FO165</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bio-Serv 
			One 8th Street, Suite 1 
			Frenchtown, NJ 08825, USA 
			Phone: (800)-996-9908;&#160;&#160; Standard chow pellets are commonly used. Different pellets (e.g., sucrose) can be acquired from Bio Serv.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice

人間の精神運動警戒試験（PVT）は、疲労や持続的注意の変化を測定するために広く使用されている手順です。本記事では、注目の同様の側面（ すなわち 、パフォーマンスの精度、モータの速度、応答時期尚早、と注意で失効）PVT-と呼ばれる「rPVT」 -つまり対策のげっ歯類のバージョンについて説明します。データは、実験用ラットで使用される場合rPVTの短期および長期の両方の有用性を示すが提示されています。ラットは簡単rPVTを学び、基本的な手順を実行するために学ぶことは訓練未満の2週間かかります。一度、rPVTにおけるラットの性能がセッション時間（すなわち 、人間の「タイム・オン・全体での類似性、注意で経過、反応時間、警戒デクリメントを含め、人間のPVTでこれらの同じ性能の尺度との類似度の高い示し取得タスク &quot;効果）、および人間のため記載応答刺激間隔（RSI）の効果。このようにRPVTは人間のPVT性能と非常によく似て持続的注意上の変数の広い範囲の効果を評価するための非常に貴重なツールとなることができ、したがって、神経行動機能障害のための新規治療法を開発するために有用であり得ます。

ベースラインのラットrPVT公演ここでは詳細なパラメータを使用すると、122雄ラットの86.7パーセントは、9.0の平均内の最終rPVTパラメータに達した（SD = 10.13; N = 122）4.1に記載されたコンピュータの自動化トレーニングセッション（ - 4.9 rPVTトレーニング、私たちの経験では、ラットのみの約2％）がrPVTを獲得しません。現在の...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

人間の精神運動警戒試験（PVT）のラットのバージョンは、このようなパフォーマンスの精度、モータの速度、応答時期尚早、と注意で失効としてのヒト警戒の側面を含め、人間PVTを用いて測定したものと同様の注意の側面を測定することが記載されています。

げっ歯類精神運動警戒試験（rPVT）：ラットとマウスの神経行動のパフォーマンスを評価するための方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

the-rodent-psychomotor-vigilance-test-rpvt-method-for-assessing

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

12.0K ビュー.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 人間の精神運動警戒試験（PVT）のラットのバージョンは、このようなパフォーマンスの精度、モータの速度、応答時期尚早、と注意で失効としてのヒト警戒の側面を含め、人間PVTを用いて測定したものと同様の注意の側面を測定することが記載されています。 

ビデオ: The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

行動学

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

マウスにおけるビデオ解析システムを用いた文脈と手掛り恐怖条件付け試験

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

における機能のパフォーマンスを評価する<em&gt; MDX</em&gt;マウスモデル

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

ラットの行動の柔軟性を評価するためのオペラント手順

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

変更された穴会は - マウスとラットにおける行動、認知と社会的相互作用を測定する

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

環境内の交信が交配行動に及ぼす影響を調べる方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエmelanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

マウスの記憶・学習の調査のための新規オブジェクト認識テスト

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

ノブ外タスク: ラットの前肢関数を評価するための半自動メソッド

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

ラットにおけるうつ病のような動作を誘導する新しい方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

5分間の音声サンプル手順を用いた子どもに関する親の短い物語の一貫性の評価

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...