The authors thank Jayden Smith for critically reviewing and proof editing the manuscript. This work has received support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS, partial grants RG-4001-A1), the Italian Multiple Sclerosis Association (AISM, grant 2010/R/31), the Italian Ministry of Health (GR08-7), Wings for Life, Banca Agricola Popolare di Ragusa (BAPR), the European Research Council (ERC) under the ERC- 2010-StG Grant agreement no&#160;260511-SEM_SEM and the European Community (EC) 7th Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement n*deg; 280772- iONE.

All procedures involving animals are performed according to the principles of laboratory animal care approved by the UK Home Office under the animals (scientific procedures) act 1986 (PPL No. 80/2457 to SP).
1. Derivation of Somatic Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells (NPCs) from the Subventricular Zone (SVZ) of the Brain of Adult Mice
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of dissection instruments and media 
		NB: These two solutions must be prepared 1-2 hr before dissections instruments are ready and prewa...

<ol>
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Cell Neurosci. 24, 1074-1082 (2003).</li><li>Chu, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neural+stem+cell+transplantation+reduces+spontaneous+recurrent+seizures+following+pilocarpine-induced+status+epilepticus+in+adult+rats.">Human neural stem cell transplantation reduces spontaneous recurrent seizures following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in adult rats.</a> Brain Res. 1023, 213-221 (2004).</li><li>Jeong, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neural+stem+cell+transplantation+promotes+functional+recovery+in+rats+with+experimental+intracerebral+hemorrhage.">Human neural stem cell transplantation promotes functional recovery in rats with experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.</a> Stroke. 34, 2258-2263 (2003).</li><li>Aboody, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+stem+cells+display+extensive+tropism+for+pathology+in+adult+brain:+evidence+from+intracranial+gliomas.">Neural stem cells display extensive tropism for pathology in adult brain: evidence from intracranial gliomas.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 12846-12851 (2000).</li><li>Muller, F. J., Snyder, E. Y., Loring, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy:+can+neural+stem+cells+deliver.">Gene therapy: can neural stem cells deliver.</a> Nat. Rev. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Somatic stem cell based therapies are emerging as one of the most promising strategies for treating chronic inflammatory CNS disorders such as MS211. While the mechanisms sustaining their therapeutic effects still need to be completely elucidated, the significant impact of NPC transplantation in different experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases has given rise to the somewhat provocative belief that stem cells may soon be applied into human studies. However, before envisaging any potential human appli...

Strong evidence has arisen from in vivo studies attesting to the therapeutic efficacy of the transplantation of somatic neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) in animal models of CNS disorders1-8. Nevertheless, a number of issues relating to the delivery of stem cells into the host require careful consideration before these experimental results can be translated into clinical applications. A particularly substantial hurdle towards the development of (nonhematopoietic) restorative stem cell therapies for multifocal, chronic inflammatory brain diseases is the identification of the ideal route of NPC injection. A firm understanding of the pathophysiology of the targeted disease (focal or multifocal; primary inflammatory or primary degenerative), and a cautious analysis of feasibility and risk issues associated with the delivery techniques are in identifying the optimal protocol for stem cell delivery.
While the focal (e.g. into the nervous system parenchyma) stem cell transplantation is a logical approach to the treatment of CNS diseases characterized by spatially confined areas of damage (e.g. Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, brain and spinal cord traumatic injuries, and stroke), the very same approach may prove to be practically not feasible in conditions such as MS, where a multifocal, chronic, and spatially disseminated CNS damage accumulates over time. In this latter case, targeting focal cell injections to individual lesions is also hindered by the limited capacity of transplanted NPCs to migrate over long distances within the CNS parenchyma, thus prompting the identification of alternative, more suitable methods of CNS targeting with less invasive NPC transplants.
Great promise emerged from the observations that NPCs target an intracranial tumor (e.g. glioma) in mice when injected intravascularly outside the CNS9. Following this seminal in vivo evidence of the stem cell pathotrophism10, extensive data have been accumulated pertaining to the feasibility and therapeutic efficacy of the systemic transplantation of NPCs in laboratory animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model of inflammatory CNS damage, via either intravenous (i.v.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) NPC injection1,2,5,6,8.. We have first shown that this is dependent on the capability of transplanted NPCs to target and enter the inflamed CNS, and to subsequently engage multiple intercellular communications programs within specific microenvironments in vivo11. In order to specifically target the CNS, NPCs are delivered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation by i.c.v. injection, or into the bloodstream via i.v. injection. Once entering either the bloodstream or CSF, transplanted NPCs actively interact with the blood brain (BBB) or blood cerebrospinal fluid (BCSFB) barriers and enter the CNS parenchyma. This interaction between the NPC graft and the BBB (or BCSFB) is regulated by specific set of NPC surface cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and facilitated by the expression of high levels of CAM counter-ligands on activated endothelial/ependymal cells12-14. Examples of these CAMs include the receptor for hyaluronate, CD44, and the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 ligand very late antigen (VLA)-45,15,16 (that, in leukocytes, are responsible of the interaction with activated ependymal and endothelial cells), and to a much lower extent Lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL)-1. NPCs also express a wide range of chemokine receptors, including CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR4 (but do not express CCR3 and CCR7), which are functionally active, both in vitro and in vivo5,16. Thus, systemically injected NPCs use these CAMs, along with G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs), to accumulate at the level of the inflamed CNS. Conversely, NPCs injected systemically into healthy mice do not enter the CNS via vascular or cerebrospinal fluid space routes2. CNS inflammation, or endothelial/ependymal cell activation following systemic cytokine or lypopolisaccharide (LPS) injection as a model of chemically induced encephalitis, is therefore necessary for the accumulation of systemically injected NPCs into the brain and spinal cord2. Thus, successful targeting of the CNS with systemic NPC therapies is dependent on the identification of a disease specific window of Opportunity (WoO) in which the brain and spinal cord environment are conducive to the accumulation and transendothelial migration of NPCs. Such conditions generally arise in the context of acute and subacute inflammation17. Once having entered the CNS, transplanted undifferentiated NPCs have been shown to ameliorate the clinico-pathological features of mice as well as larger, nonhuman primates with EAE. This has been described to be dependent from minimal cell replacement2 and remarkable secretion of immune regulatory and neuroprotective paracrine factors within perivascular CNS2,5,6,18 vs non-CNS inflamed areas19,20 (e.g. lymph nodes) in response to the inflammatory cell signaling elicited by infiltrating immune cells5.
Herein we describe the key methodological aspects of the systemic injection of somatic NPCs into a mouse model of chronic EAE. More specifically, we define the protocols that we have established to (i) derive, expand and prepare for transplantation somatic NPCs from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult C57BL/6 mice; (ii) induce chronic EAE in such mice and (iii) perform therapeutically efficacious systemic (i.v. or i.c.v) NPC transplantation into EAE mice.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1474">
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:753px;">Cell culture</td>
			<td style="width:300px;"></td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:272px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EBSS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E2888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L-Cystein</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CO LTD</td>
			<td>C7352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Papain</td>
			<td>WORTHINGTON</td>
			<td>30H11965</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>D/0700/50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse NeuroCult basal medium</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>05700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NeuroCult proliferation supplements</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>05701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Basic fibroblast growth factor</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-15-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>1514012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Matrigel (coating solution)</td>
			<td>BD biosciences</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NeuroCult&#174; Differentiation Kit (Mouse)</td>
			<td>Stem cell technologies</td>
			<td>05704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Accumax</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>00-4666-56</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dulbecco&#39;s PBS (DPBS) (10x) without Ca&#38; Mg</td>
			<td>PAA LABORATORIES LTD</td>
			<td>H15-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Myco trace</td>
			<td>PAA LABORATORIES LTD</td>
			<td>Q052-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">immunofluorescence</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>PAA LABORATORIES LTD</td>
			<td>B11-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CO LTD</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse anti Nestin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab11306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rabbit anti GFAP</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>203344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse anti Histone H3 (phospho S10)&#160;</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab14955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rabbit anti MAP-2</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab32454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rat anti MBP</td>
			<td>AbD SEROTEC</td>
			<td>MCA409S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Anti-O4 Antibody, clone 81 | MAB345</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB345</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mounting solution</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EAE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Freund&#39;s Adjuvant Incomplete</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CO LTD</td>
			<td>F5506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mycobacterium tuberculosis&#160;</td>
			<td>DIFCO</td>
			<td>H37Ra</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MOG(35&#8211;55)&#160;</td>
			<td>Espikem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pertussis toxin</td>
			<td>List Biological Laboratories</td>
			<td>181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tissue processing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Iris scissor straight</td>
			<td>Fine Sciences Tolls</td>
			<td>14060-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Blunt/bended forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Sciences Tolls</td>
			<td>11080-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Brain slicer</td>
			<td>Zivic instruments</td>
			<td>BSMAS005-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical blades</td>
			<td>Swann-Morton</td>
			<td>324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">P200, P1000 pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ketamine (Vetalar)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Boehringer Ingelheim</td>
			<td>01LC0030&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:272px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xylazine (Rompun)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>32371</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>KOPF</td>
			<td>Model 900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>7762-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VECTASTAIN Elite ABC Kit</td>
			<td>vector laboratories</td>
			<td>PK-6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

systemic injection of neural stem/progenitor cells in mice with chronic eae

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative neurology. This directive has arisen from the extensive evidence that brain repair is achieved after focal or systemic NPC transplantation in several preclinical models of neurological diseases.
These experimental data have identified the cell delivery route as one of the main hurdles of restorative stem cell therapies for brain diseases that requires urgent assessment. Intraparenchymal stem cell grafting represents a logical approach to those pathologies characterized by isolated and accessible brain lesions such as spinal cord injuries and Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, this principle is poorly applicable to conditions characterized by a multifocal, inflammatory and disseminated (both in time and space) nature, including multiple sclerosis (MS). As such, brain targeting by systemic NPC delivery has become a low invasive and therapeutically efficacious protocol to deliver cells to the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system (CNS).
This alternative method of cell delivery relies on the NPC pathotropism, specifically their innate capacity to (i) sense the environment via functional cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine receptors; (ii) cross the leaking anatomical barriers after intravenous (i.v.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection; (iii) accumulate at the level of multiple perivascular site(s) of inflammatory brain and spinal cord damage; and (i.v.) exert remarkable tissue trophic and immune regulatory effects onto different host target cells in vivo.
Here we describe the methods that we have developed for the i.v. and i.c.v. delivery of syngeneic NPCs in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as model of chronic CNS inflammatory demyelination, and envisage the systemic stem cell delivery as a valuable technique for the selective targeting of the inflamed brain in regenerative neurology.

NPC derivation and characterization 
SVZ dissections are performed on pools (n= 5-7 mice/pool) of 6-8 week old C57Bl/6 mice by means of mechanical and enzymatic dissociation (Figure 1A). After a few days of culturing in CGM, free-floating neurospheres begin forming (Figures 1A and 1B). Primary spheres are collected and mechanically passaged every 4-5 DIV. Upon passaging, numbers of live and dead cells are ascertained and cumulative cell numbers plotted to generate a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE at JoVE.com

Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE

The transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) holds great promises in regenerative neurology. The systemic delivery of NPCs has turned into effective, low invasive, and therapeutically very efficacious protocol to deliver stem cells in the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system.

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative ...

systemic-injection-neural-stemprogenitor-cells-mice-with-chronic

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

17.5K ビュー.  University of Cambridge, UK. 神経幹/前駆細胞（NPCの）の移植は、再生神経学に大きな約束を保持している。のNPCの全身送達は、脳および中枢神経系の実験的慢性炎症性損傷の影響を受け齧歯類およびヒト以外の霊長類の脊髄に幹細胞を提供するために効果的な、侵襲的な低、かつ治療に非常に効果的なプロトコルになっています。 