著者らは、貴重な議論やアドバイスをH·オリバーレスとDルーゲに感謝したいと思います。この研究は、NSFのSBIR賞（BioSentinel社へIIP-1127245）と国防省の契約（BioSentinel社へW81XWH-07-2から0045）によって部分的にサポートされていました。

FMの督促、TM広場、F. Zeytin、トイレタッカーはBioSentinel株式会社BioSentinelの従業員または所有者である現在、製造、本報告書で提示された試薬の一部を商品化しました。

このプロトコルは、複雑なマトリックス中のBoNT / A複雑、ホロ毒素、またはクロストリジウム培養上清を定量化するための手順について説明します。アッセイ感度は血清型およびアッセイ間で変化するが、56,60それぞれのマトリクスアッセイと他のBoNT血清型（ 例えばのBoNT / B、E、およびF）をテストする際のプロトコルは、しかし、同じです。このプロトコルは、可能な?...

ボツリヌス神経毒素（BoNTを）が知られている最も致命的な物質で、1〜3 NGと推定静脈人間の致死量に/ 1,2キロ。七つのBoNT血清型は構造的に類似し、Gを介して標識され、各々は、サイトゾルと亜鉛エンドペプチダーゼ3-5をコードする軽鎖への細胞結合、取り込み、および転座に関与する重鎖ドメインからなる、存在する。部分的には、その具体的な結合および神経筋接合部6での運動ニューロンへのエントリーからのBoNT結果の絶妙な毒性。一旦ニューロンの内部に、軽鎖エンドペプチダーゼを特異的に切断する可溶性N-エチルマレイミド感受性因子付着タンパク質レセプター（SNARE）小胞融合に必要なタンパク質の1つ以上が、神経伝達物質放出を阻害し、弛緩性麻痺7-14をもたらす。一般的疾患」ボツリヌス中毒」のBoNTによる横隔膜や肋間筋の麻痺として知られ、最終的には、その結果早期診断と治療しない限り、呼吸不全や死を受けている。 人間の食品媒介性ボツリヌス症は、最も一般的なBoNT血清型A、B、Eに関連付けられており、通常は、F（BoNT / A型、のBoNT / B 等 ）とは汚染された食物15,16の摂取に起因される。たが、創傷ボツリヌス中毒のいくつかのケース静脈内薬物使用者の間で報告された17,18。米国では、1歳未満の子供によるクロストリジウム胞子の摂取による乳児ボツリヌス症は、ボツリヌス中毒19〜21の中で最も一般的な形式です。しかし、不適切な家庭缶詰食品加工に起因する食中毒のBoNTのアウトブレイクは、米国および海外の両方で報告された。 2000-2009の間、食品媒介性ボツリヌス症の少なくとも338例は6死亡例22を含め世界的に報告された。迅速かつ高感度に食中毒ボツリヌス中毒の発生を検出する能力は、早期診断を支援することができ、重要な指標である23,24。さらに、費用対効果の高い、日常食品検査できるように検出方法が改善された食料安全保障につながる。 のBoNTの神経細胞の特異性と生物学的半減期が長く、また、それ強力な治療になります。米国において、BoNT系薬剤は、化粧品の条件や眉間のしわ、頸部ジストニア、片頭痛、過活動膀胱、および斜視などの神経筋関連障害の治療のための食品医薬品局（FDA）によって承認されています。多数の「適応外」アプリケーションは、重度の筋機能不全のため25〜28高用量治療を含む、文書化されています。過剰投与が潜在的に有害な副作用のリスクがある患者を置くながら過少が無効治療につながる可能性がある正確な毒素定量化は、正しい投与のために重要である。残念ながら、標準化された効力アッセイプロトコルはなBoNTに基づく薬剤のprodu間の単位定義不平等で、その結果、製造業者間で共有されていないCTS 29〜31。 のBoNTのための標準的な試験は、のBoNT含有試料をマウスに腹腔内注射し、死亡者の数は1〜7日以上16,32,33が記録されたマウスのバイオアッセイである。マウスバイオアッセイは、5月10日PGのBoNT / A 34の検出限界（LOD）と非常に敏感であるが、動物使用上の倫理的な問題、高い人材育成のコストと動物施設、長いアッセイ時間、および欠如を維持標準化されたプロトコルは標準化された、アニマルフリーのBoNTテストおよび定量方法35-39を開発するために呼び出しされた。最近、いくつかの代替のBoNT定量法は、マウスまたはそれに近いマウスバイオアッセイ感度40-49を提供することが開発された。これらの方法には、一般的に、蛍光、質量分析、または免疫学的方法を使用し、動物を使用することなく、マウスのバイオアッセイよりもかなり短いアッセイ時間を提供します。免疫学的techniqと組み合わせた質量分析のアプローチUEは、食品やその他の複雑なサンプルに含まれているのBoNTを検出し、定量化することが示されたが、人材育成の必要条件と特殊な装置の制限これらのアッセイは、50〜55。他のほとんどの代替のアッセイは、複雑なサンプル試験に容易に適用できないか、日常的なBoNTのテストに必要なスループットを欠いている。のBoNTの極端な効力に一致するように感度のインビトロアッセイ法を開発しようとする食品サンプルの粘度、pH、塩分、およびマトリックス構成成分の高度に可変性は、特に困難な挑戦を提示する。さらに、このようなBoNT系医薬品の再懸濁に起因するものなどであっても、単純で、比較的良性の緩衝系は、有意にインビトロ効力のBoNT 56影響を及ぼす塩、アルブミン、および糖安定剤（ すなわち、賦形剤）を含有する。毒素精製は、サンプル56〜59の最も単純ますが、すべての正確な活性試験のために必要である。 ザ·BoTestマトリックスアッセイは迅速で高スループットのために設計されており、一般的に研究室56,60で見つかった機器を使用して、高度に複雑なサンプルからのBoNTの一貫した定量化された。これらのアッセイは、共有結合的に結合して、サンプルからのBoNTを封鎖した後、洗浄することによってマトリックス化合物を干渉除去して血清型特異的抗のBoNT抗体に連結常磁性ビーズを使用しています。洗浄後、結合したBoNTタンパク質分解活性は、その後のBoNT血清型は、試験されると互換性のレポーターを用いて最適化反応バッファー中で定量化される。これらのレポーターは、N末端シアン蛍光タンパク質（CFP）部分とを構成するBoNT基板、SNAP25残基141から206またはシナプトブレビン残基33から94で連結されたC末端黄色蛍光タンパク質誘導体（ヴィーナス）部分からなる蛍光性タンパク質であるBoTest A / EまたはB / D / F / Gの記者、それぞれ45。のBoNTによるレポーター切断は、フェルスター共鳴エネルギー移動（FRET）を用いて監視される。ときはT彼記者は、CFPの励起はCFP発光と刺激的な金星発光が消光、金星にFRETの結果、無傷である。のBoNTによるレポーターの切断は、CFP発光と金星排出量の減少の増加につながる、FRETを防ぐことができます。活性のBoNT次いで定量的にCFPと金星の発光の比率を用いて測定することができる。 3視聴以下LODは、ハイスループットの96ウェルプレートフォーマットを使用して、食品56の広い範囲から可能である。アッセイは、ビーズ表面上の毒素の濃度を可能にするので、感度の増加は、より大きな試料体積を用いて得ることができる。 のBoNT A、B、E、およびFのためのBoTestマトリックスアッセイは、食品、製薬、環境試料56,60を使用して開発し、試験した。ここでは、（ 例えば 、食品、環境）のサンプル低複雑でのBoNTの検出のためのこれらのアッセイを実行するための手順（ 例えば医薬品、バッファ内のBoNT）と高い複雑性を説明しています。具体的な処理方法いくつかのサンプルタイプについて、このプロトコルで扱われており、ここでは説明しない試料の種類は、通常、提示される方法の組み合わせを使用して適合させることができる。プロトコルが開発され、テストのBoNT / Aであるが他の場所で56,60実証されたように、それぞれのアッセイを使用して他のBoNT血清型に適用可能であるした。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="648">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:192px;">BoTest Matrix A Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">BioSentinel</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">A1015</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Detection kits for BoNT/B and F are also available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:192px;">Varioskan Flash fluorescence microplate reader</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">5250040</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Most monochromator- or filter-based units with 434 nm excitation and 470 and 526 nm emission capability can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:192px;">96-well Magnetic Bead Separation Plate</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">V&#38;P Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">VP771H</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Other magnetic plates may be used, but the plate should be designed to separate the beads to the side of the well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:192px;">Magnetic Bead-Compatible Plate Washer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">BioTek&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">ELx405 VSRM</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Optional, only required for automated plate washing.&#160; Other magnetic bead-compatible plate washers may also be used, but should be tested before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:192px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Optional, only required for samples needing centrifugation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:192px;">MixMate plate mixer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">22674200</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:192px;">Orbital Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Used at room temperature or at 25 &#176;C If temperature control is available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:192px;">EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Tablets</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">4693132001</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Only required for food or environmental testing.&#160; Protease inhibitors must be EDTA-free.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:192px;">BoNT/A&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Metabiologics</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Optional, only required for standardization and quantification purposes&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:192px;">Black, Flat-bottomed 96-well Plates</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">NUNC</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">237105</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Plates should not be treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:192px;">96-well Plate Sealing Tape</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">15036</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin from complex matrices using the botest matrix assays

複雑なマトリックス中のボツリヌス神経毒素（BoNT）の正確な検出および定量は、製薬、環境、食品サンプルのテストに必要とされる。正確な効力試験をするBoNTベースの薬剤製品の製造および患者の安全のために必要であるが、食品の急速なBoNT試験は流行フォレンジック、患者の診断、および食品の安全性試験の際に必要となります。のBoNTテストのための広く使用されているマウスのバイオアッセイは、高感度であるが、迅速かつ日常的なBoNTのテストに必要な精度とスループットを欠いている。さらに、動物のバイオアッセイの使用はのBoNTテストのためのマウスのバイオアッセイに代わる米国および海外での薬物製品の規制当局や動物の権利の支持者による通話をもたらしました。いくつかのインビトロ置換アッセイは、単純な緩衝液中で精製されたBoNTでうまく機能するよう開発されてきたが、ほとんどは、非常に複雑なマトリックス中の試験に適用可能であることが示されていない。ここで、検出のためのプロトコルBoTestマトリックスアッセイを使用して複雑なマトリックス中のBoNTが提示されている。検定は3つの部分から構成されています。最初の部分はテストのためのサンプルの調製を含む、第二部は、マトリックスからのBoNTを精製する抗のBoNT抗体でコーティングされた常磁性ビーズを用いて免疫沈降ステップであり、3番目の部分は分離されたBoNTのタンパク質分解を定量化蛍光性レポーターを使用して、アクティビティ。プロトコルは、液体および固体の両方の行列を用いて96ウェルプレートでハイスループット試験のために書かれ4-26時間の合計アッセイ時間は、試料の種類、毒素負荷、および所望の感度に応じた手動製剤の約2時間を必要とする。データは、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水、医薬製品、培養上清を、2％ミルク、新鮮なトマトのBoNT / A試験のために提示され、アッセイの成功のための重要なパラメータの議論を含むている。

記載されたプロトコルにおけるステップを要約した図を図2に示されている。検定は、サンプルの種類と必要なアッセイ感度に応じて、完了するために4月26日時間の間が必要ですが、実践的な時間しか〜2時間。アッセイは、96ウェルプレート中で実施し、実行されるテストのタイプに依存している、プレート当たりの基準を含む最大20個のサンプルの三連の試験を可能...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays at JoVE.com

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

BoTestマトリックスボツリヌス神経毒素（BoNT）検出アッセイは、急速にサンプルマトリックスの範囲からのBoNTを浄化し、定量化する。ここでは、固体と液体の両方の行列からのBoNTの検出および定量のためのプロトコルを提示し、BOTOX、トマト、ミルクを用いたアッセイを示す。

BoTestマトリックスアッセイを使用して複雑なマトリックスからの単離およびボツリヌス神経毒素の定量化

Accurate detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in complex matrices is required for pharmaceutical, environmental, and food sample ...

isolation-quantification-botulinum-neurotoxin-from-complex-matrices

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.9K ビュー.  BioSentinel Inc., Madison, WI.  BoTestマトリックスボツリヌス神経毒素（BoNT）検出アッセイは、急速にサンプルマトリックスの範囲からのBoNTを浄化し、定量化する。ここでは、固体と液体の両方の行列からのBoNTの検出および定量のためのプロトコルを提示し、BOTOX、トマト、ミルクを用いたアッセイを示す。 

ビデオ: Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Isolation and Expansion of the Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a chemically defined serum-free culture system known as the neurosphere assay (NSA). In this assay, the majority of differentiated cell types die within a few days of culture but a small population of growth factor responsive precursor cells undergo active proliferation in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/ basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF). These cells form colonies of undifferentiated cells called neurospheres, which in turn can be subcultured to expand the pool of neural stem cells. Moreover, the cells can be induced to differentiate, generating the three major cell types of the CNS i.e. neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This assay provides an invaluable tool to supply a consistent, renewable source of undifferentiated CNS precursors, which could be used for in vitro studies and also for therapeutic purposes.
This video demonstrates the NSA method to generate and expand NSCs from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures. The procedure includes harvesting the brain from the adult mouse, micro-dissection of the periventricular region, tissue preparation and culture in the NSA. The harvested tissue is first chemically digested using trypsin-EDTA and then mechanically dissociated in NSC medium to achieve a single cell suspension and finally plated in the NSA. After 7-10 days in culture, the resulting primary neurospheres are ready for subculture to reach the amount of cells required for future experiments.

This video protocol demonstrates the neurosphere assay method to generate and expand neural stem cells from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures.

ニューロスフェアのアッセイを使用して成体マウス神経幹細胞の単離と拡大

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a ...

神経科学

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic and Striatal Explants in Three-Dimensional Collagen Matrix Assays

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. Reciprocally, medium spiny neurons in the striatum that give rise to the striatonigral (direct) pathway innervate the substantia nigra2. The development of these axon tracts is dependent upon the combinatorial actions of a plethora of axon growth and guidance cues including molecules that are released by neurites or by (intermediate) target regions3,4. These soluble factors can be studied in vitro by culturing mdDA and/or striatal explants in a collagen matrix which provides a three-dimensional substrate for the axons mimicking the extracellular environment. In addition, the collagen matrix allows for the formation of relatively stable gradients of proteins released by other explants or cells placed in the vicinity (e.g. see references 5 and 6). Here we describe methods for the purification of rat tail collagen, microdissection of dopaminergic and striatal explants, their culture in collagen gels and subsequent immunohistochemical and quantitative analysis. First, the brains of E14.5 mouse embryos are isolated and dopaminergic and striatal explants are microdissected. These explants are then (co)cultured in collagen gels on coverslips for 48 to 72 hours in vitro. Subsequently, axonal projections are visualized using neuronal markers (e.g. tyrosine hydroxylase, DARPP32, or &beta;III tubulin) and axon growth and attractive or repulsive axon responses are quantified. This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of mesostriatal and striatonigral axon growth and guidance during development. Using this assay, it is also possible to assess other (intermediate) targets for dopaminergic and striatal axons or to test specific molecular cues.

Explants from the midbrain dopamine system and striatum are used in a collagen matrix assay for the in vitro analysis of mesostriatal and striatonigral pathway development. In this assay axonal outgrowth and guidance can be manipulated and quantified. It can also be modified for assessing other regions or molecular cues.

三次元コラーゲンマトリックスアッセイにおけるマウスのドーパミンと線条体片の解剖と文化

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. ...

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its relatively uniform cytoarchitecture is a complex array of parasagittal domains of gene and protein expression. The molecular compartmentalization of the cerebellum is mirrored by the anatomical and functional organization of afferent fibers. To fully appreciate the complexity of cerebellar organization we previously refined a wholemount staining approach for high throughput analysis of patterning defects in the mouse cerebellum. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and practical steps that are useful to successfully reveal protein expression patterns in the adult mouse cerebellum by using wholemount immunostaining. The steps highlighted here demonstrate the utility of this method using the expression of zebrinII/aldolaseC as an example of how the fine topography of the brain can be revealed in its native three-dimensional conformation. Also described are adaptations to the protocol that allow for the visualization of protein expression in afferent projections and large cerebella for comparative studies of molecular topography. To illustrate these applications, data from afferent staining of the rat cerebellum are included.

Neural circuits are topographically organized into functional compartments with specific molecular profiles. Here, we provide the practical and technical steps for revealing global brain topography using a versatile wholemount immunohistochemical staining approach. We demonstrate the utility of the method using the well-understood cytoarchitecture and circuitry of cerebellum.

複雑な脳の地形を明らかにするためWholemount免疫組織化学

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

胚前脳からの内皮細胞の単離および培養

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.

This article describes a neuronal culture system that can be used to obtain large quantities of pure axonal samples for biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. This technique will allow an improved understanding of normal axonal physiology and signaling pathways leading to neurodegeneration.

多孔質フィルタを使用した生化学分析のための感覚ニューロンからの軸索の産生および単離

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is ...

A High Content Imaging Assay for Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Inhibitors

Synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) is a component of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex that is essential for synaptic neurotransmitter release. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is a zinc metalloprotease that blocks exocytosis of neurotransmitter by cleaving the SNAP-25 component of the SNARE complex. Currently there are no licensed medicines to treat BoNT/A poisoning after internalization of the toxin by motor neurons. The development of effective therapeutic measures to counter BoNT/A intoxication has been limited, due in part to the lack of robust high-throughput assays for screening small molecule libraries. Here we describe a high content imaging (HCI) assay with utility for identification of BoNT/A inhibitors. Initial optimization efforts focused on improving the reproducibility of inter-plate results across multiple, independent experiments. Automation of immunostaining, image acquisition, and image analysis were found to increase assay consistency and minimize variability while enabling the multiparameter evaluation of experimental compounds in a murine motor neuron system.

Botulinum neurotoxin is one of the most potent toxins among Category-A biothreat agents, yet a post-exposure therapeutic is not available. The high content imaging approach is a powerful methodology for identifying novel inhibitors as it enables multiparameter screening using biologically relevant motor neurons, the primary target of this toxin.

ボツリヌス神経毒素阻害剤の同定のためのハイコンテントイメージングアッセイ

Synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) is a component of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex that is essential for synaptic ...

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result of chemical inputs to its synapses. However, neurons can also be excited by an imposed electric field. In particular, recent clinical applications activate neurons by creating an electric field externally. It is therefore of interest to investigate how the neuron responds to the external field and what causes the action potential. Fortunately, precise and controlled application of an external electric field is possible for embryonic neuronal cells that are excised, dissociated and grown in cultures. This allows the investigation of these questions in a highly reproducible system.
In this paper some of the techniques used for controlled application of external electric field on neuronal cultures are reviewed. The networks can be either one dimensional, i.e. patterned in linear forms or allowed to grow on the whole plane of the substrate, and thus two dimensional. Furthermore, the excitation can be created by the direct application of electric field via electrodes immersed in the fluid (bath electrodes) or by inducing the electric field using the remote creation of magnetic pulses.

Neuronal cultures are a good model for studying emerging brain stimulation techniques via their effect on single neurons or a population of neurons. Presented here are different methods for stimulation of patterned neuronal cultures by an electric field produced directly by bath electrodes or induced by a time-varying magnetic field.

電気を使用してニューロンと1次元と2次元培養における磁場の外部励起

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result ...

Enumeration of Neural Stem Cells Using Clonal Assays

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. NSCs and neural progenitors (NPs) are commonly cultured in vitro as neurospheres. This protocol describes in detail how to determine the NSC frequency in a given cell population under clonal conditions. The protocol begins with the seeding of the cells at a density that allows for the generation of clonal neurospheres. The neurospheres are then transferred to chambered coverslips and differentiated under clonal conditions in conditioned medium, which maximizes the differentiation potential of the neurospheres. Finally, the NSC frequency is calculated based on neurosphere formation and multipotency capabilities. Utilities of this protocol include the evaluation of candidate NSC markers, purification of NSCs, and the ability to distinguish NSCs from NPs. This method takes 13 days to perform, which is much shorter than current methods to enumerate NSC frequency.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) refer to cells&#160;which can self-renew and differentiate into the three neural lineages. Here, we describe a protocol to determine NSC frequency in a given cell population using neurosphere formation and differentiation under clonal conditions.

クローンのアッセイを用いて神経幹細胞の列挙

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

マウス梁下ゾーンから成体神経幹細胞の単離および培養

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Light-Induced Molecular Adsorption of Proteins Using the PRIMO System for Micro-Patterning to Study Cell Responses to Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Cells sense a variety of extracellular cues, including the composition and geometry of the extracellular matrix, which is synthesized and remodeled by the cells themselves. Here, we present the method of Light-Induced Molecular Adsorption of Proteins (LIMAP) using the PRIMO system as a patterning technique to produce micro-patterned extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates using a single or combination of proteins. The method enables printing of ECM patterns in micron resolution with excellent reproducibility. We provide a step-by-step protocol and demonstrate how this can be applied to study the processes of neuronal pathfinding. LIMAP has significant advantages over existing micro-printing methods in terms of the ease of patterning more than one component and the ability to generate a pattern with any geometry or gradient. The protocol can easily be adapted to study the contribution of almost any chemical component towards cell fate and cell behavior. Finally, we discuss common issues that can arise and how these can be avoided.

Our overall aim is to understand how cells sense extracellular cues that lead to directed axonal growth. Here, we describe the methodology of Light-Induced Molecular Adsorption of Proteins, used to produce defined micro-patterns of extracellular matrix components in order to study specific events that govern axon outgrowth and pathfinding.

細胞外マトリックスタンパク質に対する細胞応答を研究するためのマイクロパターニングのためのPRIMOシステムを用いてタンパク質の光誘導分子吸着

Cells sense a variety of extracellular cues, including the composition and geometry of the extracellular matrix, which is synthesized and remodeled by the ...