The authors would like to thank H. Olivares and D. Ruge for valuable discussions and advice. This research was supported in part by a NSF SBIR award (IIP-1127245 to BioSentinel Inc.) and a Department of Defense contract (W81XWH-07-2-0045 to BioSentinel Inc.).

F. M. Dunning, T. M. Piazza, F. Zeytin, and W. C. Tucker are employees or owners of BioSentinel Inc.&#160;BioSentinel currently manufactures and has commercialized some of the reagents presented in this report.

This protocol describes procedures for quantifying BoNT/A complex, holotoxin, or Clostridium culture supernatant in complex matrices. The protocol is the same, however, when testing other BoNT serotypes (e.g. BoNT/B, E, and F) with their respective Matrix assays56,60, although assay sensitivity will vary across serotypes and assays. This protocol does not account for every type of sample possible and some modifications may be required depending on the specific sample composition and desired a...

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the deadliest substances known, with intravenous human lethal doses estimated at 1-3 ng/kg1,2. Seven structurally similar serotypes of BoNT, labeled A through G, exist, each consisting of a heavy chain domain responsible for cell binding, uptake, and translocation into the cytosol and a light chain that encodes a zinc endopeptidase3-5. The exquisite toxicity of BoNT results from, in part, its specific binding and entry into motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction6. Once inside the neuron, the light chain endopeptidase specifically cleaves one or more of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins required for vesicle fusion, inhibiting neurotransmitter release and leading to flaccid paralysis7-14. Commonly known as the disease &#34;botulism,&#34; paralysis of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles by BoNT ultimately results in respiratory failure and death unless early diagnosis and treatment are received.
Human foodborne botulism is most commonly associated with BoNT serotypes A, B, E, and F (BoNT/A, BoNT/B, etc.) and usually results from the ingestion of contaminated food15,16; although, several cases of wound botulism were reported amongst intravenous drug users17,18. In the United States, infant botulism resulting from the ingestion of Clostridium spores by children under the age of one is the most common form of botulism19-21. However, foodborne BoNT outbreaks resulting from improper home canning and food processing were reported in both the United States and abroad. Between 2000-2009, at least 338 cases of foodborne botulism were reported worldwide including six fatalities22. The ability to rapidly and sensitively detect foodborne botulism outbreaks is a critical indication that could aid early diagnosis23,24. Furthermore, detection methods that allow cost-effective and routine food testing will lead to improved food security.
BoNT&#39;s neuronal specificity and long biological half-life also makes it a potent therapeutic. In the United States, BoNT-based drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cosmetic conditions and neuromuscular-related disorders including glabellar lines, cervical dystonia, migraine headaches, overactive bladder, and strabismus. Numerous &#34;off-label&#34; applications are documented, including high-dose treatments for severe muscle dysfunction25-28. Accurate toxin quantification is critical for correct dosing, as underdosing may lead to ineffective treatment while overdosing puts patients at risk of potentially harmful side effects. Unfortunately, no standardized potency assay protocol is shared across manufacturers, resulting in unit definition inequalities between BoNT-based drug products29-31.
The standard test for BoNT is the mouse bioassay in which BoNT-containing samples are injected intraperitoneally into mice and the numbers of deaths recorded over 1-7 days16,32,33. The mouse bioassay is very sensitive with limits of detection (LOD) of 5-10 pg BoNT/A34; however, ethical concerns over animal use, the high cost of training personnel and maintaining animal facilities, long assay times, and the lack of standardized protocols resulted in calls to develop standardized, animal-free BoNT testing and quantification methods35-39. Recently, several alternate BoNT quantification methods were developed that offer mouse or near-mouse bioassay sensitivity40-49. These methods commonly use fluorescence, mass-spectrometry, or immunological methods and offer assay times considerably shorter than the mouse bioassay without animal use. Mass-spectrometry approaches combined with immunological techniques were shown to detect and quantify BoNT contained in food and other complex samples; however, personnel training requirements and specialized equipment limit these assays50-55. Most other alternate assays are not readily applicable to complex sample testing or lack the throughput required for routine BoNT testing. The highly variable nature of food sample viscosity, pH, salt content, and matrix constituents presents an especially difficult challenge when trying to develop in vitro assay methods with sensitivity to match the extreme potency of BoNT. Furthermore, even simple and relatively benign buffer systems, such as those resulting from resuspension of BoNT-based drug products, contain salt, albumin, and sugar stabilizers (i.e. excipients) that significantly impact in vitro BoNT potency56. Toxin purification is required for accurate activity testing of all but the simplest of samples56-59.
The BoTest Matrix assays were designed for rapid, high-throughput, and consistent quantification of BoNT from highly complex samples using equipment commonly found in research laboratories56,60. These assays use paramagnetic beads covalently linked to serotype-specific anti-BoNT antibodies to bind and sequester BoNT out of a sample and then remove interfering matrix compounds by washing. Following washing, bound BoNT proteolytic activity is then quantified in an optimized reaction buffer using a reporter compatible with the BoNT serotype being tested. These reporters are fluorogenic proteins consisting of a N-terminal cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) moiety and a C-terminal yellow fluorescent protein derivative (Venus) moiety linked by a BoNT substrate, SNAP25 residues 141-206 or synaptobrevin residues 33-94 constituting the BoTest A/E or B/D/F/G reporters, respectively45. Reporter cleavage by BoNT is monitored using F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET). When the reporter is intact, excitation of CFP results in FRET to Venus, quenching CFP emission and exciting Venus emission. Cleavage of the reporter by BoNT prevents FRET, leading to an increase in CFP emission and decrease in Venus emission. BoNT activity can then be quantitatively measured using the ratio of the CFP and Venus emissions. LOD below 3 pg are possible from a wide range of foods using a high-throughput 96-well plate format56. Increased sensitivity can be obtained using larger sample volumes since the assay allows concentration of the toxin on the bead surface.
The BoTest Matrix assays for BoNTs A, B, E, and F were developed and tested with food, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples56,60. Here, we describe procedures for executing these assays for the detection of BoNT in low complexity (e.g. pharmaceutical, BoNT in buffer) and high complexity (e.g. food, environmental) samples. Specific processing methods for several sample types are addressed in this protocol and sample types not described here can usually be adapted using a combination of the presented methods. The protocol was developed and tested with BoNT/A but is adaptable to other BoNT serotypes using their respective assays as demonstrated elsewhere56,60.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="648">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:192px;">BoTest Matrix A Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">BioSentinel</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">A1015</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Detection kits for BoNT/B and F are also available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:192px;">Varioskan Flash fluorescence microplate reader</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">5250040</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Most monochromator- or filter-based units with 434 nm excitation and 470 and 526 nm emission capability can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:192px;">96-well Magnetic Bead Separation Plate</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">V&#38;P Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">VP771H</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Other magnetic plates may be used, but the plate should be designed to separate the beads to the side of the well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:192px;">Magnetic Bead-Compatible Plate Washer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">BioTek&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">ELx405 VSRM</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Optional, only required for automated plate washing.&#160; Other magnetic bead-compatible plate washers may also be used, but should be tested before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:192px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Optional, only required for samples needing centrifugation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:192px;">MixMate plate mixer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">22674200</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:192px;">Orbital Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Used at room temperature or at 25 &#176;C If temperature control is available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:192px;">EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Tablets</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">4693132001</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Only required for food or environmental testing.&#160; Protease inhibitors must be EDTA-free.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:192px;">BoNT/A&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Metabiologics</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Optional, only required for standardization and quantification purposes&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:192px;">Black, Flat-bottomed 96-well Plates</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">NUNC</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">237105</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Plates should not be treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:192px;">96-well Plate Sealing Tape</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">15036</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin from complex matrices using the botest matrix assays

Accurate detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in complex matrices is required for pharmaceutical, environmental, and food sample testing. Rapid BoNT testing of foodstuffs is needed during outbreak forensics, patient diagnosis, and food safety testing while accurate potency testing is required for BoNT-based drug product manufacturing and patient safety. The widely used mouse bioassay for BoNT testing is highly sensitive but lacks the precision and throughput needed for rapid and routine BoNT testing. Furthermore, the bioassay&#39;s use of animals has resulted in calls by drug product regulatory authorities and animal-rights proponents in the US and abroad to replace the mouse bioassay for BoNT testing. Several in vitro replacement assays have been developed that work well with purified BoNT in simple buffers, but most have not been shown to be applicable to testing in highly complex matrices. Here, a protocol for the detection of BoNT in complex matrices using the BoTest Matrix assays is presented. The assay consists of three parts: The first part involves preparation of the samples for testing, the second part is an immunoprecipitation step using anti-BoNT antibody-coated paramagnetic beads to purify BoNT from the matrix, and the third part quantifies the isolated BoNT&#39;s proteolytic activity using a fluorogenic reporter. The protocol is written for high throughput testing in 96-well plates using both liquid and solid matrices and requires about 2 hr of manual preparation with total assay times of 4-26 hr depending on the sample type, toxin load, and desired sensitivity. Data are presented for BoNT/A testing with phosphate-buffered saline, a drug product, culture supernatant, 2% milk, and fresh tomatoes and includes discussion of critical parameters for assay success.

A diagram summarizing the steps in the described protocol is shown in Figure 2. The assay requires between 4-26 hr to complete depending on sample type and desired assay sensitivity, but only ~2 hr of hands-on time. The assay is performed in 96-well plates and, depending on the type of testing being performed, allows triplicate testing of up to 20 samples including standards per plate.
Figure 3 shows representative assay results using BoNT/A holotoxin spiked i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays at JoVE.com

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

The BoTest Matrix botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) detection assays rapidly purify and quantify BoNT from a range of sample matrices.&#160;Here, we present a protocol for the detection and quantification of BoNT from both solid and liquid matrices and demonstrate the assay with BOTOX, tomatoes, and milk.

Accurate detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in complex matrices is required for pharmaceutical, environmental, and food sample ...

isolation-quantification-botulinum-neurotoxin-from-complex-matrices

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.9K Views.  BioSentinel Inc., Madison, WI. The BoTest Matrix botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) detection assays rapidly purify and quantify BoNT from a range of sample matrices. Here, we present a protocol for the detection and quantification of BoNT from both solid and liquid matrices and demonstrate the assay with BOTOX, tomatoes, and milk.

Video: Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Isolation and Expansion of the Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a chemically defined serum-free culture system known as the neurosphere assay (NSA). In this assay, the majority of differentiated cell types die within a few days of culture but a small population of growth factor responsive precursor cells undergo active proliferation in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/ basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF). These cells form colonies of undifferentiated cells called neurospheres, which in turn can be subcultured to expand the pool of neural stem cells. Moreover, the cells can be induced to differentiate, generating the three major cell types of the CNS i.e. neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This assay provides an invaluable tool to supply a consistent, renewable source of undifferentiated CNS precursors, which could be used for in vitro studies and also for therapeutic purposes.
This video demonstrates the NSA method to generate and expand NSCs from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures. The procedure includes harvesting the brain from the adult mouse, micro-dissection of the periventricular region, tissue preparation and culture in the NSA. The harvested tissue is first chemically digested using trypsin-EDTA and then mechanically dissociated in NSC medium to achieve a single cell suspension and finally plated in the NSA. After 7-10 days in culture, the resulting primary neurospheres are ready for subculture to reach the amount of cells required for future experiments.

This video protocol demonstrates the neurosphere assay method to generate and expand neural stem cells from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures.

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a ...

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic and Striatal Explants in Three-Dimensional Collagen Matrix Assays

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. Reciprocally, medium spiny neurons in the striatum that give rise to the striatonigral (direct) pathway innervate the substantia nigra2. The development of these axon tracts is dependent upon the combinatorial actions of a plethora of axon growth and guidance cues including molecules that are released by neurites or by (intermediate) target regions3,4. These soluble factors can be studied in vitro by culturing mdDA and/or striatal explants in a collagen matrix which provides a three-dimensional substrate for the axons mimicking the extracellular environment. In addition, the collagen matrix allows for the formation of relatively stable gradients of proteins released by other explants or cells placed in the vicinity (e.g. see references 5 and 6). Here we describe methods for the purification of rat tail collagen, microdissection of dopaminergic and striatal explants, their culture in collagen gels and subsequent immunohistochemical and quantitative analysis. First, the brains of E14.5 mouse embryos are isolated and dopaminergic and striatal explants are microdissected. These explants are then (co)cultured in collagen gels on coverslips for 48 to 72 hours in vitro. Subsequently, axonal projections are visualized using neuronal markers (e.g. tyrosine hydroxylase, DARPP32, or &beta;III tubulin) and axon growth and attractive or repulsive axon responses are quantified. This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of mesostriatal and striatonigral axon growth and guidance during development. Using this assay, it is also possible to assess other (intermediate) targets for dopaminergic and striatal axons or to test specific molecular cues.

Explants from the midbrain dopamine system and striatum are used in a collagen matrix assay for the in vitro analysis of mesostriatal and striatonigral pathway development. In this assay axonal outgrowth and guidance can be manipulated and quantified. It can also be modified for assessing other regions or molecular cues.

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. ...

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its relatively uniform cytoarchitecture is a complex array of parasagittal domains of gene and protein expression. The molecular compartmentalization of the cerebellum is mirrored by the anatomical and functional organization of afferent fibers. To fully appreciate the complexity of cerebellar organization we previously refined a wholemount staining approach for high throughput analysis of patterning defects in the mouse cerebellum. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and practical steps that are useful to successfully reveal protein expression patterns in the adult mouse cerebellum by using wholemount immunostaining. The steps highlighted here demonstrate the utility of this method using the expression of zebrinII/aldolaseC as an example of how the fine topography of the brain can be revealed in its native three-dimensional conformation. Also described are adaptations to the protocol that allow for the visualization of protein expression in afferent projections and large cerebella for comparative studies of molecular topography. To illustrate these applications, data from afferent staining of the rat cerebellum are included.

Neural circuits are topographically organized into functional compartments with specific molecular profiles. Here, we provide the practical and technical steps for revealing global brain topography using a versatile wholemount immunohistochemical staining approach. We demonstrate the utility of the method using the well-understood cytoarchitecture and circuitry of cerebellum.

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.

This article describes a neuronal culture system that can be used to obtain large quantities of pure axonal samples for biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. This technique will allow an improved understanding of normal axonal physiology and signaling pathways leading to neurodegeneration.

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is ...

A High Content Imaging Assay for Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Inhibitors

Synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) is a component of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex that is essential for synaptic neurotransmitter release. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is a zinc metalloprotease that blocks exocytosis of neurotransmitter by cleaving the SNAP-25 component of the SNARE complex. Currently there are no licensed medicines to treat BoNT/A poisoning after internalization of the toxin by motor neurons. The development of effective therapeutic measures to counter BoNT/A intoxication has been limited, due in part to the lack of robust high-throughput assays for screening small molecule libraries. Here we describe a high content imaging (HCI) assay with utility for identification of BoNT/A inhibitors. Initial optimization efforts focused on improving the reproducibility of inter-plate results across multiple, independent experiments. Automation of immunostaining, image acquisition, and image analysis were found to increase assay consistency and minimize variability while enabling the multiparameter evaluation of experimental compounds in a murine motor neuron system.

Botulinum neurotoxin is one of the most potent toxins among Category-A biothreat agents, yet a post-exposure therapeutic is not available. The high content imaging approach is a powerful methodology for identifying novel inhibitors as it enables multiparameter screening using biologically relevant motor neurons, the primary target of this toxin.

Synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) is a component of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex that is essential for synaptic ...

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result of chemical inputs to its synapses. However, neurons can also be excited by an imposed electric field. In particular, recent clinical applications activate neurons by creating an electric field externally. It is therefore of interest to investigate how the neuron responds to the external field and what causes the action potential. Fortunately, precise and controlled application of an external electric field is possible for embryonic neuronal cells that are excised, dissociated and grown in cultures. This allows the investigation of these questions in a highly reproducible system.
In this paper some of the techniques used for controlled application of external electric field on neuronal cultures are reviewed. The networks can be either one dimensional, i.e. patterned in linear forms or allowed to grow on the whole plane of the substrate, and thus two dimensional. Furthermore, the excitation can be created by the direct application of electric field via electrodes immersed in the fluid (bath electrodes) or by inducing the electric field using the remote creation of magnetic pulses.

Neuronal cultures are a good model for studying emerging brain stimulation techniques via their effect on single neurons or a population of neurons. Presented here are different methods for stimulation of patterned neuronal cultures by an electric field produced directly by bath electrodes or induced by a time-varying magnetic field.

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result ...

Enumeration of Neural Stem Cells Using Clonal Assays

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. NSCs and neural progenitors (NPs) are commonly cultured in vitro as neurospheres. This protocol describes in detail how to determine the NSC frequency in a given cell population under clonal conditions. The protocol begins with the seeding of the cells at a density that allows for the generation of clonal neurospheres. The neurospheres are then transferred to chambered coverslips and differentiated under clonal conditions in conditioned medium, which maximizes the differentiation potential of the neurospheres. Finally, the NSC frequency is calculated based on neurosphere formation and multipotency capabilities. Utilities of this protocol include the evaluation of candidate NSC markers, purification of NSCs, and the ability to distinguish NSCs from NPs. This method takes 13 days to perform, which is much shorter than current methods to enumerate NSC frequency.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) refer to cells&#160;which can self-renew and differentiate into the three neural lineages. Here, we describe a protocol to determine NSC frequency in a given cell population using neurosphere formation and differentiation under clonal conditions.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Light-Induced Molecular Adsorption of Proteins Using the PRIMO System for Micro-Patterning to Study Cell Responses to Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Cells sense a variety of extracellular cues, including the composition and geometry of the extracellular matrix, which is synthesized and remodeled by the cells themselves. Here, we present the method of Light-Induced Molecular Adsorption of Proteins (LIMAP) using the PRIMO system as a patterning technique to produce micro-patterned extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates using a single or combination of proteins. The method enables printing of ECM patterns in micron resolution with excellent reproducibility. We provide a step-by-step protocol and demonstrate how this can be applied to study the processes of neuronal pathfinding. LIMAP has significant advantages over existing micro-printing methods in terms of the ease of patterning more than one component and the ability to generate a pattern with any geometry or gradient. The protocol can easily be adapted to study the contribution of almost any chemical component towards cell fate and cell behavior. Finally, we discuss common issues that can arise and how these can be avoided.

Our overall aim is to understand how cells sense extracellular cues that lead to directed axonal growth. Here, we describe the methodology of Light-Induced Molecular Adsorption of Proteins, used to produce defined micro-patterns of extracellular matrix components in order to study specific events that govern axon outgrowth and pathfinding.

Cells sense a variety of extracellular cues, including the composition and geometry of the extracellular matrix, which is synthesized and remodeled by the ...