我々は彼らのイメージング顕微鏡設備の使用のために博士タオダンと彼女の研究室のメンバーの共同の努力に感謝します。我々はまた、子宮組織を私たちに提供するためのバイオレポジトリーおよび組織研究施設（BTRF）コア、ジェフ·ハーパー、バージニア大学の住民に感謝。私たちは、回路図の概要のヘルプはカロルSzlachtaに感謝します。

本稿で使用し子宮摘出標本は、IRB - HSR＃14424の番号が大学のIRB承認された倫理プロトコルの一致に集めた。 臨床ソースから1。サンプル取得<ol><li>開始前に政府と制度に基づく倫理指針と承認の文書を入手します。 </li><li>無菌状態のすべての手順を実施しています。 </li><li>サンプルはすぐに培養中に処理できない場合は、4℃で50ミリリットルチューブにメディア（RPMIまたはDMEM /高グルコース）中で、患者由来の組織を維持する。サンプルは、24時間の最大この状態で保存することができる。 </li><li> 1X滅菌リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）で組織試料を3回洗浄し、洗浄の間、溶液を捨てる。 </li></ol>スクレイピング方式を使用して、プライマリ細胞株の2。準備<ol><li>成長培地（RPMI、10％ウシ胎仔血清および1％ペニシリン - streptomyを補充したDMEM /高グルコース4-10 mlを加えCIN）組織に、30分間ファンギゾン（0.25μg/ mlの最終濃度）を追加します。 </li><li>増殖培地を廃棄する。 </li><li> 1X PBSで2回組織を洗浄します。 </li><li>子宮筋層と子宮内膜層（図にさらなる説明のために図2A〜図2Cを参照）との間で区別するために6cmの細胞培養プレート上の組織を置く。子宮内膜を分離する。 </li><li> 6cmの細胞培養皿上に引っ掻きながらメスまたはカミソリの刃を用いて小片に組織を離断。これらの傷は、新興主要な子宮内膜細胞の付着を促進する。トリプシン法と比較して、より多くの組織を（近似図2Dを参照）が必要である。 </li><li>優しく、傷ディッシュ（組織片が見え、理想的に引っ掻き運動から固定化されます）に増殖培地の2ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li>指定された細胞培養インキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）、プレート（単数または複数）を転送する。離れてOTHから、一次細胞株のための場所を指定するER細胞培養皿。初代培養は、感染および汚染に敏感です。 </li><li>毎日、光学顕微鏡下で細胞を調べます。細胞の小集団がスライスされた組織（図3Bを参照）の周囲から一日2または3で出現する必要があります。 </li><li> 、文化を維持し、1X PBSで優しく洗って3日ごとに新鮮な増殖培地（2ミリリットル）を追加する。時増殖速度が増加すると、追加の増殖培地（3-4 ml）を6cmの培養プレート（単数または複数）に添加することができる。 注意：洗濯やメディアの変更時には、組織片は、おそらく吸引されます。これは接着細胞の成長に影響を与えません。新しいコロニーが1週間後に出現する可能性は低いように組織片は、次の工程（2.10）により吸引しなければならない。 </li><li> 0.05％トリプシンを用いて80％コンフルエント（図3B参照）、通路- 6cmのプレートは、約75である場合。初代細胞は無限に継代することができません - 2または3のプレートがMAであるとすぐに、細胞の1プレートを下に凍結intained。複数の通路が必要な場合は、（参考文献3に概説されている）不死化プロトコルに従う。 </li></ol>トリプシン法を使用して、プライマリ細胞株の3。準備<ol><li>カナマイシン（0.03 mg / mlの最終濃度）を添加した0.25％トリプシン2mlに子宮内膜組織の小片（近似図2Dを参照）を配置します。 </li><li> 30分間回転台上で37℃で組織をインキュベートする。 </li><li>簡単に言えば、組織をボルテックスする。 </li><li> 2分間200〜400×gでサンプルを遠心分離し、上澄みを捨てる。 </li><li>新鮮なトリプシンおよびカナマイシンを追加します。 </li><li>時間回転させながら37℃で組織をインキュベートする。 </li><li> 5月10日秒のための組織をボルテックスする。 </li><li>トリプシンを不活性化する（10％ウシ胎児血清および1％ペニシリン - ストレプトマイシンを補充した）増殖培地を2mlを加える。 </li><li> 2〜3分間200〜400×gで遠心分離細胞。 </li><li>上清を捨て、成長の2ミリリットルを追加ペレット化した細胞への番目のメディア。 </li><li> 6cmの細胞培養皿にプレート。 スクレイピング方式を使用して、プライマリ細胞株を調製する工程2.5のようにプレートをこすることは必要ありませんが、初代培養の取り付けと成長を強化します。 </li><li>毎日、光学顕微鏡下で細胞を監視します。細胞（図3C参照）24〜48時間後に光学顕微鏡では通常表示されます。 </li><li>文化を維持するために、細胞を監視し、ステップ2.9のように2〜3日ごとにメディアを変更。 </li><li>細胞が75〜80％の集密度（図3cを参照）に達したときに通路に細胞は、0.05％、0.25％トリプシンを使用しています。 </li></ol> 4。追加分析のための組織（スナップ凍結し、ホルマリン固定）を保存する<ol><li> 1X PBSで2回サンプルを洗ってください。 </li><li>可能な限り液体として吸引除去する。 </li><li>スナップ凍結のため、（図2Fおよび2Gを参照してください）1.7遠心管に子宮内膜組織サンプルを置く。 1.7を配置遠心分離管10秒間液体窒素中またはまで、組織を凍結していることがわかる。 注：サンプルを調製する際に、直接液体窒素に触れないように注意してください。サンプルは、さらなる処理または分析するまで-80℃で保存することができる。 </li><li>ホルマリン固定のために、（図2H参照）子宮内膜組織の小片にカットし、10％緩衝ホルマリン中で亜鉛沈める。 24時間後、ホルマリンを破棄し、さらなる処理まで組織サンプルに70％エタノールを加える。 </li></ol> 5。免疫蛍光（IF） <ol><li>細胞固定<ol><li>培養スライドまたはプレート上の細胞を準備します。 </li><li>優しく、1×PBSで細胞を洗浄。 </li><li> 5分間予め冷却（4℃）メタノール及びアセトン（1:1の比で混合）を添加する。 </li><li>空気が進む前に、スライドを乾燥させます。必要に応じて、スライドは1〜2週間4℃で保存することができる。 </li></ol></li><li>処理IF <ol><li> 10分間、1X PBSで細胞を再水和する。 FOのためにllowingは回転プラットフォーム上のすべての洗浄およびインキュベーションを行って、1〜6を繰り返します。 </li><li> 1X PBSを使用してブロックを1％ウシ血清アルブミン（BSA）を補充し、室温（RT）で30分間、1％の種特異的血清（2 回目の抗体の供給源）。 </li><li> （抗体希釈用の製造業者の推奨を参照）一次抗体でインキュベートする。特異的な抗体のための材料を参照してください。ステップ5.2.2のように新鮮なブロッキング緩衝液中で一次抗体を希釈します。このインキュベーションはRTで、または一晩4℃で少なくとも2時間行うことができる</li><li> 5分ごとに1×PBSで3回洗浄する。 </li><li>二次抗体でインキュベートする（抗体希釈用の製造業者の推奨を参照してください）​​。ステップ5.2.2のように新鮮なブロッキング緩衝液中で二次抗体を希釈します。光退色を防止するために、光の非存在下でこの以降の処理を行うことが重要である。 </li><li> 5分ごとに1×PBSで3回洗浄する。 </li><li> ThoroughlYは、スライドを乾燥させます。 </li><li>封入剤およびDAPI対比溶液を加える。 </li><li>カバースリップを適用し、シール剤（複数可）を使用してエッジをシールする。スライドは2週間まで、暗所で4℃で保存することができる。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6。RNA抽出<ol><li>遠心分離により1×10 7細胞をペレット化。このプロトコルのすべての材料および試薬は無しRNaseする必要があります。 </li><li>溶解の1ミリリットルTRIZOL試薬中の細胞および核タンパク質複合体の解離を完了するために、室温で10分間均質化したサンプルをインキュベートする。 </li><li> TRIZOLの1ミリリットル当たり200μlのクロロホルムを追加します。 15秒間、手でよく振るし、室温で2〜3分間インキュベートする。 </li><li> 4℃で15分間、最大速度（15,000×g）で遠心分離する3つの層が発生します。 </li><li>新しいマイクロチューブに上部の水相を転送します。 RNA収量を高めるために1μlのグリコーゲンを追加します。しかしながら、このステップは必要なときに小RNAの量が予想される。 </li><li>水層にイソプロピルアルコール0.5ミリリットルを追加し、サンプルを3〜5回転倒。室温で10分間、サンプルをインキュベートする。収率を増加させるために、試料を30分間、-20℃または-80°Cに配置することができる。 </li><li> 4℃で10分間最大速度で遠心分離する</li><li>この時点で、RNAの小さなペレットが表示されるはずです。上清を捨てる。 </li><li> 75％エタノール1mlでRNAを洗ってください。 </li><li> 5分間最大速度で遠心し、上清を捨てる。サンプルは、無機汚染物質を取り除くためにもう一度洗浄することができますが、この手順は必要ありません。 </li><li> RNAのペレットが乾燥するまで簡単に言えば、（通常は7月10日分かかります）RNAペレットを乾燥させます。 注：One追加の工程は、無機物質を減少させ、乾燥時間を減少させるために使用することができる。追加分吸引残液の最大速度でエタノール洗浄、スピンサンプルから上清を捨てた後。ペレットを吸引しないように注意してください。 </li><li> RNAペレットのサイズに応じて、RNaseを含まない水にRNAを溶解する。ボリュームは、一般的に10〜50μLの範囲です。 </li><li> 10分間55℃でサンプルをインキュベートし、RNAの濃度を測定する。 </li><li>さらなる処理まで-20℃で保存したサンプル。 </li></ol> 7。逆転写<ol><li> H 2 Oで9μLの容量にサンプルRNA（1-3μgのを）持って来る</li><li> 10分間70℃に加熱するRNA。 </li><li>のdNTP5μlの（50μMの作業濃度）、N6のDNAオリゴの5μL（80μmの作用濃度）、5×AMVバッファーを5μl、およびAMVの1μL：AMVマスターミックスを生成するには、以下の試薬を組み合わせて。このマスターミックス溶液は、1サンプルあたりに設計されている。 </li><li>加熱されたRNAにマスターミックス16μLを加える。最終反応容量は25μl反応であろう。 </li><li> （第1段階）で90分間42℃で、（駅：逆転写のため、以下のPCR条件を使用し5分、さらなる処理まで（第3段階）、4℃ためシチズン2）95°C。 </li></ol> 8。リアルタイムPCR <ol><li> 表1に示すプライマーアニーリング温度、サイクル数、および試薬を用いてPCR反応を行う。 注：（ 材料会社、カタログ番号を参照）PCR試薬を使用する際に、製造業者の指示に従うことが理想的です。 </li></ol>図9（参考文献4および5由来） インビトロ脱落膜化プロトコル<ol><li>子宮内膜細胞をプレート。 </li><li> 75から85パーセントの集密度まで成長する。 </li><li>細胞がコンフルエントになった後、1×PBSで1回洗浄。 </li><li>すぐに、（フェノールを含まないRPMI 5％の木炭ストリップFBSおよび1％ペニシリン - ストレプトマイシンを補充した）ホルモンを含まない培地を追加します。 </li><li> 24時間後、1μMおよび8 - ブロモアデノシン3の最終濃度で酢酸メドロキシプロゲステロン（MPA）を補充したホルモンフリー培地 &#39;、5&#39;を追加-環状一リン酸（cAMP）を0.5mMの最終濃度で。 </li><li>少なくとも48時間後、反応を停止し、さらなる処理のために、プレート（単数または複数）を保存する。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+metalloproteinase+production+by+cultured+human+endometrial+stromal+cells:+identification+of+interstitial+collagenase,+gelatinase-A,+gelatinase-B,+and+stromelysin-1+and+their+differential+regulation+by+interleukin-1+alpha+and+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha.">Matrix metalloproteinase production by cultured human endometrial stromal cells: identification of interstitial collagenase, gelatinase-A, gelatinase-B, and stromelysin-1 and their differential regulation by interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.</a> J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 79, 530-536 (1994).</li><li>Dimitriadis, E., Robb, L., Salamonsen, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin+11+advances+progesterone-induced+decidualization+of+human+endometrial+stromal+cells.">Interleukin 11 advances progesterone-induced decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells.</a> Mol Hum Reprod. 8, 636-643 (2002).</li><li>Sakai, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Involvement+of+histone+acetylation+in+ovarian+steroid-induced+decidualization+of+human+endometrial+stromal+cells.">Involvement of histone acetylation in ovarian steroid-induced decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells.</a> J Biol Chem. 278, 16675-16682 (2003).</li><li>Logan, P. C., Ponnampalam, A. P., Steiner, M., Mitchell, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+cyclic+AMP+and+estrogen/progesterone+on+the+transcription+of+DNA+methyltransferases+during+the+decidualization+of+human+endometrial+stromal+cells.">Effect of cyclic AMP and estrogen/progesterone on the transcription of DNA methyltransferases during the decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells.</a> Mol Hum Reprod. 19, 302-312 (2013).</li><li>Tamura, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+IGFBP-1+expression+by+cAMP+is+associated+with+histone+acetylation+status+of+the+promoter+region+in+human+endometrial+stromal+cells.">Induction of IGFBP-1 expression by cAMP is associated with histone acetylation status of the promoter region in human endometrial stromal cells.</a> Endocrinology. 153, 5612-5621 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> American Society for Reproductive Medicine: Quick facts about infertility. , (2013).</li><li>Salker, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+selection+of+human+embryos:+impaired+decidualization+of+endometrium+disables+embryo-maternal+interactions+and+causes+recurrent+pregnancy+loss.">Natural selection of human embryos: impaired decidualization of endometrium disables embryo-maternal interactions and causes recurrent pregnancy loss.</a> PLoS One. 5, (2010).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もない。

他のグループについておよびコラゲナーゼ4,12,13,15-18を利用するほとんどが子宮内膜間質培養物を調製するための方法を適応している。本稿では、我々は経済的な理由とトリプシンの便利な利用可能性および/またはカミソリの刃のために私たちの研究室で利用され、どちらも2単純化された主要な子宮内膜間質培養法のための方法論と証拠を提供した。 我々の2つ?...

ヒト子宮コーパス3層、子宮外膜（又は漿膜）、子宮筋層及び子宮内膜から構成されている。これらの層のそれぞれを区別することは、子宮内膜細胞株を確立するための重要なステップである。子宮外膜は子宮の最も外側の層であり、薄い、漿液細胞からなる。子宮筋層の厚さの中間層であり、平滑筋細胞からなる。子宮内膜は、子宮の内層として同定され、上皮および間質細胞集団を含む。 子宮内膜は、さらに、その幹細胞集団は、約28日ごとに1 functionalis層を再増殖すると仮定されている基底層に細分される。ヒト子宮内膜のfunctionalis層は、ホルモンの循環に応じて、重要な生化学的および形態学的変化を受ける。これらのホルモンは、下垂体や卵巣から派生しています。 ザ·コー​​ディネートの生産と生殖周期におけるホルモンの結果のリリース。生殖周期は、潜在的な胚着床イベントの子宮内膜を作製するように設計されている。ヒトでは、生殖周期」は、月経周期」として知られており、3つの段階に分け - 増殖、分泌、および月経。分泌期がfunctionalis成熟によってマークされているのに対し、増殖期はfunctionalis子宮内膜層の増殖を伴う。具体的には、細胞外の変化、分泌物、および細胞分化は、潜在的な注入を知らせる。注入は分泌期の終了前に発生しない場合は、functionalis子宮内膜層は月経期の間に流されている。月経とfunctionalis層の脱落をトリガーするイベントの重要性はまだ議論されています。ヒトでは、月経が知られている特定の中間分泌期の分化事象の結果であると提起されている「自発的脱落膜化」2など。本稿では、両方の子宮内膜間質細胞の単離方法の詳細な方法論を提供し、これらのアプローチの有効性を実証するために、免疫蛍光、デジタル画像の組み合わせを使用する。加えて、我々は一般的に適用される子宮内膜間質細胞の単離を確認するために、自発的な脱落膜化のインビトロモデルにおいて使用される。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="713">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
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			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Hyclone&#160;</td>
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			<td style="width:63px;"></td>
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		<tr height="27">
			<td dir="LTR" height="27" style="height:27px;width:235px;">1.7 micro Centrifuge Tube&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Genesee Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">22-272A&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td dir="LTR" height="25" style="height:25px;width:235px;">1&#181;l,20&#181;l, 200ml and 1000&#181;l Pipette&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Genesee Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">24-401,24-402, 24-412, 24-430&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td dir="LTR" height="22" style="height:22px;width:235px;">15ml Conical Tube&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Hyclone&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">339650</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="23">
			<td dir="LTR" height="23" style="height:23px;width:235px;">50ml Conical Tube&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Hyclone&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">339652</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="24" style="height:24px;width:235px;">6cm Cell Culture Dish&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Thermo scientific&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">12-556-002&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="22" style="height:22px;width:235px;">8 well Chambers&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">AB-4162&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="23" style="height:23px;width:235px;">Acetate&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Fisher scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">C4-100&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="24" style="height:24px;width:235px;">AMV RT Enzyme/Buffer&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Bio Labs&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">M077L&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="24" style="height:24px;width:235px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">BP-1605-100&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="23" style="height:23px;width:235px;">Buffered Zinc Formalin&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Thermo&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">59201ZF&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="24">
			<td dir="LTR" height="24" style="height:24px;width:235px;">Charcoal strip FBS&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">NC9019735&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="24" style="height:24px;width:235px;">Chloroform&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">BP1145-1</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="24" style="height:24px;width:235px;">Cover slip&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Fisher Brand&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">12-544D&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="24" style="height:24px;width:235px;">Cyclic AMP (cAMP)&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">B7880</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="24" style="height:24px;width:235px;">DMEM/High Glucose&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Hyclone&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">SH30243FS&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="25" style="height:25px;width:235px;">dNTP&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Bioline&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">BIO-39025&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Santa Cruz&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">SC-3855&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Donkey Serum&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Jackson&#8217;s lab&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">&#160;017-000-002&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">E Cadherin Antibody&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Epitomics&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">1702-1</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">BP2818-1</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">03-600-511&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Fungizone Amphotericin B&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">15290-018&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">GAPDH Probe&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">HS99999905&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Glycogen&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">5Prime&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">2301440</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">115-096-003&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Isopropanol&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">BP2618-1</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Kanamycin&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">BP906-5&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">M1629</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">MeOH (Methanol)&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">A4-08-1&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Mounting Media (w/DAPI)&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Vector Labratories&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">H-1500&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">N6 DNA Oligos&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Number 15 Scraper&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">371615</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Pan Cytokeratin&#160; Mouse mAB&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Cell Signaling&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">4545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td dir="LTR" height="29" style="height:29px;width:235px;">PBS (phosphate buffered saline)&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">BP-399-4&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td dir="LTR" height="41" style="height:41px;width:235px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin Glutamine Solution 100X&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Hyclone&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">SV30082.01&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">PML Anti Goat Anti body&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Santa Cruz&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">SC-9862&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Primer(s)&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Eurofins&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;"></td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">RPMI&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Hyclone&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">SH30027FS&#160;</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">RPMI (Phenol free)&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">11835</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Sybr Green&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">AB-4162&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Taqman&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Thermo&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">AB-4138</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Trizol&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">15596018</td>
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			<td dir="LTR" height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Vimentin Antibody&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:201px;">Epitomics&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:216px;">4211-1</td>
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	</tbody>
</table>

two methods for establishing primary human endometrial stromal cells from hysterectomy specimens

多くの努力が、インビトロ細胞培養系で確立するために専念している。これらのシステムは、in vivoでの膨大な数のプロセスをモデル化するように設計されている。人間の子宮内膜のサンプルから生じる細胞培養システムも例外ではありません。アプリケーションでは、通常のサイクリックな生理的プロセスからこのような婦人科癌、感染症、生殖不備などの子宮内膜の病変の範囲です。ここでは、外科的に切除、子宮内膜子宮摘出標本からの一次子宮内膜間質細胞を確立するための2つの方法を提供する。第一の方法は、「削り法」と呼ばれ、第2の方法と呼ばれるのに対して、外科的または剃刀の刃を用いて機械的掻き取りを組み込んで、「トリプシン法」この後者の方法は、細胞の分離および原発を促進するために、トリプシンの酵素活性を使用し細胞伸長。私たちは、デジタル画像や顕微鏡を通してステップバイステップの方法論を示している。我々はまた、提供します：定量的リアルタイムポリメラーゼ連鎖反応（定量PCR）及び免疫蛍光（IF）を介して、子宮内膜間質細胞株を検証するための電子例。

プロトコルセクションで強調したように、ヒト組織を処理し、準備する際にすべての政府の下での方法、制度的、および倫理指針を実施するようにしてください。 この原稿に含まれる一次子宮内膜培養物を確立するために使用される「スクレイピング方法」の一般的なワークフロー（ 図1A）および「トリプシン法」（ 図1B）を示す?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens at JoVE.com

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

子宮摘出標本からの一次子宮内膜間質細胞培養系を確立することは、貴重な生物学的な手法と先行研究の目的の広大な配列を追求する重要なステップである。ここでは、ヒト患者の外科的に切除された子宮内膜組織からの間質培養物を確立するために使用される2つの方法を記載する。

子宮摘出標本から初代ヒト子宮内膜間質細胞の確立するための2つの方法

Many efforts have been devoted to establish in vitro cell culture systems. These systems are designed to model a vast number of in vivo processes. Cell ...

two-methods-for-establishing-primary-human-endometrial-stromal-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

22.6K ビュー.  University of Virginia. 子宮摘出標本からの一次子宮内膜間質細胞培養系を確立することは、貴重な生物学的な手法と先行研究の目的の広大な配列を追求する重要なステップである。ここでは、ヒト患者の外科的に切除された子宮内膜組織からの間質培養物を確立するために使用される2つの方法を記載する。 

ビデオ: Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

Mammary Transplantation of Stromal Cells and Carcinoma Cells in C57BL/6J Mice

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular through transplantation of stromal cells and epithelial cells in the mammary gland of mice. Current transplantation models often involve the use of immunocompromised mice due to the different genetic backgrounds of stromal cells and epithelial cells. Extracellular matrices are often used to embed the two different cell types for consistent cell-cell interactions, but involve the use of Matrigel or rat tail collagen, which are immunogenic substrates. The lack of functional T cells from immunocompromised mice prevents accurate assessment of stromal cells on mammary tumor progression in vivo, with important implications on drug development and efficacy. Moreover, immunocompromised mice are costly, hard to breed and require special care conditions. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed an approach to orthotopically transplant stromal cell and epithelial cells into mice from the same genetic background to induce consistent tumor formation. This system involves harvesting normal, carcinoma associated fibroblasts, PyVmT mammary carcinoma cells and collagen from donor C57BL/6J mice. The cells are then embedded in collagen and transplanted in the inguinal mammary glands of female C57BL/6J mice. Transplantation of PyVmT cells alone form palpable tumors 30-40 days post transplantation. Endpoint analysis at 60 days indicates that co-transplantation with fibroblasts enhances mammary tumor growth compared to PyVmT cells transplanted alone. While cells and matrix from C57BL/6J mice were used in these studies, the isolation of cells and matrix and transplantation approach may be applied towards mice from different genetic backgrounds demonstrating versatility. In summary, this system may be used to investigate molecular interactions between stromal cells and epithelial cells, and overcomes critical limitations in immunocompromised mouse models.

In this report, we demonstrate a system to isolate and culture donor cells from the mouse mammary gland, and orthotopically transplant these cells in recipient mice to analyze stromal: epithelial interactions during mammary tumor development.

C57BL/6Jマウスにおける間質細胞と癌細胞の乳腺移植

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular ...

医学

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) and a variety of mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and leukocytes 1-3.
The tumour-associated stroma is responsive to substantial paracrine signals released by neighbouring carcinoma cells. During the disease process, the stroma often becomes populated by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) including large numbers of myofibroblasts. These cells have previously been extracted from many different types of human carcinomas for their in vitro culture. A subpopulation of CAFs is distinguishable through their up-regulation of &alpha;-smooth muscle actin (&alpha;-SMA) expression4,5. These cells are a hallmark of 'activated fibroblasts' that share similar properties with myofibroblasts commonly observed in injured and fibrotic tissues 6. The presence of this myofibroblastic CAF subset is highly related to high-grade malignancies and associated with poor prognoses in patients.
Many laboratories, including our own, have shown that CAFs, when injected with carcinoma cells into immunodeficient mice, are capable of substantially promoting tumourigenesis 7-10. CAFs prepared from carcinoma patients, however, frequently undergo senescence during propagation in culture limiting the extensiveness of their use throughout ongoing experimentation. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a novel technique to experimentally generate immortalised human mammary CAF cell lines (exp-CAFs) from human mammary fibroblasts, using a coimplantation breast tumour xenograft model.
In order to generate exp-CAFs, parental human mammary fibroblasts, obtained from the reduction mammoplasty tissue, were first immortalised with hTERT, the catalytic subunit of the telomerase holoenzyme, and engineered to express GFP and a puromycin resistance gene. These cells were coimplanted with MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells expressing an activated ras oncogene (MCF-7-ras cells) into a mouse xenograft. After a period of incubation in vivo, the initially injected human mammary fibroblasts were extracted from the tumour xenografts on the basis of their puromycin resistance 11.
We observed that the resident human mammary fibroblasts have differentiated, adopting a myofibroblastic phenotype and acquired tumour-promoting properties during the course of tumour progression. Importantly, these cells, defined as exp-CAFs, closely mimic the tumour-promoting myofibroblastic phenotype of CAFs isolated from breast carcinomas dissected from patients. Our tumour xenograft-derived exp-CAFs therefore provide an effective model to study the biology of CAFs in human breast carcinomas. The described protocol may also be extended for generating and characterising various CAF populations derived from other types of human carcinomas.

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) rich in myofibroblasts present within the tumour stroma, play a major role in driving tumour progression. We developed a coimplantation tumour xengraft model for experimentally generating CAFs from human mammary fibroblasts. The protocol describes how to establish CAF myofibroblasts that acquire an ability to promote tumourigenesis.

ヒト乳腺線維芽細胞からの癌関連線維芽細胞の実験的生成（CAFS）

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of ...

Repair of a Critical-sized Calvarial Defect Model Using Adipose-derived Stromal Cells Harvested from Lipoaspirate

Craniofacial skeletal repair and regeneration offers the promise of de novo tissue formation through a cell-based approach utilizing stem cells. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have proven to be an abundant source of multipotent stem cells capable of undergoing osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic differentiation. Many studies have explored the osteogenic potential of these cells in vivo with the use of various scaffolding biomaterials for cellular delivery. It has been demonstrated that by utilizing an osteoconductive, hydroxyapatite-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (HA-PLGA) scaffold seeded with ASCs, a critical-sized calvarial defect, a defect that is defined by its inability to undergo spontaneous healing over the lifetime of the animal, can be effectively show robust osseous regeneration. This in vivo model demonstrates the basis of translational approaches aimed to regenerate the bone tissue - the cellular component and biological matrix. This method serves as a model for the ultimate clinical application of a progenitor cell towards the repair of a specific tissue defect.

This protocol describes the isolation of adipose-derived stromal cells from lipoaspirate and the creation of a 4 mm critical-sized calvarial defect to evaluate skeletal regeneration.

吸引脂肪から採取した脂肪由来間質細胞を使用したクリティカル·サイズの頭蓋冠欠損モデルの修復

Craniofacial skeletal repair and regeneration offers the promise of de novo tissue formation through a cell-based approach utilizing stem cells. ...

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

単離、特徴付けと二つの異なる方法を使用して永久歯に由来するヒト歯髄幹細胞の分化の比較

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens

Laser microdissection (LMD) is a technique that allows the recovery of selected cells and tissues from minute amounts of parenchyma 1,2. The dissected cells can be used for a variety of investigations, such as transcriptomic or proteomic studies, DNA assessment or chromosomal analysis 2,3. An especially challenging application of LMD is transcriptome analysis, which, due to the lability of RNA 4, can be particularly prominent when cells are dissected from tissues that are rich of RNases, such as the pancreas. A microdissection protocol that enables fast identification and collection of target cells is essential in this setting in order to shorten the tissue handling time and, consequently, to ensure RNA preservation. 
Here we describe a protocol for acquiring human pancreatic beta cells from surgical specimens to be used for transcriptomic studies 5. Small pieces of pancreas of about 0.5-1 cm3 were cut from the healthy appearing margins of resected pancreas specimens, embedded in Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound, immediately frozen in chilled 2-Methylbutane, and stored at -80 &deg;C until sectioning. Forty serial sections of 10 &mu;m thickness were cut on a cryostat under a -20 &deg;C setting, transferred individually to glass slides, dried inside the cryostat for 1-2 min, and stored at -80 &deg;C. 
Immediately before the laser microdissection procedure, sections were fixed in ice cold, freshly prepared 70% ethanol for 30 sec, washed by 5-6 dips in ice cold DEPC-treated water, and dehydrated by two one-minute incubations in ice cold 100% ethanol followed by xylene (which is used for tissue dehydration) for 4 min; tissue sections were then air-dried afterwards for 3-5 min. Importantly, all steps, except the incubation in xylene, were performed using ice-cold reagents - a modification over a previously described protocol 6. utilization of ice cold reagents resulted in a pronounced increase of the intrinsic autofluorescence of beta cells, and facilitated their recognition. For microdissection, four sections were dehydrated each time: two were placed into a foil-wrapped 50 ml tube, to protect the tissue from moisture and bleaching; the remaining two were immediately microdissected. This procedure was performed using a PALM MicroBeam instrument (Zeiss) employing the Auto Laser Pressure Catapulting (AutoLPC) mode. The completion of beta cell/islet dissection from four cryosections required no longer than 40-60 min. Cells were collected into one AdhesiveCap and lysed with 10 &mu;l lysis buffer. Each single RNA specimen for transcriptomic analysis was obtained by combining 10 cell microdissected samples, followed by RNA extraction using the Pico Pure RNA Isolation Kit (Arcturus). This protocol improves the intrinsic autofluorescence of human beta cells, thus facilitating their rapid and accurate recognition and collection. Further improvement of this procedure could enable the dissection of phenotypically different beta cells, with possible implications for better understanding the changes associated with type 2 diabetes.

Laser microdissection is a technique that allows the recovery of selected cells from minute amounts of parenchyma. Here we describe a protocol for acquiring human pancreatic islets from surgical specimens to be used for transcriptomic studies. Our protocol improves the intrinsic autofluorescence of human beta cells, thus facilitating their collection.

手術標本からヒト膵島のレーザーマイクロダイセクションのために改良されたプロトコル

Laser microdissection (LMD) is a technique that allows the recovery of selected cells and tissues from minute amounts of parenchyma 1,2. The dissected ...

Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl

Retinal detachment (RD) describes a separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). The RPE is essential for normal function of the light sensitive neurons, the photoreceptors. Detachment of the retina from the RPE creates a physical gap that is filled with extracellular fluid. RD initiates cellular and molecular adverse events that affect both the neurosensory retina and the RPE since the physiological exchange of ions and metabolites is severely perturbed. The consequence for vision is related to the duration of the detachment since a rapid reapposition of the two tissues results in the restoration of vision 1. The treatment of RD is exclusively surgical. Removal of vitreous gel (vitrectomy) is followed by the removal non essential part of the retina around the detached area to favor retinal detachment. The removed retinal specimens are res nullius (nothing) and consequently normally discarded. To recover RNA from these surgical specimens, we developed the procedure jouRNAl that allows RNA conservation during the transfer from the surgical block to the laboratory. We also standardized a protocol to purify RNA by cesium chloride ultracentrifugation to assure that the purified RNAs are suitable for global gene expression analysis. The quality of the RNA was validated both by RT-PCR and microarray analysis. Analysis of the data shows a simultaneous involvement of inflammation and photoreceptor degeneration during RD.

We used retinal samples from retinectomy for a transcriptomic analysis of retinal detachment. We developed a procedure that allows RNA conservation between the surgical blocks and the laboratory. We standardized a protocol to purify RNA by cesium chloride ultracentrifugation to assure that the purified RNAs are suitable for microarray analysis.

ジャーナルを用いたヒト網膜手術標本のトランスクリプトーム解析

Retinal detachment (RD) describes a separation of the neurosensory retina  from the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). The RPE is essential for normal  ...

Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a valuable tool for understanding ovarian cancer, their use has many limitations. These include the lack of heterogeneity and the plethora of genetic alterations associated with extended in vitro passaging.&#160;Here we describe a method that allows for rapid establishment of primary ovarian cancer cells form solid clinical specimens collected at the time of surgery. The method consists of subjecting clinical specimens to enzymatic digestion for 30 min. The isolated cell suspension is allowed to grow and can be used for downstream application including drug screening. The advantage of primary ovarian cancer cell lines over established ovarian cancer cell lines is that they are representative of the original specific clinical specimens they are derived from and can be derived from different sites whether primary or metastatic ovarian cancer.

This study describes a detailed method for isolation and characterization of primary ovarian cancer cells from solid clinical specimens. Ovarian cancer clinical specimens are subjected to enzymatic digestion to obtain viable, fibroblast-free epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells highly suitable for downstream applications.

ソリッド検体からの原発性卵巣癌細胞を得る方法

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a ...

Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, invasive, and chemoresistant tumor cells. Therefore, CSCs are an attractive population of cells to target therapeutically. CSCs are predicted to contribute to a number of types of malignancies including those in the blood, brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, prostate, and ovary. Isolating and enriching a tumor cell population for CSCs will enable researchers to study the properties, genetics, and therapeutic response of CSCs. We generated a protocol that reproducibly enriches for ovarian cancer CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and OVCA429). Cell lines are treated with 20 &#181;M cisplatin for 3 days. Surviving cells are isolated and cultured in a serum-free stem cell media containing cytokines and growth factors. We demonstrate an enrichment of these purified CSCs by analyzing the isolated cells for known stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, and Prom1 (CD133) and cell surface expression of CD177 and CD133. The CSCs exhibit increased chemoresistance. This method for isolation of CSCs is a useful tool for studying the role of CSCs in chemoresistance and tumor relapse.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are&#160;implicated in tumor relapse due to chemoresistance. We have optimized a protocol for selection and expansion of CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines. By treating cells with the chemotherapeutic cisplatin and culturing&#160;in a stem cell promoting media we enrich for non-adherent CSC cultures.

ヒト細胞株から化学療法抵抗性の卵巣がん幹細胞の濃縮

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

新しい治療戦略を開発するための膵臓癌幹細胞特性を研究

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

A Novel Clinical Grade Isolation Method for Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and transplantation. Perivascular Stromal Cells (PSCs) share characteristics with bone marrow MSCs (bmMSCs). However, they also possess, most likely due to local imprinting, tissue-specific properties and play a role in local tissue homeostasis. This tissue specificity may result in tissue specific repair, also within the human kidney. We previously showed that human kidney PSCs (kPSCs) have enhanced kidney epithelial wound healing whereas bmMSCs did not have this potential. Moreover, kPSCs can ameliorate kidney injury in vivo. Therefore, kPSCs constitute an interesting source for cell therapy, particularly for kidney diseases and renal transplantation. Here we show the detailed isolation and culture method for kPSCs from transplant-grade human kidneys based on whole-organ perfusion of digestive enzymes via the renal artery and enrichment for the perivascular marker NG2. In this way, large cell quantities can be obtained that are suitable for cellular therapy.

Here we present a novel clinical grade isolation and culture method for kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells (kPSCs) based on whole organ perfusion with digestive enzymes and NG2-cell enrichment. With this method, it is possible to acquire sufficient cell numbers for cellular therapy.