This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants HL087990 (G.L.).

倫理に関する声明：オスの成体Sprague-Dawleyラット（330〜380グラムの重さ）が、このプロトコルで使用されていた。このプロトコルは、LSUの健康科学センター、シュリーブポートで施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認され、（第8版、全米科学アカデミー「実験動物の管理と使用に関する指針」に準拠している、2011た）。 変性PE-50チューブの調製<ol><li>徐々チューブを柔らかく、手でガス火の上に長さ30cm、PE-50チューブを握り。静かにチューブを伸ばす。 </li><li>デジタルノギス（ 図1）を使用して、延伸管上のポイントを選択し、それをマークし、長さ1cmの先端部（外径：0.30〜0.34ミリメートル）で長さ25cmのセグメントに修正されたPE-50チューブをカット。 </li></ol>同種血の塊の調製<ol><li> 70％N 2 Oおよび30％O中のイソフルランでラット（誘導のための5％、維持2-3％）で麻酔&lt;採血前フェイスマスクによるサブ&gt; 2。つま先のピンチによって麻酔を確認してください。 </li><li>発表された方法4でドナーラットの大腿動脈カニュレーションを行い、20cm長のPE-50チューブに直接大腿動脈の血液を移す。血液を凝固さ、室温で2時間チューブを配置し、その後、4℃で22時間、チューブを保持している。注：ステップ3.1で説明したようにカニューレ挿入は無菌技術を用いて行われる。ドナーラットをさらにサンプリングのために回収する。 </li><li> 50ミリメートルのセグメントに、PE-50チューブをカットし、生理食塩水を含む滅菌ペトリ皿にチューブから血餅を洗い流す。 </li><li>長さ60mmのPE-10チューブに50ミリメートルに長い凝血塊を移し、23Gの針を用いて、通常の生理食塩水を含有する1ミリリットルの注射器に接続された20cm長のPE-50管に、PE-10チューブの両端を接続します（ 図2） 。 </li><li>から血液細胞を除去することができる5分間の他の1つのシリンジからの連続交互運動によって血餅をシフト血餅とフィブリンコアを破壊することなく、血管外凝固血餅の壊れやすいを最小限に抑えます。 </li><li> 40ミリメートル長いセグメントに血餅をカットし、無菌条件下でステップ1.2で説明したように修正されたPE-50カテーテル内に血塊セグメントを転送します。注：すべてのPEチューブはエチレンオキシドで滅菌する。 </li></ol> 3塞栓中大脳動脈閉塞（図3A、B） <ol><li> （15分の最低121℃、15 PSI）オートクレーブにより、すべての手術器具を滅菌する。 70％エタノールを用いて、手術テーブルと関連した手術用機器を消毒。 </li><li>ステップ2.1で説明したようにイソフルランでラットを麻酔。両後脚につま先のピンチを実行することによって、麻酔の深さをテストし、（足を引き抜く）のいずれか観察した運動は、動物が手術を行うのに十分に麻酔をかけないことを示します。麻酔下ながら乾燥を防ぐために、両眼に獣医軟膏の少量を適用します。腹側首と頭の再上の毛皮を剃る皮膚領域を露出させ、電気バリカンでgions。 </li><li>加熱パッド上に仰臥位でラットを置きます。直腸プローブ、コントロールを挿入し、恒温ブランケット制御ユニットを使用して36.5から37.5℃の間の体温を維持する。 </li><li> 70％エタノールに続いて、10％ポビドンヨードで剃毛した皮膚や周囲の毛を消毒。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で首に2センチ長い正中切開を行います。手術野を露出し、右総頸動脈（CCA）、外頚動脈（ECA）、内頸動脈（ICA）、および神経および筋膜（ 図3A）の周囲から遊離翼口蓋動脈（PPA）を解剖するために使用するリトラクター。注：アシスタントが動物を準備するのに役立ちますしない場合は、手術の前に、滅菌手袋を変更してください。 </li><li> （迷走神経を傷つけることなく）、周囲の神経から無料でCCAを解剖し、動脈の下で無菌の5-0絹縫合糸を配置します。スリップノット（＃1）を接続し、小さなHEMOSを使用して縫合糸を把握tatおよび身体に向かって教えたプル。 </li><li> ECAとその2つの枝、後頭動脈（OA）と上甲状腺動脈（STA）を解剖。獣医電気外科ユニットを用いて二つの枝を凝固させる。 ECAの下で無菌の6-0絹縫合糸を2枚配置します。 </li><li>動脈の下に配置された二つのシルク、本体に向かってヘッド（先端）と他に向けて一枚を分離します。 （2＃）の頭に最も近い側に、小さな止血とシルクをつかみ、頭に向かって教えたプルタイトな合字を接続します。後で使用するために他の絹糸で緩い結び目（＃3）を準備します。 </li><li> （迷走神経を傷つけることなく）、周囲の神経からのICAとPPAを解剖。 6-0縫合糸（＃4）PPAを接続します。 ICA（＃5）の周りに6-0縫合糸で引き結びを作る。あるいはまた、微小血管クリップを使用してICAをクリップ。 </li><li> Vannasスタイルの春のはさみとの緊密な（＃2）ルーズ（＃3）合字間のECAに小さな穴（スルー1/2）カット。変性PE-50用浴槽を挿入CCAの分岐に切開して、事前に血液凝固を含む電子。 （＃3）だけで十分な内腔の周りに留置チューブの移動性を維持確保するために緩い結紮糸を締めます。 </li><li>切り株を解放し、ECAとICAの分岐下の切り株を配置するために小さな穴の部位にECAをカット。これは修正されたチューブが簡単にICAにスライドできるようになります。 ICAを開いて、静かに、カテーテルの先端がMCA（分岐から〜17ミリメートル）の原点に到達するまで、ICAにECAの内腔からチューブを進める。注：前の70％エタノールで滅菌した、ECA内管の外面をチューブの先端を挿入し、滅菌生理食塩水で洗浄した。 </li><li> 100μlのハミルトンシリンジ（ 図3B）を使用して、10秒以上の生理食塩水を10μlと一緒に修正されたPE-50カテーテルを通して血塊を注入。 </li><li> 5分後、ECAからカテーテルを撤回。 ECAを結ぶと、CCAを再度開く。首に切開を縫合。 </li></ol> 4。監視局所脳血流量（rCBFの） <ol><li> MCA閉塞の前に、頭蓋骨を露出させ、頭皮が1.2センチ正中切開を行います。歯科スクレーパーおよび滅菌綿スワップで頭蓋骨上の組織を削除します。注：手術の前に、露出した頭皮エリアと周囲の毛を70％エタノールに続いて、10％ポビドンヨードで消毒されています。 </li><li> 2mmの後部と0.7ミリメートルの球状のステンレス製バリ（ 図4）を使用して、ブレグマから5mm横に位置して1.5ミリメートルの直径のバーホールを開けます。 注：無傷の硬膜にしてください。 </li><li> 0.5ミリメートル硬膜表面の上にプローブを配置します。塞栓後の0（ベースライン）、5、15、30、60、90、および120分で脳血流量を監視し、5、15、30、45、およびtPAの静脈内投与後60分で続ける。脳血流の最後の測定後、頭皮切開を縫合によって閉じられている。注：首の切開の前に私たちは、MCAのocclus前ベースラインとして脳血流を測定イオン。ポストMCA閉塞私たちは首の切開の縫合閉鎖後のrCBFを測定します。したがって、頸部切開を無菌に保たれる。 </li></ol> 5。術後ケア<ol><li>脱水を防ぐ、すぐに手術や痛みの軽減のために必要に応じて、すべての6〜12時間後にBuprenex（0.05ミリグラム/ kgで、SC）を注入するために生理食塩水を皮下2.5mlの注入する。 </li><li>イソフルラン麻酔を停止します。 37℃獣医回収室（動物を暖かく保つ）にラットを置き、観察を続ける。ラットが麻酔から回復することは一般的に10分かかります。次に、滅菌したケージに動物を入れるケージにペトリ皿にいくつ濡れる食べ物を置き、動物滅菌室にケージを返す。 </li><li>脳卒中後24時間は、ペントバルビタールナトリウム（100 mg / kg体重、IP）の過剰投与によりラットを安楽死させる。 </li></ol> 6。神経学的欠損スコア<ol><li>塞栓後の2時間前とでBedersonスコアを実行します。グレーディングsを使用0-3のCALEは、先に説明した5：尾によってラットを上げ、0を、床に両方の前肢を拡張し、他の障害を示さない動物（通常の移動）; 1、尾によってラットを高め、対側前肢を曲げ; 2、旋回することなく、横方向のプッシュ（および前肢の屈曲）に対する耐性を減少した。 3、旋回とグレード2と同じ動作。 注：塞栓後の2時間後にBedersonスコア= 0（なし赤字）示さないラットは、さらなる研究から除外されます。 </li></ol>

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We do not have any potential conflicting interests to disclose.

本研究では、MCAの起源は、フィブリンに富む血餅により閉塞されたラットの塞栓MCAO脳卒中モデルを実行するための標準的な方法を、実証した。このモデルの主な利点は：フィブリンに富む血餅によるMCAのステムの閉塞は、ヒトにおける血栓塞栓性脳卒中に似て、塞栓性脳卒中モデルは、線溶療法の前臨床研究を行うのに適しており、このモデルが開発できることMCAによって供給された領域内...

A correction was made to <a href="/video/51956">Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats</a>. The institution information was updated.
The institution "Louisiana State University Health Science Center" was changed to "Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport".

A correction was made to <a href="/video/51956">Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats</a>. The institution information was updated.

Erratum: Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

脳卒中は米国における死因の第3位であるが、急性脳卒中治療の選択肢は限られて残っている。現在では、血餅を溶解する組み換え組織プラスミノーゲンアクチベーター（tPA）の静脈内注入は、急性虚血性脳卒中のための最も効率的な療法である。しかし、tPAの使用は、その狭い治療窓によって及び脳内出血のリスクの増大によって制限されます。このため、血栓溶解研究するのに適したストロークのモデルが緊急に必要とされている。 中大脳動脈（MCA）は、ほとんどの場合、ヒトでの行程に閉塞した動脈である。この動脈を中心に、虚血性脳卒中の多くの動物モデルが確立されている。現在では、MCAを閉塞することにより齧歯類局所虚血モデルの二つの主要な種類が開発されている：縫合MCAOモデルおよび塞栓MCAOモデル。管腔内縫合技術によってMCAOモデルが広く機構駆動のストロークの研究で使用されてきたが、これらの縫合糸のモデルはない人間のストロークの最大80％が血栓症または塞栓症によって引き起こされるように、ヒトの脳卒中を模倣する。しかし、血の塊を使用して、塞栓性脳卒中モデルは、密接に人間のストロークを模倣し、血栓溶解の研究に適していると考えられる。この塞栓モデルは、最初1992年にオーバーガードら。1によってラットにおいて開発され、さらにZhang らにより特徴付けられた1997年2およびディナポリらによって2006年3。塞栓MCAOは、ますます注目を集めているが、直面する技術的問題がある多くの研究室による。 本稿では、MCA領域内の予測可能な梗塞を開発することができ、成体ラットにおける同種血の塊と塞栓MCAOを製造するための標準的な方法を示しています。この記事で紹介した技術は研究者が脳卒中研究のためのこのモデルを確立するための技術的な問題を克服するのに役立つはずです。

<table><tbody><tr><td>rh-tPA</td><td>Chemical</td><td>Genentech</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride</td><td>Chemical</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T8877</td></tr><tr><td>Anesthesia vaporizer</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Soma Technology</td><td>Drager Vapor 19.1&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Rechargeable high speed micro drill</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>18000-17</td></tr><tr><td>Curved scissors</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14117-14</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont forceps (Medical #7)</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11270-20</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont forceps (Medical #5)</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-35</td></tr><tr><td>Vannas-style spring scissors</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15000-03</td></tr><tr><td>Veterinary recovery chamber&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Equipment&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Peco Services&amp;nbsp;</td><td>V1200&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Genie plus syringe pump</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat brain matrix</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td><td>RBMA-310C</td></tr><tr><td>Digital caliper&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Equipment</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>501601</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td>Equipment</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>PZMTIII-BS-LWD</td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton syringe</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>model 710</td></tr><tr><td>Homeothermic blanket control unit</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electric clipper</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Braintree Scientific</td><td>CLP-9931</td></tr><tr><td>Veterinary electrosurgical unit</td><td>Equipment</td><td>MACAN Manufacturing Company</td><td>MV-9</td></tr><tr><td>Blood flowmeter</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Adinstruments</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PowerLab 4/30</td><td>Equipment</td><td>Adinstruments</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LabChart 7.2</td><td>software</td><td>Adinstruments</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe</td><td>Consumable</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>309659</td></tr><tr><td>23 G needle</td><td>Consumable</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>305143</td></tr><tr><td>30 G needle</td><td>Consumable</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>305106</td></tr><tr><td>PE-50 tubing</td><td>Consumable</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>427517</td></tr><tr><td>PE-10 tubing</td><td>Consumable</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>427400</td></tr><tr><td>6-0 Silk suture</td><td>Consumable</td><td>Harvard apparatus</td><td>723287</td></tr><tr><td>5-0 Silk suture</td><td>Consumable</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>517607</td></tr></tbody></table>

embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (mcao) for ischemic stroke with homologous blood clots in rats

組み換え組織プラスミノーゲンアクチベーター（tPA）を用いた臨床的には、血栓溶解療法は、急性虚血性脳卒中のための最も効果的な治療のままである。しかし、tPAの使用は、その狭い治療窓によって及び出血性変化のリスクの増大によって制限されます。虚血性脳卒中の治療のための新たな血栓溶解剤や戦略を研究するための適切な脳卒中モデルを開発する緊急の必要性がある。腔内縫合MCAO塞栓MCAO：現在、虚血性脳卒中モデルの2つの主要なタイプはラットおよびマウスにおいて開発されてきた。管腔内縫合技術によってMCAOモデルが広く機構駆動のストロークの研究で使用されてきたが、これらの縫合糸モデルは、臨床状況を模倣せず、血栓溶解の研究には適していないでください。これらのモデルの中では、塞栓MCAOモデルは、密接に人間の虚血性脳卒中を模倣し、血栓溶解療法の前臨床研究に適しています。この塞栓モデルは、最初にOVによるラットで開発されましたergaard らは 1992年の1、さらにZhang らによって特徴付け1997 2。塞栓MCAOがますます注目を集めているが、多くの研究室が直面する技術的な問題がある。血栓溶解研究のための増加のニーズを満たすために、MCA領域内の予測可能な梗塞体積を開発することができ、ラットにおける塞栓MCAOの再現性の高いモデルを提示する。簡単に述べると、修飾されたPE-50チューブを穏やかにMCAの起点に到達​​するカテーテルの先端まで内頸動脈（ICA）の内腔に外頸動脈（ECA）から前進する。カテーテルを介して、単一の相同血餅はMCAの起点に配置される。 MCA閉塞の成功を識別するために、局所脳血流量をモニターし、神経学的欠損および梗塞体積を測定した。本論文で示された技術は、研究者は、脳卒中の研究のためにこのモデルを確立するための技術的な問題を克服するのに役立つはずです。&lt;/ pの&gt;

レーザードップラーフローメトリー（LDF）は脳虚血6,7の誘導の間脳血流量をモニターした。私たちの研究室を含む多くの研究室が成功したMCA閉塞を有する動物を識別するために、局所脳血流を使用しているが、ベースラインのしきい値は、測定部位に関連している研究室間で変化した。以前に説明したように6 LDFのプローブは、2mmの後部とブレグマに対して横5mmと配置されて?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats at JoVE.com

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

In this paper, we demonstrate a standard method for producing an embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion with homologous blood clots (fibrin-rich) in adult rat. This model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical study of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke.

ラットにおける同種血血栓による虚血性脳卒中のための塞栓中大脳動脈閉塞（MCAO）

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic ...

embolic-middle-cerebral-artery-occlusion-mcao-for-ischemic-stroke

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

26.9K ビュー.  Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport. In this paper, we demonstrate a standard method for producing an embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion with homologous blood clots (fibrin-rich) in adult rat. This model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical study of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. 

ビデオ: Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in adults worldwide1. In human stroke, there exists a highly variable clinical state; in the development of animal models of focal ischemia, however, achieving reproducibility of experimentally induced infarct volume is essential. The rat is a widely used animal model for stroke due to its relatively low animal husbandry costs and to the similarity of its cranial circulation to that of humans2,3. In humans, the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is most commonly affected in stroke syndromes and multiple methods of MCA occlusion (MCAO) have been described to mimic this clinical syndrome in animal models. Because recanalization commonly occurs following an acute stroke in the human, reperfusion after a period of occlusion has been included in many of these models. In this video, we demonstrate the transient endovascular suture MCAO model in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). A filament with a silicon tip coating is placed intraluminally at the MCA origin for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion. Note that the optimal occlusion period may vary in other rat strains, such as Wistar or Sprague-Dawley. Several behavioral indicators of stroke in the rat are shown. Focal ischemia is confirmed using T2-weighted magnetic resonance images and by staining brain sections with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) 24 hours after MCAO.

Surgical induction of ischemic brain damage in the rat is a widely used model for stroke research. Here we demonstrate the induction of focal cerebral ischemia by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Visualization of the resulting infarct by histological staining and magnetic resonance imaging is also shown.

ラット中大脳動脈の血管縫合閉塞による局所脳虚血モデル

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in adults worldwide1. In human stroke, there exists a highly variable ...

神経科学

Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the brain (ischemic stroke) 2. Since most ischemic strokes (~80%) occur in the territory of middle cerebral artery (MCA) 3, many animal stroke models that have been developed have focused on this artery. The intraluminal monofilament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) involves the insertion of a surgical filament into the external carotid artery and threading it forward into the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip occludes the origin of the MCA, resulting in a cessation of blood flow and subsequent brain infarction in the MCA territory 4. The technique can be used to model permanent or transient occlusion 5. If the suture is removed after a certain interval (30 min, 1 h, or 2 h), reperfusion is achieved (transient MCAO); if the filament is left in place (24 h) the procedure is suitable as a model of permanent MCAO. This technique does not require craniectomy, a neurosurgical procedure to remove a portion of skull, which may affect intracranial pressure and temperature 6. It has become the most frequently used method to mimic permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats and mice 7,8. To evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction, we stain brain slices with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to identify ischemic brain tissue 9. In this video, we demonstrate the MCAO method and the determination of infarct size by TTC staining.

We demonstrate in the video a method for producing a middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice using an intraluminal monofilament. We also show how to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.

中大脳動脈閉塞のマウスモデル

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the ...

医学

Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Rat

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in 20091, 2. Several models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to mimic the human condition of stroke. It has been suggested that up to 80% of all strokes result from ischemic damage in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) area3. In the early 1990s, endothelin-1 (ET-1) 4 was used to induce ischemia by applying it directly adjacent to the surface of the MCA after craniotomy. Later, this model was modified 5 by using a stereotaxic injection of ET-1 adjacent to the MCA to produce focal cerebral ischemia. The main advantages of this model include the ability to perform the procedure quickly, the ability to control artery constriction by altering the dose of ET-1 delivered, no need to manipulate the extracranial vessels supplying blood to the brain as well as gradual reperfusion rates that more closely mimics the reperfusion in humans5-7. On the other hand, the ET-1 model has disadvantages that include the need for a craniotomy, as well as higher variability in stroke volume8. This variability can be reduced with the use of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to verify cerebral ischemia during ET-1 infusion. Factors that affect stroke variability include precision of infusion and the batch of the ET-1 used6. Another important consideration is that although reperfusion is a common occurrence in human stroke, the duration of occlusion for ET-1 induced MCAO may not closely mimic that of human stroke where many patients have partial reperfusion over a period of hours to days following occlusion9, 10. This protocol will describe in detail the ET-1 induced MCAO model for ischemic stroke in rats. It will also draw attention to special considerations and potential drawbacks throughout the procedure.

Several animal models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to simulate the human condition of stroke. This protocol describes the endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model for ischemic stroke in rats. In addition, important considerations, advantages, and shortcomings of this model are discussed.

ラットにおけるレーザードップラー血流計の指針と虚血性脳卒中のエンドセリン-1誘発性中大脳動脈閉塞モデル

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in ...

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ischemia produces damage to specific brain regions shown to be highly sensitive to ischemia 1. Hippocampal neurons have higher sensitivity to ischemic insults compared to other cell populations, and specifically, the CA1 region of the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to ischemia/reperfusion 2.
The design of therapeutic interventions, or study of mechanisms involved in cerebral damage, requires a model that produces damage similar to the clinical condition and in a reproducible manner. Bilateral carotid vessel occlusion with hypotension (2VOH) is a model that produces reversible forebrain ischemia, emulating the cerebral events that can occur during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. We describe a model modified from Smith et al. (1984) 2, as first presented in its current form in Sanderson, et al. (2008) 3, which produces reproducible injury to selectively vulnerable brain regions 3-6. The reliability of this model is dictated by precise control of systemic blood pressure during applied hypotension, the duration of ischemia, close temperature control, a specific anesthesia regimen, and diligent post-operative care. An 8-minute ischemic insult produces cell death of CA1 hippocampal neurons that progresses over the course of 6 to 24 hr of reperfusion, while less vulnerable brain regions are spared. This progressive cell death is easily quantified after 7-14 days of reperfusion, as a near complete loss of CA1 neurons is evident at this time.
In addition to this brain injury model, we present a method for CA1 damage quantification using a simple, yet thorough, methodology. Importantly, quantification can be accomplished using a simple camera-mounted microscope, and a free ImageJ (NIH) software plugin, obviating the need for cost-prohibitive stereology software programs and a motorized microscopic stage for damage assessment.

Bilateral carotid occlusion coupled with systemic hypotension produces global brain ischemia in the rat, resulting in damage to the hippocampus with reproducible severity. Animal subjects are impaired with predictable patterns of brain damage, they recover expediently, and mortality rates are comparatively low.

2血管閉塞/低血圧：グローバル脳虚血のラットモデル

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

腔内中大脳動脈閉塞のラット脳卒中モデルにおける脳血流モニタリングのための最適化されたシステム

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

永久的な脳血管閉塞<em&gt;経由</em&gt;ダブルリガチャーと離断

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes. Accordingly, when evaluating therapies for stroke in animals, it is important to select a model with excellent face validity. Ischemic stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes, and the majority of these occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often inducing infarcts that affect the sensorimotor cortex, causing persistent plegia or paresis on the contralateral side of the body. We demonstrate in this video a method for producing ischemic stroke in elderly rats, which causes sustained sensorimotor disability and substantial cortical infarcts. Specifically, we induce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in elderly female rats by using diathermy forceps to occlude a short segment of this artery. The carotid artery on the ipsilateral side to the lesion was then permanently occluded and the contralateral carotid artery was transiently occluded for 60 min. We measure the infarct size using structural T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke. In this study, the mean infarct volume was 4.5% &#177; 2.0% (standard deviation) of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 hr (corrected for brain swelling using Gerriet&#8217;s equation, n = 5). This model is feasible and clinically relevant as it permits the induction of sustained sensorimotor deficits, which is important for the elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments.

Here we present a protocol to produce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in elderly female rats with simultaneous occlusion of the carotid arteries to generate large cortical infarcts and sustained deficits. We show confirmation of the lesion size using structural MRI at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke.

持続的な障害と皮質虚血を研究するために高齢ラットにおける一般的な頸動脈閉塞と永久遠位中大脳の実行

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, ...

Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Allowing Reperfusion via Common Carotid Artery Repair in Mice

The ischemic stroke is a major cause of adult long-term disability and death worldwide. The current treatments available are limited, with only tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as an approved drug treatment to target ischemic strokes. Current research in the field of ischemic stroke focuses on better understanding the pathophysiology of stroke, to develop and investigate novel pharmaceutical targets. Reliable experimental stroke models are crucial for the progression of potential treatments. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is clinically relevant and the most frequently used surgical model of ischemic stroke in rodents. However, the outcomes of this model, such as lesion volume, are associated with high levels of variability, particularly in mice. The alternative MCAO model described here allows the reperfusion of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the increased perfusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, using a tissue pad with fibrinogen-based sealant to repair the vessel, and the improved welfare of the mice by avoiding external carotid artery (ECA) ligation. This reduces the reliance on the Circle of Willis, which is known to be highly anatomically variable in mice. Representative data show that using this alternative surgical approach decreases the variability in lesion volumes between the traditional MCAO approach and the alternative approach described here.

Intraluminal filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery is the most frequently used in vivo model of experimental stroke in rodents. An alternative surgical approach to allow common carotid artery repair is performed here, which allows the reperfusion of the common carotid artery and a full reperfusion to the middle cerebral artery territory.

マウスにおける一般的な頸動脈の修理で再灌流を許可する中大脳動脈閉塞

The ischemic stroke is a major cause of adult long-term disability and death worldwide. The current treatments available are limited, with only tissue ...

Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats with Preserved Vascular Anatomy

A Rat Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion/Reperfusion Without Damaging the Anatomical Structure of Cerebral Vessels

Ischemic stroke stands as the primary cause of long-term disability and mortality among adults worldwide. Animal models of ischemic stroke have significantly contributed to our understanding of its pathological mechanisms and the development of potential treatments. Presently, there are two common methods involving filament (endovascular suture) techniques to induce animal models of cerebral ischemia. However, these methods have inherent limitations, such as reduced blood perfusion to the brain, damage to the external carotid artery system, impaired food and/or water intake, and sensory dysfunction of the face. This article introduces a new method for inducing a rat ischemic stroke model without compromising the cerebral vascular anatomy. In this study, the common carotid artery (CCA) of Sprague-Dawley rats was exposed, and an incision was made. A filament was then inserted through the incision into the internal carotid artery to occlude the middle cerebral artery. After 1.5 h of induced ischemia, the occluding filament was fully removed from both the internal carotid artery and the CCA. The incision in the CCA was subsequently sutured using 11-0 microsurgical sutures under a microscope (magnification 4x). Through the utilization of microsurgical techniques to repair the CCA, this study successfully developed a unique method to induce an ischemic stroke model in rats while preserving the anatomical integrity of cerebral blood vessels.

The current protocol describes a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion that preserves the anatomical structure of cerebral vessels without causing damage.

Ischemic stroke stands as the primary cause of long-term disability and mortality among adults worldwide. Animal models of ischemic stroke have ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>ラットMCAO脳卒中モデルにおける細胞死を研究するための免疫蛍光染色

Evaluating Cell Death Signaling by Immunofluorescence in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Most cases of stroke are ischemic and result from the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Current pharmacological approaches for the treatment of ischemic stroke are limited; therefore, novel therapies providing effective neuroprotection against ischemic injury following stroke are urgently needed. In the brain tissue following ischemic stroke, the area of the ischemic penumbra is salvageable but at risk of progressing to irreversible damage. The penumbral area surrounding the infarcted core is a conceptual target for neuroprotection. Since the blood flow is partially maintained in the penumbral area, neuronal and non-neuronal cells in this area transiently survive after stroke, and these cells that are still viable may be rescued by appropriate medical interventions. Understanding the pathophysiology of the penumbra is important in the development of neuroprotective therapies because the cell death pathways activated in the ischemic penumbra may indicate therapeutic targets, such as RUNX1 and cathepsins. These protein targets functioning as mediators of programmed cell death can be further exploited in translational research. With moderate size and similarity to the human brain, the in vivo rat model of MCA occlusion (MCAO) mimics the human ischemic stroke and offers an applicable tool to investigate the penumbral pathology, examine the cell death signaling, and evaluate the effects of potential targets in the context of MCAO. Here, we describe how to induce MCAO in rats and how to perform immunofluorescence staining for the detection of cell death signaling in the rat brain following MCAO.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>虚血性脳卒中のラットモデルにおける免疫蛍光法による細胞死シグナル伝達の評価

Rat in vivo models are indispensable tools to investigate the pathological mechanisms and therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke. This work will describe performing immunofluorescence staining in infarcted brain slices following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats.

虚血性脳卒中のラットモデルにおける免疫蛍光法による細胞死シグナル伝達の評価

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Most cases of stroke are ischemic and result from the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery ...