<ol>
	<li>Kirino, T., Sano, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+vulnerability+in+the+gerbil+hippocampus+following+transient+ischemia.">Selective vulnerability in the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 62, 201-208 (1984).</li><li>Smith, M. L., Auer, R. N., Siesjo, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+density+and+distribution+of+ischemic+brain+injury+in+the+rat+following+2-10+min+of+forebrain+ischemia.">The density and distribution of ischemic brain injury in the rat following 2-10 min of forebrain ischemia.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 64, 319-332 (1984).</li><li>Sanderson, T. H., Kumar, R., Sullivan, J. M., Krause, G. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PKR-like+endoplasmic+reticulum+kinase+(PERK)+activation+following+brain+ischemia+is+independent+of+unfolded+nascent+proteins.">PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) activation following brain ischemia is independent of unfolded nascent proteins.</a> Neuroscience. 169, 1307-1314 (2010).</li><li>Hazelton, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperoxic+reperfusion+after+global+cerebral+ischemia+promotes+inflammation+and+long-term+hippocampal+neuronal+death.">Hyperoxic reperfusion after global cerebral ischemia promotes inflammation and long-term hippocampal neuronal death.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 27, 753-762 (2010).</li><li>Lloyd-Jones, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2010+update:+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 121, e46-e215 (2010).</li><li>Krause, G. S., Kumar, K., White, B. C., Aust, S. D., Wiegenstein, J. 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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+survival+after+successful+inhospital+cardiac+arrest+resuscitation.">Long-term survival after successful inhospital cardiac arrest resuscitation.</a> American Heart Journal. 153, 831-836 (2007).</li><li>Longa, E. Z., Weinstein, P. R., Carlson, S., Cummins, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+without+craniectomy+in+rats.">Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.</a> Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 20, 84-91 (1989).</li><li>Uluc, K., Miranpuri, A., Kujoth, G. C., Akture, E., Baskaya, M. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+and+c-Jun+in+the+thalamus+of+the+rat+following+cortical+infarction.">Apoptosis and c-Jun in the thalamus of the rat following cortical infarction.</a> Neuroreport. 7, 425-428 (1996).</li><li>Watanabe, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+synthesis+inhibitor+transiently+reduces+neuronal+death+in+the+thalamus+of+spontaneously+hypertensive+rats+following+cortical+infarction.">Protein synthesis inhibitor transiently reduces neuronal death in the thalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats following cortical infarction.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 233, 25-28 (1997).</li><li>Wei, L., Ying, D. J., Cui, L., Langsdorf, J., Yu, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necrosis,+apoptosis+and+hybrid+death+in+the+cortex+and+thalamus+after+barrel+cortex+ischemia+in+rats.">Necrosis, apoptosis and hybrid death in the cortex and thalamus after barrel cortex ischemia in rats.</a> Brain Research. 1022, 54-61 (2004).</li><li>Zong, W. X., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necrotic+death+as+a+cell+fate.">Necrotic death as a cell fate.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 20, 1-15 (2006).</li><li>Ito, U., Spatz, M., Walker, J. T., Klatzo, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+cerebral+ischemia+in+mongolian+gerbils.+I.+Light+microscopic+observations.">Experimental cerebral ischemia in mongolian gerbils. I. Light microscopic observations.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 32, 209-223 (1975).</li><li>Saver, J. L., Albers, G. W., Dunn, B., Johnston, K. C., Fisher, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke+Therapy+Academic+Industry+Roundtable+(STAIR)+recommendations+for+extended+window+acute+stroke+therapy+trials.">Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) recommendations for extended window acute stroke therapy trials.</a> Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 40, 2594-2600 (2009).</li><li>Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y., Ginsberg, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+brain+temperature+in+cerebral+ischemic+injury.">The importance of brain temperature in cerebral ischemic injury.</a> Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 20, 1113-1114 (1989).</li><li>Voll, C. L., Auer, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postischemic+seizures+and+necrotizing+ischemic+brain+damage:+neuroprotective+effect+of+postischemic+diazepam+and+insulin.">Postischemic seizures and necrotizing ischemic brain damage: neuroprotective effect of postischemic diazepam and insulin.</a> Neurology. 41, 423-428 (1991).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Calvert, J. W., Kusaka, G., Zhang, J. 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ここで説明されたモデルは、ヒトで見られるものと同様の傷害を提供し、心停止および蘇生の結果として発生する可能性がある脳の虚血性傷害を生成する。全脳虚血を製造するためのこの方法は、複数のプロトコルの一つである。我々は、その比較的低い死亡率、急速な回復、および再現性のある結果を得るために何よりも、このプロトコルを利用する。心停止/蘇生モデルは、しかし技術的...

心停止や脳卒中の結果として脳の損傷は、死と長期障害の主要な原因である。心停止の被害者のための心肺蘇生法は、これらの患者の60％は、その後、病院で死亡、少なくとも広範な脳損傷の結果として、米国の7,8では年間約70,000人の患者の自発的な循環を復元することに成功している間だけ3から10パーセント蘇生患者の9,10は彼らのかつての暮らしを再開することができます。明らかに、世界的脳虚血に続くと神経外傷を最小限に抑えるために治療的介入を設計する脳の損傷につながるメカニズムを理解することが極めて重要である。 脳虚血は、複数の方法を用いてモデル化することができる。最も一般的には、脳虚血は、このように焦点虚血性脳卒中11,12を製造する、脳、中大脳動脈の主要な血管を閉塞することにより齧歯類で製造される。臨床的に重要ながら、局所脳虚血は、心停止/蘇生によって生成された脳の損傷を研究するための正確な方法ではありません。この臨床パラダイムをモデル化するために脳全体が虚血が血流の再導入が続く行わなければならない。密接にこの臨床症状を模倣するために、研究者が実験的にCPRや除細動13,14と蘇生に続いて心停止を誘導する。このモデルは臨床的に関連している、しかし、予測不可能な蘇生時間が変動性を高めることができると解釈し、データ解析を困難にすることができる。また、このモデルはさらに仮説を検証するために必要な動物の数を増加させる、高い死亡率に関連付けられる。より、再現性、一貫性と存続侮辱のグローバル虚血および/または再灌流に対する脳の応答が好ましいかもしれない調査。 いくつかの全身の血流を維持しながら、全虚血は、脳内に誘導することができる。 investigatioを可能にしながら、死亡率を減少させるnは2で脳組織損傷のメカニズムである。全脳虚血を製造するためには、中断したり大幅に脳内頚動脈と椎骨動脈を供給するすべての4つの容器内での流れを制限する必要がある。これらの血管は、吻合ループを形成ウィリスのサークルと呼ばれる血管構造を通して血流と脳を供給。この血管のアーキテクチャでは、脳は、近位血管閉塞が発生した場合の血流を保持することができます。したがって、脳の完全な虚血を誘発するために、すべての拠出血管を通る血流が発生しなければなりません。頸動脈の動脈閉塞が所望の期間の動脈瘤クリップの低侵襲腹ネックカットダウン及びアプリケーションを使用して達成することができる。彼らは脊柱の横孔をでincasedれると椎骨動脈を経由して血流の中断は、困難になる可能性があります。調べでは、椎骨動脈の頸動脈の前に24〜48時間をelectrocauterizingによってこれを対処している咬合と脳虚血（4VOモデル）15。このアプローチとは対照的に、Smith ら血流が2を紛失したり大幅に低減される点に椎骨動脈を通って血流を低減するために40 mmHgでまで全身動脈圧（MAP）を意味低減することにより全脳虚血を誘導する方法を開発した。頚動脈閉塞と相まって場合、このメソッドは、密接に心停止の生存者のことを模倣し、脳の損傷のパターンで、その結果、脳全体に血を生成します。この方法のさらなる改良では、我々はここで紹介するモデルは30 mmHgのでタイトMAPレギュレーション±1mHg虚全体の8分の間に必要になります。我々は、Smith らのアイディア独自の技術の低い死亡率を維持しながら、この変化は、このモデルによって誘発される脳損傷の再現性を向上させる発見した。 細胞死によって引き起こされる組織損傷の全体的な程度の正確な表現型ここで紹介するモデルは、虚血性持続16に直接依存しています。 CA1ニューロンは再灌流段階15,17間に治療的介入のための一時的なウィンドウがあることを示唆し、細胞死を遅らせ、虚血の8分を示す以下の。再灌流の開始時に、ニューロンは素早く機能を取り戻し、即時の細胞死が18検出されない。しかし、この侮辱は細胞死カスケードの誘導（アポトーシス）再灌流3,19の4-6時間の間にシトクロム c、含むミトコンドリアからapoptogenicタンパク質のリリースでその絶頂に達するを引き起こす。再灌流の6と24時間の間に、CA1海馬のニューロンは細胞崩壊にコミットしており、アポトーシス細胞死のプログラムが19に実行されます。これは、虚血性損傷を担当細胞死の表現型は非常に議論の余地があることに留意すべきである。他の他の人がapoptを報告しながら、初期の研究では、壊死が主細胞死の表現型20,21で示唆されている主要メカニズム22,23としてOSIS。合計では、現在の証拠は、細胞が、古典的なアポトーシスから壊死に至るまで細胞死表現型のスペクトルの死ぬことを示唆している。細胞死の特定のモードでは、それぞれの表現型の寄与の度合いが他の要素24,25の中で、侮辱の重大度に応じて、多くの要因に依存しています。再灌流の24時間で、死細胞が濃縮した核、集約された携帯電話の内容の明確な証拠と凝縮された細胞質、機能ミトコンドリアの形態の損失を持っています。死んだ細胞は、さらに、分解などのマクロファージおよび/またはミクログリアなどの免疫細胞に包まれ、CA1海馬領域か​​ら消去されます。再灌流の4-7日で、死んだ細胞を除去し、すべてのことに変わりは17,26炎症細胞および活性化グリア細胞であるされています。したがって、再灌流の7日はCA1海馬神経細胞死が単純な、非特定のセルの汚れを使用して定量化することができる最適な時間を表しクレシルバイオレットまたはヘマトキシリン​​·エオシンをcludingと形態学的包含基準に基づいてカウント。この後半の再灌流間隔で残りのセルは、このような脳損傷の指標を提供し、生存細胞としてカウントすることができます。 このモデルは、治療介入をテストするために利用される場合には、実験計画はSTAIR基準（ストローク療法論文界ラウンドテーブル）27に従うことが示唆された。設計や研究を行う場合は、次のガイドラインに従うべきである、しかし、ここでは説明しません。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Material Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5-0 VICRYL suture, reverse cutting </td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>J391H</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel, No.10</td>
 <td>Swann-Morton</td>
 <td>6601</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gauze Sponges</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>22-362-178</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18G x 1 &frac12; in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305201</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>23G x 1 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305145</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>26 G x 3/8 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305110</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18 G x 1 &frac14; catheter</td>
 <td>EXEL</td>
 <td>26735</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309659</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309604</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>60 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309653</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgilube</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1152666</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>.9% Saline, plastic IV bag</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1537468</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Suture 3-0 Silk</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1007842</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>3390017</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Betadine</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>6903564</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile Towel Drape</td>
 <td>Moore Medical</td>
 <td>14170</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene Tubing, 50</td>
 <td>Intramedic</td>
 <td>427411</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stopcock, 3 way</td>
 <td>Smiths medical</td>
 <td>MX9311L</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Drug Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>AERRANE (isoflurane)</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>2091966</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mapap Liquid (Tylenol)</td>
 <td>Major Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>1556</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Kedavet (ketamine)</td>
 <td>Ketathesia Butney</td>
 <td>NDC 50989-996-06</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Butorphic (butorphanol)</td>
 <td>Lloyd Labs</td>
 <td>4881</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heparin</td>
 <td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>504011</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Chemical Name </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paraformaldehyde prills</td>
 <td>Elecron Microscopy Sci.</td>
 <td>19202</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2-methylbutane</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>270342</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cresyl Violet Acetate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C5042</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sucrose</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S9378</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Software</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ImageJ</td>
 <td>NIH</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

2-vessel occlusion/hypotension: a rat model of global brain ischemia

蘇生が続く心停止は、しばしば虚血と脳のその後の再灌流によって生じる劇的脳損傷につながる。グローバルな脳虚血、虚血1に非常に敏感であることが示された特定の脳領域への損傷を生成します。海馬ニューロンは、具体的に他の細胞集団、とに比べて虚血性傷害に高い感度を持って、海馬のCA1領域は虚血/再灌流2に対して特に脆弱です。 治療的介入の設計、または脳損傷に関与するメカニズムの研究は、臨床症状と類似して再現可能な方法で被害を生成モデルを必要とします。低血圧との二国間頚動脈血管閉塞（2VOH）が心停止と蘇生中に発生する可能性がある脳のイベントをエミュレートする、可逆前脳虚血を生成するモデルである。私たちは、Smith らから変更モデルを記述。 （1984）2、第1のサンダーソンら （2008）3、選択的に脆弱な脳領域3-6に再現可能な傷害を作り出すに現在の形で提示。このモデルの信頼性を印加低血圧、血期間、近い温度制御、特定の麻酔レジメンおよび勤勉術後ケア時に全身血圧を正確に制御することによって決定される。 8分の虚血性傷害が少なく脆弱な脳領域が免れている間、再灌流の6〜24時間の経過とともに進行CA1海馬ニューロンの細胞死を生成します。この漸進的な細胞死を容易にCA1ニューロンのほぼ完全な消失が、この時点で明らかなように、再灌流の7〜14日後に定量化される。 この脳損傷モデルに加えて、我々は、単純な、まだ完全な、方法論を用いてCA1ダメージ定量方法を提案する。重要なことに、定量化は、単純なカメラマウント顕微鏡を用いて達成することができるダ自由ImageJの（NIH）ソフトウェアプラグイン、コスト法外立体学のソフトウェアプログラムおよび損傷評価のための電動顕微鏡のステージを不要。

グローバルな脳虚血/再灌流の2VOHモデルは、海馬のCA1領域の神経細胞死を引き起こす。 図2は 14日間再灌流後に処理、グローバルな脳虚血の8分で生成けがを表しています。 図2Aおよび2Bは、偽から海馬を比較し、クレシルバイオレットで染色した虚血後の脳は、 図2AはそのままCA1を含め、正常な形態を示す偽手術ラットから海馬を示していま?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia at JoVE.com

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

全身性低血圧と相まって、二国間の頸動脈閉塞は再現重症度と海馬への損傷、その結果、ラットの全脳虚血を生成します。動物の被験者は脳損傷の予測可能なパターンで損なわれて、彼らは便宜上回復し、死亡率は比較的低いです。

2血管閉塞/低血圧：グローバル脳虚血のラットモデル

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

2-vessel-occlusionhypotension-a-rat-model-of-global-brain-ischemia

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.8K ビュー.  Wayne State University School of Medicine. 全身性低血圧と相まって、二国間の頸動脈閉塞は再現重症度と海馬への損傷、その結果、ラットの全脳虚血を生成します。動物の被験者は脳損傷の予測可能なパターンで損なわれて、彼らは便宜上回復し、死亡率は比較的低いです。

ビデオ: 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

ラットモデルでの経頭蓋集束超音波を用いた血液脳関門のMRI誘導破壊

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

医学

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

心筋虚血再灌流障害のマウスクローズド胸モデル

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier1. The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells2. Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest.
The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption3. Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug4. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine5 and bradykinin6. This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier7. Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol8. Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier9. In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research10-12.
In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption13. If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain 8,13,14.

Blood-brain barrier disruption aids the delivery of certain drugs to the brain. Mannitol delivered intra-arterially shrinks cells surrounding blood vessels in order to physically disrupt the barrier.

血液脳関門の破壊のラットモデルは、対象となる神経血管治療を許可する

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

筋皮虚血再灌流傷害のラットモデル： 現場横腹直筋皮フラップで

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals.
Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity.
Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

などの酸素グルコース欠乏および再酸素化<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;虚血再灌流傷害モデル血液脳関門の機能障害を研究するための

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

一過性脳低酸素性虚血に基づく血栓性脳卒中モデル

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

脊髄虚血ラットモデルにおける大動脈閉塞後の再現性のある運動障害

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard therapy, a considerable number of CLI patients are not suited for either surgical or endovascular revascularization. Angiogenic therapies are emerging as an option for these patients but are currently still under investigation. Before application in humans, those therapies must be tested in animal models and its mechanisms must be clearly understood. An animal model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) has been developed by the ligation and excision of the distal external iliac and femoral arteries and veins in mice. A comprehensive panel of tests was assembled to assess the effects of ischemia and putative angiogenic therapies at functional, histologic and molecular levels. Laser Doppler was used for the flow measurement and functional assessment of perfusion. Tissue response was evaluated by the analysis of capillary density after staining with the anti-CD31 antibody on histological sections of gastrocnemius muscle and by measurement of collateral vessel density after diaphonization. Expression of angiogenic genes was quantified by RT-PCR targeting selected angiogenic factors exclusively in endothelial cells (ECs) after laser capture microdissection from mice gastrocnemius muscles. These methods were sensitive in identifying differences between ischemic and non-ischemic limbs and between treated and non-treated limbs. This protocol provides a reproducible model of CLI and a framework for testing angiogenic therapies.

Here, a critical hindlimb ischemia experimental model is presented followed by a battery of functional, histologic and molecular tests&#160;to assess the effectiveness of angiogenic therapies.&#8203;

ヒンドリム虚血のマウスモデルにおける治療血管新生の評価

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

再建微小外科における虚血再灌流損傷の研究のための前臨床ラットモデル

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Acupuncture in a Rat Model of Asthma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes methods for the fabrication of the high platform, establishes a rat model of asthma and measures changes in respiratory function using a noninvasive and real-time whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system.

喘息ラットモデルにおける鍼治療

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes ...