This work was supported by NIH grant GM085232 and an Irma T. Hirschl/ Monique Weill-Caulier Scholar Award (to A.A.).

1.脂質の準備<ol><li>透明なガラス管に所望量の脂質を分注し。 E.を使用してください大腸菌極性脂質抽出物が、ほとんどの脂質組成物を用いることができる。脂質は粉末形態である場合は、20 mg / mlの濃度のクロロホルムで再懸濁。すべての溶媒が蒸発するまでN 2ガ ​​ス下、RTで脂質を乾燥させる。 </li><li>ペンタン中の脂質を再懸濁し、クロロホルムの残り痕跡を除去するために再びガスN 2の安定した流れを、それを乾燥させてください。乾燥した全ての溶媒が蒸発するまで。乾燥しながら脂質をチューブの底に三分の一をカバーする均一な膜に分布してではなく、一番下に密な塊を形成されるように、静かにチューブを回転させる。 </li><li>脂質を溶解する界面活性剤（300mMの塩化カリウム、50mMのクエン酸、25mMのK 2 HPO 4、pH4.5で、35mMのCHAPS）を含有する再構成バッファを追加する。タンパク質がCHAPSにはあまり寛容である場合は、このステップのために他の中性洗剤を使用してください。 </li><li> Resuspen水浴超音波処理を使用して明瞭に脂質をdは。短い（30秒-1分）一時停止（30秒-1分）短いパルスの最大電力で水超音波処理槽の中心にチューブを浸し。溶液は透明になるはず。 注：達成明確化の最終的な程度は、使用される特定の脂質組成に依存します。この段階で、いくつかのバッチ間の変動があっても、名目上同一の脂質の中でも可能である。残留ヘイズは遠心分離により除去することができる懸濁液中の大きな粒子による光の散乱によるものである。 </li><li> 20〜60分間、室温で再懸濁脂質をインキュベートする。 </li></ol> 2.プロテオリポソー​​ムの形成注：いくつかの戦略は、リポソーム内に界面活性剤で可溶化タンパク質を挿入するために使用することができる。 CLC-EC1のために透析がうまく機能し、そのために選択6,9,10の方法です。 <ol><li> μgのOで表され、所望のタンパク質対脂質（P / L）比（に精製タンパク質を追加します。<html> Fタンパク質/ mg脂質）。 P / L比の選択は、実験の目的に依存する。 <ol><li>目標は、関心対象のタンパク質の活性を評価することである場合には、各リポソームは、タンパク質の複数のコピーが含まれるように、信号を最大化するために高いP / L&#39;sで再構成する。各小胞は、平均1タンパク質に含まれるように、活性および/またはタンパク質の単一の輸送速度を定量化するために、低いP / L&#39;sのポアソン希釈領域で再構成する。各政権をどのような場合に使用するのより深い分析のための手順7と議論を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>様々なレジメンのための最適なP / L値を決定するには、タンパク質濃度8,11-13の関数として活性の完全な滴定を行う。しかし、活性単位の分子量（MWは、kDaので表す）する任意のタンパク質について、以下のP / Lの値が初期guesstimatesとして使用することができる知られている。 pgの &quot;/&gt; <img alt="式2" fo:content-width="1.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq2.jpg" /></li><li>予め湿らせた透析チューブまたはカセットにタンパク質と脂質混合物をロードします。 500-1,000x脂質再構成バッファのボリュームを含むビーカーに透析装置を配置（ すなわち 、脂質の再懸濁の1ミリリットルのため1 Lバッファ）穏やかに撹拌しながら。 <ol><li> &gt; 3時間間隔で変更バッファ3〜4回。すべてのソリューションの変更では、蒸留水でカセット/チューブ、ビーカーを洗浄し、新鮮な再構成緩衝液でビーカーを埋める。溶液交換のための1-2のO / N間隔を含めます。ソリューションの変更の正確な数と期間は、使用される正確な脂質や洗剤に依存します。 </li></ol></li><li>最後のステップが完了した後、-80℃で液体N 2又は凍結で、透析容器からリポソームを除去するチューブでそれらをアリコートし、フラッシュ、それらを凍結する。 </li></ol> 3.録音セットアップ &lt;Pクラス= &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;注： - （下記参照）電極、アナログとpH計記録のセットアップ（ 図2A）は、二つのチャンバー（平底シリンダー、〜3,4容）、Clから構成されていまたはデジタル電気出力、デジタイザ、および適切な取得ソフトウェアを備えたコンピュータ。 <ol><li> pH計の電極、コンピュータに接続されているデジタイザにpH計の出力-はClを接続します。 1チャンバー内の参照電極と他の（ 図2B）で再コーディングワイヤーを配置します。 注：ΔV カルが正である（ステップ6.4および7.2参照）がワイヤの極性が正しい。 </li><li>記録チャンバー（ 図1B）で撹拌棒で撹拌プレート上室を置きます。撹拌棒が電極に接触していないことを確認してください。 </li><li>寒天橋（ 図2B）（100 mMのKClおよび2％アガロース）を使用してチャンバーを接続します。 100のKClに寒天ブリッジを保管してください。 </LI&gt; </ol>のCl 4.準備-電極<ol><li>古いものと-possibly-非機能pH電極を取る。完全に銀線を明らかにするためにガラスコーティングを破る。 </li><li>慎重に手術用メスの刃を使用して銀ワイヤからコーティングを除去。 H 2 OおよびEtOH大量のを使用して、ワイヤを清掃してください。 </li><li>ワイヤまでのFeCl 3（または漂白剤）の飽和溶液の代わりに塩化銀の均一な暗い被膜で覆われている。 </li></ol>単ラメラ小胞の5準備<ol><li>実験前の夜は、のために（攪拌しないでください）穏やかに振盪しながら外部バッファ（1のKCl、150mMのK 2 SO 4、25mMのクエン酸、pH4.5）中の15ミリリットルでセファデックスG-50ビーズの1グラムを膨潤使用前に室温で少なくとも3時間。各実験は、膨潤したビーズの〜3ミリリットルが必要です。せいぜい数日、4℃で膨張したビーズにしてください。 </li><li>リポソームは、室温で解凍している間、各列〜3メートルに注ぐ膨潤したG-50ビーズリットル。 RTで重力流によってそれらが乾燥してみましょう。これは通常、1〜2分かかります。 </li><li> 0.4メートルテフロンカットオフを使用したミニ押出機を通してテオを11回押し出して単ラメラ小胞を準備します。 </li><li>プラスチック製の丸底チューブ内の列を配置します。過剰な溶液を除去するためのカラムをスピン。臨床遠心機で1400×gで20〜30秒間遠心する。 </li><li>フロースルーを捨て、13×100mmのガラス管内の場所の列と列に押し出された小胞の100μlを添加する。臨床遠心機で500×gで1分間コラムスピン。 </li><li>ステップ6.5で記録チャンバーに追加され、フロースルーの〜200μlのを収集します。 </li></ol> 6.流出測定<ol><li>記録チャンバーに置き参照2mlの100mMのKClを（接地）チャンバと外部バッファ1.8mlの（1のKCl、150mMのK 2 SO 4、25mMのクエン酸、pH4.5中）。内部の間のわずかな浸透圧の不均衡と外部のソリューションは影響しません</li><li>取得プログラムを起動します。これは数分かかることがあり、ベースラインが平衡化しましょう​​。 </li><li>信号が安定したベースラインを（リポソームは準備ができていると列を乾燥）に達すると、（ 図3A）の記録を開始。 </li><li>システム（ 図2A）を校正するために10 mMのKCl溶液の15μlのを追加します。 </li><li>リポソームを追加します。プロテオリポソーム（ 図3A）から-小さなジャンプは、外部のClの除去が不完全に見えるかもしれません。ベースラインが安定するまで待ちます。 </li><li>流出（ 図3A）を開始するためにバリノマイシン（EtOH中で1mg / mlで1μl）を追加します。 </li><li>流出がそれプラトー（ 図3A）までの時間経過を実行してみましょう。 </li><li>すべてのリポソーム（ 図3A）を溶解するために、外部緩衝液中で調製1.5 Mβオクチルグルコシド（β-OG）の40μlを添加する。録音を終了します。 </li></ol> 7.データAnalysis <ol><li> ASCIIまたはテキスト形式でのトレースファイルをエクスポートし、選択した解析プログラムにインポート。 </li><li>以下の点（ 図3A）の電圧を測定します。 記録の開始時（V 0）。 較正パルス（V 校正 ）を添加した後、 リポソーム（V リポ ）を添加した後、 流出（V フィン ）の終わりに、 洗剤（V totは ）を添加した後、 ベースラインV 0 = 0となるよう電圧。 </li><li>の実験値を決定するために、ネルンスト - プランク方程式を使用して、 <img alt="式3" fo:content-width=".3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq3.jpg" />測定することにより、 <img alt="式4" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq4.jpg" /> 巻カルは、実験開始時の室容積はでμL、1800での校正パルスのボリューム表現されている場合1; L、[Clで] CAL /中 Clである-校正パルスのとMMとΔVCALで外部バッファの濃度は、校正パルス後に測定mV単位のジャンプです。 注：αのこの経験的な決定は、3の目的があります。それは、システムが適切に応答していることを保証し、実験間の機器の応答の一貫性の尺度を提供していますだけでなく、間違いが解製作に行われなかったことを確認する。 </li><li>次のように各ステップの後のCl濃度を計算します。 <img alt="式5" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq5.jpg" /> <img alt="式6" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq6.jpg" /> <img alt="式7" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq7.jpg" /> 要因400分の3は、2000μlの最終容量に15μlの校正パルスの希釈から来ている。 </li><li>計算学会各ステップで[CL &#39;の変化、ΔCL リポ/フィン/ TOTを食べました。 </li><li>とはCl（t）がV（t）を変換する <img alt="式8" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq8.jpg" /> 直接の重要なポイントで &#39;CL値を決定し、内部統制などの計算値と比較します。 </li><li>トレースを正規のCl 相対 リポ = 0とCl REL TOT = 1となるよう <img alt="式9" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq9.jpg" /></li><li>次式に流出時間経過をフィット： <img alt="式10" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq10.jpg" /> 実験的にはClを測定することによって決定される漏れ- - Lは、Clの割合である場合、同じ条件及びτで製造したタンパク質を含まないリポソームからの流出は、プロセスの時定数である。 </li><li> V、初期速度を計算します。 ここΔCL フィンはミリモルで発現され、Vはμlのチャンバの容積である。 </li><li>輸送速度/コンダクタンスを計算します <img alt="式12" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq12.jpg" /> pがP / Lであり、MWは、活性複合体の分子量は、kDaの中で発現され</li></ol>

<ol>
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L., Kolmakova-Partensky, L., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+family+of+fluoride-specific+ion+channels+with+dual-topology+architecture.">A family of fluoride-specific ion channels with dual-topology architecture.</a> Elife. 2, e01084 (2013).</li><li>Nimigean, C., Shane, T., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cyclic+nucleotide+modulated+prokaryotic+K++channel.">A cyclic nucleotide modulated prokaryotic K+ channel.</a> J Gen Physiol. 124, 7 (2004).</li><li>Brohawn, S. G., del M&#225;rmol, ., J, R., MacKinnon, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+Structure+of+the+Human+K2P+TRAAK,+a+Lipid-+and+Mechano-Sensitive+K++Ion+Channel.">Crystal Structure of the Human K2P TRAAK, a Lipid- and Mechano-Sensitive K+ Ion Channel.</a> Science. 335, 436-441 (2012).</li><li>Jayaram, H., Robertson, J. L., Wu, F., Williams, C., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+a+slow+CLC+Cl-/H++antiporter+from+a+cyanobacterium.">Structure of a slow CLC Cl-/H+ antiporter from a cyanobacterium.</a> Biochemistry. 50, 788-794 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

精製された陰イオン選択的チャネルまたはリポソーム中に再構成トランスポーターによって媒介輸送-私たちは、詳細はClを測定するためのプロトコルを記載している。交換CLC-EC1 -使用例は、原核生物のH + / CLだった。検討中のイオンに適したものでAgCl電極ただし、方法論は、容易にリガンド12,13,15、電圧11,12、またはAgを交換することによって、異なる...

最後の二つの過剰発現および膜輸送タンパク質を精製する能力が劇的に増加している数十年：イオンチャネル、プライマリとセカンダリのトランスポーターは、現在日常的に異種発現系、ならびに天然の供給源から精製される。これらのタンパク質の安定性を、発現をモニタリング改善し、抽出を容易にし、強化するための新しいアプローチが常に1-5開発されている。これらの技術革新は、順番に、その機能の構造的な拠点の我々の理解を高め、膜タンパク質上の原子レベルの構造情報の爆発をトリガーに尽力している。対照的に、我々の能力は、いくつかの場合において、高分解能の構造情報をこのように定量的構造に基づいた予測をテストする我々の能力を制限する、定性機能的データが付随するように、同じ割合で増加しなかった精製されたタンパク質の機能的特性をプローブする。したがって、developmen定量的および一般化機能アッセイのtは膜タンパク質機能のメカニズムの基盤の解明に向けた重要なステップである。 チャネルおよびトランスポーター-ここでは、定量的に精製され、再構成されたCl -の主要な機能的特性を決定するために用いることができる流出アッセイを記載する。アッセイの基礎となる原理は、輸送システムの様々な、ならびに非イオン輸送タンパク質に一般化することができる。チャネル/大型のClの存在下でのトランス- -リポソームは、精製されたClで再構成する勾配（ 図1A、B）。のCl -の流出は、我々の場合K +イオノフォアバリノマイシンに、対イオン流束を可能にするために、イオノフォアを添加することによって開始のClによって確立された電圧をシャントれている-勾配及びKの平衡電位に初期の膜電位を設定する+ 6,7。トンなしそれは膜電位の発生により阻止されるように流出が発生し、 -彼は有意な正味のClをイオノフォアん。 -流出、およびf 0、活性タンパク質を含有しないリポソームの割合τ、Cl -の時定数：データは、定量的に2測定可能なパラメータ（ 図1C）によって記載されている。 τおよびf 0から一体のCl -輸送速度、活性タンパク質の画分と活性複合体の分子量は8導出することができる。既知の構造および機能の交換-技術はCLC-EC1、よく特徴付けCLC型H + / Clで再構成されたプロテオリポソームを用いて、ここに示されている。このアッセイは、容易に又は活性電圧および/またはリガンドの存在に依存して異なるイオン選択性チャネルまたは輸送体に一般化される。さらに、このアッセイは、小分子は、直接再構成タンパク質に影響を与えるかどうかを決定するために用いることができるこれらの化合物の効果を定量する方法、および膜組成物又は脂質修飾試薬は、再構成されたチャネルおよび輸送体の機能に影響を与える。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="995">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:372px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:337px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Liposomicator, Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:337px;">&#160;Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.</td>
			<td>610200</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IEC Centra CL2 Benchtop</td>
			<td style="width:337px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Orion Research Model 701A Digital pH-mV meter</td>
			<td style="width:337px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>These can be found on Ebay.</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Non-functional pH probe</td>
			<td style="width:337px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Any pH meter probe with silver wires will work. The glass/plastic coating needs to be removed and the wires cleaned.</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160; DI-710 Data Logger</td>
			<td style="width:337px;">DATAQ instruments</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">WinDAQ acquisition software</td>
			<td style="width:337px;">DATAQ instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pierce Disposable Plastic Columns, Gravity-flow, 2ml</td>
			<td style="width:337px;">Pierce (Thermo Scientific)</td>
			<td>29922</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KIMAX Culture Tubes, Disposable, Borosilicate Glass</td>
			<td style="width:337px;">Kimble Chase</td>
			<td>73500-13100</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Extruder Set With Holder/Heating Block</td>
			<td style="width:337px;">Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">610000</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:337px;"></td>
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		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a proteoliposome-based efflux assay to determine single-molecule properties of cl- channels and transporters

The last 15 years have been characterized by an explosion in the ability to overexpress and purify membrane proteins from prokaryotic organisms as well as from eukaryotes. This increase has been largely driven by the successful push to obtain structural information on membrane proteins. However, the ability to functionally interrogate these proteins has not advanced at the same rate and is often limited to qualitative assays of limited quantitative value, thereby limiting the mechanistic insights that they can provide. An assay to quantitatively investigate the transport activity of reconstituted Cl- channels or transporters is described. The assay is based on the measure of the efflux rate of Cl- from proteoliposomes following the addition of the K+ ionophore valinomycin to shunt the membrane potential. An ion sensitive electrode is used to follow the time-course of ion efflux from proteoliposomes reconstituted with the desired protein. The method is highly suited for mechanistic studies, as it allows for the quantitative determination of key properties of the reconstituted protein, such as its unitary transport rate, the fraction of active protein and the molecular mass of the functional unit. The assay can also be utilized to determine the effect of small molecule compounds that directly inhibit/activate the reconstituted protein, as well as to test the modulatory effects of the membrane composition or lipid-modifying reagents. Where possible, direct comparison between results obtained using this method were found to be in good agreement with those obtained using electrophysiological approaches. The technique is illustrated using CLC-ec1, a CLC-type H+/Cl- exchanger, as a model system. The efflux assay can be utilized to study any Cl- conducting channel/transporter and, with minimal changes, can be adapted to study any ion-transporting protein.

交換器、リポソーム中に再構成-精製されたCLC-EC1、原核生物CLC型H + / CLにより媒介輸送-私たちは、詳細かつ堅牢なのClを測定するためのプロトコルについて説明します。実験の概略図を図3に示されている精製されたCLC-EC1及び高い内部のClを含有する再構成されたプロテオリポソームは、 -低のClを含有する浴溶液に浸漬されている- 。これ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters at JoVE.com

A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

Proteoliposomes are used to study purified channels and transporters reconstituted in a well-defined biochemical environment. An experimental procedure to measure efflux mediated by these proteins is illustrated. The steps to prepare proteoliposomes, perform the recordings, and analyze data to quantitatively determine the functional properties of the reconstituted protein are described.

プロテオリポソー​​ムベースの流出アッセイのClの単一分子特性を決定する<sup&gt; -</sup&gt;チャネルとトランスポーター

The last 15 years have been characterized by an explosion in the ability to overexpress and purify membrane proteins from prokaryotic organisms as well as ...

a-proteoliposome-based-efflux-assay-to-determine-single-molecule

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

9.7K ビュー.  Weill Cornell Medical College. Proteoliposomes are used to study purified channels and transporters reconstituted in a well-defined biochemical environment. An experimental procedure to measure efflux mediated by these proteins is illustrated. The steps to prepare proteoliposomes, perform the recordings, and analyze data to quantitatively determine the functional properties of the reconstituted protein are described.

ビデオ: A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

Single Molecule Methods for Monitoring Changes in Bilayer Elastic Properties

Membrane protein function is regulated by the cell membrane lipid composition.  This regulation is due to a combination of specific lipid-protein interactions and more general lipid bilayer-protein interactions. These interactions are particularly important in pharmacological research, as many current pharmaceuticals on the market can alter the lipid bilayer material properties, which can lead to altered membrane protein function.   The formation of gramicidin channels are dependent on conformational changes in gramicidin subunits which are in turn dependent on the properties of the lipid.  Hence the gramicidin channel  current is a reporter of altered properties of the bilayer due to certain compounds.  

Membrane protein function is regulated by the cell membrane lipid composition. This video-article details how to form a patch using bilayer patch electrodes, as well as how to use gramicidin channels as reporters of altered membrane properties.

二層弾性特性の変化をモニタリングするための単一分子法

Membrane protein function is regulated by the cell membrane lipid composition.  This regulation is due to a combination of specific lipid-protein ...

生物学

Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA template is attached to a functionalized glass coverslip and replicated extensively after introduction of replication proteins and nucleotides (Figure 1). The growing product double-strand DNA (dsDNA) is extended with laminar flow and visualized by using an intercalating dye. Measuring the position of the growing DNA end in real time allows precise determination of replication rate (Figure 2). Furthermore, the length of completed DNA products reports on the processivity of replication. This experiment can be performed very easily and rapidly and requires only a fluorescence microscope with a reasonably sensitive camera.


This protocol demonstrates a simple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy technique for visualizing DNA replication by individual replisomes in real time.

蛍光顕微鏡による可視化単分子のDNAの複製

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA ...

Direct Observation of Enzymes Replicating DNA Using a Single-molecule DNA Stretching Assay

We describe a method for observing real time replication of individual DNA molecules mediated by proteins of the bacteriophage replication system. Linearized &lambda; DNA is modified to have a biotin on the end of one strand, and a digoxigenin moiety on the other end of the same strand. The biotinylated end is attached to a functionalized glass coverslip and the digoxigeninated end to a small bead. The assembly of these DNA-bead tethers on the surface of a flow cell allows a laminar flow to be applied to exert a drag force on the bead. As a result, the DNA is stretched close to and parallel to the surface of the coverslip at a force that is determined by the flow rate (Figure 1). The length of the DNA is measured by monitoring the position of the bead. Length differences between single- and double-stranded DNA are utilized to obtain real-time information on the activity of the replication proteins at the fork. Measuring the position of the bead allows precise determination of the rates and processivities of DNA unwinding and polymerization (Figure 2).

We describe a method for observing real time replication of individual DNA molecules mediated by proteins of the bacteriophage replication system.

アッセイをストレッチ単一分子のDNAを用いて酵素の複製DNAの直接観察

We describe a method for observing real time replication of individual DNA molecules mediated by proteins of the bacteriophage replication system. ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the last decade. The investigation of molecular interactions with high temporal and spatial resolutions deep within cells has remained challenging due to the inherently weak signals arising from individual molecules. Recent works by Yang et al. demonstrated that narrow-field epifluorescence microscopy allows visualization of nucleocytoplasmic transport at the single molecule level. By the single molecule approach, important kinetics, such as nuclear transport time and efficiency, for signal-dependent and independent cargo molecules have been obtained. Here we described a protocol for the methodological approach with an improved spatiotemporal resolution of 0.4 ms and 12 nm. The improved resolution enabled us to capture transient active transport and passive diffusion events through the nuclear pore complexes (NPC) in semi-intact cells. We expect this method to be used in elucidating other binding and trafficking events within cells.

Single molecule microscopy approch provided novel insights into nuclear transport.

核輸送の1分子イメージング

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the ...

A Fluorescent Screening Assay for Identifying Modulators of GIRK Channels

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and endocrine tissue1,2. GIRK channels become activated following the binding of ligands (neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs, etc.) to their plasma membrane-bound, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This binding causes the stimulation of G proteins (Gi and Go) which subsequently bind to and activate the GIRK channel. Once opened the GIRK channel allows the movement of K+ out of the cell causing the resting membrane potential to become more negative. As a consequence, GIRK channel activation in neurons decreases spontaneous action potential formation and inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. In the heart, activation of the GIRK channel inhibits pacemaker activity thereby slowing the heart rate.
GIRK channels represent novel targets for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment neuropathic pain, drug addiction, cardiac arrhythmias and other disorders3. However, the pharmacology of these channels remains largely unexplored. Although a number of drugs including anti-arrhythmic agents, antipsychotic drugs and antidepressants block the GIRK channel, this inhibition is not selective and occurs at relatively high drug concentrations3.
Here, we describe a real-time screening assay for identifying new modulators of GIRK channels. In this assay, neuronal AtT20 cells, expressing GIRK channels, are loaded with membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes such as bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] or HLB 021-152 (Figure 1). The dye molecules become strongly fluorescent following uptake into the cells (Figure 1). Treatment of the cells with GPCR ligands stimulates the GIRK channels to open. The resulting K+ efflux out of the cell causes the membrane potential to become more negative and the fluorescent signal to decrease (Figure 1). Thus, drugs that modulate K+ efflux through the GIRK channel can be assayed using a fluorescent plate reader. Unlike other ion channel screening assays, such atomic absorption spectrometry4 or radiotracer analysis5, the GIRK channel fluorescent assay provides a fast, real-time and inexpensive screening procedure.

A real-time screening procedure for identifying drugs that interact with G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels is described. The assay utilizes membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes to measure GIRK channel activity. This technique is adaptable for use on a number of cell lines.

GIRKチャネルのモジュレーターを同定するための蛍光スクリーニングアッセイ

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in ...

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method offers the opportunity of investigating interactions occurring in solution (thus avoiding problems due to closeby surfaces as in other single molecule methods), controlling the DNA extension and tracking interaction dynamics as a function of both mechanical parameters and DNA sequence. The methods for establishing successful optical trapping and nanometer localization of single molecules are illustrated. We illustrate the experimental conditions allowing the study of interaction of lactose repressor (lacI), labeled with Atto532, with a DNA molecule containing specific target sequences (operators) for LacI binding. The method allows the observation of specific interactions at the operators, as well as one-dimensional diffusion of the protein during the process of target search. The method is broadly applicable to the study of protein-DNA interactions but also to molecular motors, where control of the tension applied to the partner track polymer (for example actin or microtubules) is desirable.

Here we describe the instrumentation and methods for detecting single fluorescently-labeled protein molecules interacting with a single DNA molecule suspended between two optically trapped microspheres.

タンパク質-DNA相互作用の研究のための単一分子マニピュレーションとイメージングを組み合わせる

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET

Bending of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is associated with many important biological processes such as DNA-protein recognition and DNA packaging into nucleosomes. Thermodynamics of dsDNA bending has been studied by a method called cyclization which relies on DNA ligase to covalently join short sticky ends of a dsDNA. However, ligation efficiency can be affected by many factors that are not related to dsDNA looping such as the DNA structure surrounding the joined sticky ends, and ligase can also affect the apparent looping rate through mechanisms such as nonspecific binding. Here, we show how to measure dsDNA looping kinetics without ligase by detecting transient DNA loop formation by FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer). dsDNA molecules are constructed using a simple PCR-based protocol with a FRET pair and a biotin linker. The looping probability density known as the J factor is extracted from the looping rate and the annealing rate between two disconnected sticky ends. By testing two dsDNAs with different intrinsic curvatures, we show that the J factor is sensitive to the intrinsic shape of the dsDNA.

This study presents a detailed experimental procedure to measure looping dynamics of double-stranded DNA using single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). The protocol also describes how to extract the looping probability density called the J factor.

1分子FRETによるDNAループを研究

Bending of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is associated with many important biological processes such as DNA-protein recognition and DNA packaging into ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both mitochondrial (respiration) and non-mitochondrial (other redox) reactions consume oxygen, but these reactions can be easily distinguished by chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, while mitochondrial oxygen consumption is an unambiguous and direct measurement of respiration rate2, the same is not true for extracellular acid production and its relationship to glycolytic rate 3-6. Extracellular acid produced by cells is derived from both lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis, and CO2, produced in the citric acid cycle during respiration. For glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to lactate- + H+ and the export of products into the assay medium is the source of glycolytic acidification. For respiration, the export of CO2, hydration to H2CO3 and dissociation to HCO3- + H+ is the source of respiratory acidification. The proportions of glycolytic and respiratory acidification depend on the experimental conditions, including cell type and substrate(s) provided, and can range from nearly 100% glycolytic acidification to nearly 100% respiratory acidification 6. Here, we demonstrate the data collection and calculation methods needed to determine respiratory and glycolytic contributions to total extracellular acidification by whole cells in culture using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model.

Glycolysis is a defining metabolic marker in multiple biological systems. Monitoring glycolysis by measuring the extracellular flux of H+ is common, but requires correction to be quantitative and unambiguous. Here, we demonstrate how to gather and correct extracellular flux data to distinguish between respiratory and glycolytic sources of extracellular acidification.

外酸生産の測定と解析は、解糖速度を決定するために

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a simple protocol to monitor this process is described. Moreover, typical results and experimental validation of the method under autophagy-inducing conditions in various types of cultured mammalian cells are provided. During bulk autophagy, autophagosomes sequester cytosol, and thereby also soluble cytosolic proteins, alongside other autophagic cargo. LDH is a stable and highly abundant, soluble cytosolic enzyme that is non-selectively sequestered into autophagosomes. The amount of LDH sequestration therefore reflects the amount of bulk autophagic sequestration. To efficiently and accurately determine LDH sequestration in cells, we employ an electrodisruption-based fractionation protocol that effectively separates sedimentable from cytosolic LDH, followed by measurement of enzymatic activity in sedimentable fractions versus whole-cell samples. Autophagic sequestration is determined by subtracting the proportion of sedimentable LDH in untreated cells from that in treated cells. The advantage of the LDH sequestration assay is that it gives a quantitative measure of the autophagic sequestration of endogenous cargo, as opposed to other methods that either involve ectopic expression of sequestration probes or semi-quantitative protease protection analyses of autophagy markers or receptors.

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &amp;#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Here a simple and well-validated protocol for measuring bulk autophagic sequestration activity in mammalian cells is described. The method is based on quantifying the proportion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in sedimentable cell fractions compared to total cellular LDH levels.

隔離の乳酸脱水素酵素試金-哺乳類細胞における一括 Autophagic 隔離活動を決定するシンプルで信頼性の高い方法

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a ...

Parallel High Throughput Single Molecule Kinetic Assay for Site-Specific DNA Cleavage

Site-specific DNA cleavage (SSDC) is a key step in many cellular processes, and it is crucial to gene editing. This work describes a kinetic assay capable of measuring SSDC in many single DNA molecules simultaneously. Bead-tethered substrate DNAs, each containing a single copy of the target sequence, are prepared in a microfluidic flow channel. An external magnet applies a weak force to the paramagnetic beads. The integrity of up to 1,000 individual DNAs can be monitored by visualizing the microbeads under darkfield imaging using a wide-field, low magnification objective. Injecting of a restriction endonuclease, NdeI, initiates the cleavage reaction. Video microscopy is used to record the exact moment of each DNA cleavage by observing the frame in which the associated bead moves up and out of the focal plane of the objective. Frame-by-frame bead counting quantifies the reaction, and an exponential fit determines the reaction rate. This method allows collection of quantitative and statistically significant data on single molecule SSDC reactions in a single experiment.

A highly parallel method for measuring the site-specific cleavage of DNA at the single molecule level is described. This protocol demonstrates the technique using the restriction endonuclease NdeI. The method can easily be modified to study any process that results in site-specific DNA cleavage.

部位特異的DNA切断のための並列高スループット単一分子運動アッセイ

Site-specific DNA cleavage (SSDC) is a key step in many cellular processes, and it is crucial to gene editing. This work describes a kinetic assay capable ...

プロテオリポソー​​ムベースの流出アッセイのClの単一分子特性を決定する

プロテオリポソームベースの流出アッセイのClの単一分子特性を決定する