この作品は、科学研究費（FNRS）、レス·エイミスドゥ研究所Bordetおよび、FNRS-操作Télévie、ベルギーのプランがん、フォンランボー-Marteaux、フォンJC HeusonとフォンBarsyベルギー基金をfromtheの補助金によってサポートされていました。

注：すべての標本は、各患者から得た書面によるインフォームドコンセントを得て研究所ジュール·ボルデの医学倫理委員会によって承認されたプロトコルを使用して取得した。 組織ホモジネートの調製<ol><li>切除組織（手術室から切除悪性および正常組織）を解剖即時のピックアップのために訓練を受けた者が病理学研究室である。腫瘍は、NANT（できるだけ腫瘍から最も遠い距離を撮影したもの）と正常組織断片を日常的に1内で処理される - ヒト組織のための標準的なバイオセーフティ手順を使用してBSL2実験室で外科的切除の3時間。プロトコルのフローチャートを図1に示されている。 </li><li>すべての組織片（通常NANTおよび腫瘍）を秤量し、長さ、幅、および高さ（長さ×幅×高さ）を測定する。これは、細胞集団のその後の正規化のための重要なステップは、抽出されたRNA 等である NOTE：可能な場合はサンプルサイズの範囲は、無脂肪と100〜10,000 mm 3である。 </li><li>組織が実際に腫瘍の一部であることを確認するために、H＆E染色のためにスライドガラス上の腫瘍断片をインプリントする。 <ol><li>腫瘍断片上のガラス顕微鏡スライドを押すと数秒間指で穏やかな圧力を適用することによってこれを行います。 </li><li>水中での洗浄工程に続いて2分間イソプロパノールでスライドを修正。マイヤーのヘマトキシリン​​で30秒のための組織を対比。 </li><li>水の6浴にスライドを洗ってください。フロキシンBで15秒間、2％を染色する。 </li><li>水1浴でイソプロパノールと仕上げの4風呂の水、続いて1浴で洗ってください。 </li><li> 1分およびドレイン用のイソプロパノール中でインキュベートします。キシレンの2浴場でクリア。 </li><li>キシレンベースマウント培地にマウントします。腫瘍細胞充実度（ 図2）のために調べます。 注：主に、腫瘍細胞が刻印スライドに固執 - 間質、リンパ系または広告ipose細胞はほとんどの腫瘍細胞（ 図2）の間にスペースを残して、残っていない。 </li></ol></li><li>滅菌を使用して-化学的に規定された、無血清造血細胞培地1mlを含む小さな培養皿で組織片を配置小片（2mmの2〜1）にそれを室温で（以下、媒体と呼ぶ）とダイス外科用メス。 </li><li>機械的解離のCチューブにすべてのもの（組織片+媒体）を転送します。 </li><li>パスツールピペットを用いて培地2mlでペトリ皿とメスをすすぎ、Cチューブ（解離のための媒体の体積= 3ミリリットル）にこれを追加します。 </li><li>単一細胞懸濁液に組織片を均質化するために、C管の機械的解離プログラムA.01（最も穏やかなプログラム）を使用します。装置内でCチューブを配置し、2回続けてプログラムを実行する（1サイクル= 25秒）。 注：この均質化手順は、他のTUM、ヒト乳房組織のために設立され、検証されているまたはまたは組織タイプは、別のプログラムを使用する必要があるかもしれませんし、最初にテストする必要があります。 </li><li>装置からCチューブを外し、50ミリリットルチューブに座った40μmのセルストレーナーに直接ホモジネートをデカント。 工程1.6と同様のパスツールピペットを用いて、セルストレーナーにC管に残っている液体を移す。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルマイクロピペットチップを用いて15ミリリットルチューブに濾過された液体を転送します。一時的にセルストレーナーとその50ミリリットルチューブを保つ。 </li><li>メディアの追加の3ミリリットルでCチューブをすすぎ、再びまだ50ミリリットルチューブに座ったセルストレーナーに、 ステップ1.6と同様にパスツールピペットを用いて、これを転送します。優しくクリーンなパスツールピペットまたはその後溶出液を汚染を避けるために捨てられる1ミリリットルチップでストレーナーのまわりでそれを移動して50ミリリットルチューブにunhom​​ogenized組織に閉じ込められた残液の最大量を絞る。 </li><li>逆さT上のセルストレーナーを配置彼元のC管とunhom​​ogenized組織がバックC管に降下するように、培地の3ミリリットルで洗い流し。 </li><li> A.01プログラムの2つのサイクルのためのステップ1.7のように再均質化する。 </li><li>再び最大圧搾50mlのチューブに着座細胞ストレーナーを通してこの第ホモジネートを入れ（ ステップ1.10のように）培地3mlで再びCチューブをすすぎ、50mlチューブに着座セルストレーナーにパスツールピペットで移すセルストレーナー中に閉じ込め残留結合組織から液体の量。 </li><li>この時点で、〜2.5ミリリットルの容積は、15mlチューブ中で、約50 mlチューブ9 mlである。 </li></ol>組織上清と細胞の2の分離<ol><li>室温で600×gで15分間15ml中ホモジネートを50 mlチューブを遠心する。 </li><li>きれいなチューブに15ミリリットルチューブからSNをデカントし、一時的に4℃で保存する。この上清=原発腫瘍、NANTまたは通常のTIssue SN（最終容量2.5ml）を、続いて清澄化し、将来の分析（下記参照）のために-80℃で保存する前に分注する。 </li><li> 50ミリリットルチューブから上清を捨てる。 </li><li>静かに1ミリリットル中の最終容量の両方で細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。簡単に言えば、最初の優しく（ハード面上にチューブをタップして）両方の管に細胞ペレットを破る。培地500μlで50ミリリットルで緩い細胞ペレットを再懸濁し、第二のペレットを再懸濁し15ミリリットルチューブにこの細胞懸濁液を転送します。セルの最大回復のための媒体の第2の500μlの一回、この手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>小さなチューブに移すの細胞懸濁液10μlを、トリパンブルー10μlのミックス（希釈1：1）と血球計数器を用いて生細胞の数を数える。 注：この時点で、細胞懸濁液の一部は、細胞サイズを評価するためにフローサイトメトリーによって分析することができ、粒度よりprecのための亜集団のマーカーの数が限られて、所望の場合事前の広範な分析や実験にホモジネートにおける相対的な細胞分布の伊勢評価。流れによる全ての分析は、フローサイトメトリー亜集団の正規化のためにCD45のラベルを組み込む。 </li><li>室温で10分間、300×gでの遠心分離によって細胞をペレット。腫瘍由来の細胞、NANT、または正常組織は今、さらに精製または分析のために準備ができている。手術と同じ日に行われたときにこれらの追加のステップは最高です。 注：フローサイトメトリー分析のために、すぐ1秒間ボルテックスし、細胞ペレットを赤血球溶解緩衝液0.4mlを添加し、室温で10分間の最小値をインキュベートすることにより抗体標識後に溶解されるべき残留赤血球を選別細胞ではない分析前の温度（光から保護）。 </li></ol>組織上清の3明確化<ol><li>遠心機で4℃で15分間15000×gで組織SN 1.5 mlチューブに。 </li><li>慎重にTを削除彼が触れたり、ペレットを乱すことなく、上清。希望する分量の数やボリュームに応じて、清潔なチューブ（またはチューブ）に移す。 </li><li>将来の使用のために-80℃で上清を保管してください。 </li></ol> 4.患者の血液<ol><li>手術前に、ヘパリン化チューブに静脈穿刺による制御の日として各患者から血液サンプルを収集する。血漿と軟膜を得るために、ブレーキをオフにして20ºCで10分間400×gで血液を遠心。 </li><li>血漿を除去し、20ºCで15分間万×gで遠心分離することにより、それを明確にする。将来の使用のために-80℃でアリコートとストアプラズマ。培地中のバフィーコートを希釈</li><li>前の即時分析を標準フィコール - ハイパック勾配遠心分離を用いて単核細胞を分離し、亜集団の単離、DNA / RNA /タンパク質抽出または凍結保存。 </li></ol> 5.フローサイトメトリー<ol><li>ラベル細胞の製造に応じて光から保護して4℃でのr命令。細胞ペレットを細胞溶解緩衝液0.4 mlで添加することによって抗体標識後の組織片由来の細胞懸濁液中に溶解赤血球。 </li><li>渦はすぐに1秒間、光から保護し、室温で10分間の最小値を、インキュベートする。洗浄することなく、データ取得のためのフローサイトメーターで標識細胞を渡します。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.

この研究は、その後の細胞選別、抽出、凍結保存および/ ​​またはCD45 +集団の表現型分析のために酵素消化せず、正常および悪性の乳房組織ホモジネートの迅速な調製のために最適化された方法を記載している。この実験アプローチの目的は、密接にそれらのインビボ状態を反映し、手術室からの新鮮な組織の最小限の操作で、正常組織と比較しますTILの画像を生成すること...

The tumor microenvironment is composed of various cell types with numerous studies showing they each play distinct and important roles in tumorigenesis1,2. These include, but are not limited to, infiltrating immune cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells and tumor cells3. Ex vivo studies of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL; CD45+ cells or leukocytes, which are predominantly lymphocytes in breast tumors) from fresh human tissue samples is made difficult by their low frequency, the small sample sizes often available for research and the potential for loss of viability during extraction. Because immune cells infiltrating tumors are usually present as passengers rather than permanent residents in general they are easier to release from the tissue matrix.
Dissociating tumor tissue while maintaining cellular integrity is technically challenging and has traditionally been performed using a combination of mechanical and enzymatic steps to prepare single cell suspensions4-8. This approach involves lengthy incubation periods and is associated with a significant reduction in cell viability as well as the loss of cell surface receptors by enzymatic cleavage. High quality flow cytometric studies characterizing TIL in the tumor microenvironment as well as clean purifications of CD45+ subpopulations by flow cytometry or antibody-coated beads are more difficult to achieve from enzyme-digested tumor tissue. In addition, the supernatant (SN) from the resulting tumor homogenate is not amenable to further analysis including quantification of secreted proteins (cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins or tumor antigens) or experimental treatment of normal cells, because of the potential for protein degradation in the enzymatic digests.
In our search for a method to prepare single cell homogenates from breast tissues [including tumor, non-adjacent non-tumor (NANT) and normal (from mammary reductions) breast tissues] without enzymatic digestion, we tested a variety of mechanical homogenization techniques. Homogenates prepared using a mechanical dissociator had increased cell viability (2-fold) and total cell recovery (2-fold) while preserving surface receptor expression. Enzymatic digestion of the remaining insoluble material did not recover additional CD45+ cells suggesting they were all released in the initial homogenate. Thus, this rapid and simple approach allows both qualitative and quantitative assessment of the CD45+ subpopulations present in various normal and malignant human tissues. An added advantage of this approach is that the SN from the initial homogenate (primary tissue SN) can be collected and stored for further analysis or experimentation.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="980">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:272px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:409px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">GentleMacs Dissociator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">130-093-235</td>
			<td>BD Medimachine is somewhat equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Centrifuge 5810 R</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">N/A</td>
			<td>or other standard table top centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Centrifuge 5417 R</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">N/A</td>
			<td>or other standard microcentrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Esco Class II A2 Biosafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>ESCO global</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">N/A</td>
			<td>or other standard BSL2 hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Nikon eclipse TS100</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">N/A</td>
			<td>or other microscope compatible for a hemacytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">B&#252;rker Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Marienfield&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">640210</td>
			<td>or other standard hemacytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Navios Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">N/A</td>
			<td>or other flow cytometer (8-10 color recommended)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:272px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:272px;">Materials</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">GentleMacs C-Tube</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">130-096-344</td>
			<td>BD Medimachine uses Filcon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">72,710</td>
			<td>or other non-pyrogenic plasticware&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Disposable Scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Swann-Morton</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">0510</td>
			<td>or standard single use sterile scalpel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">BD Cell Strainer 40&#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">734-0002</td>
			<td>or other non-pyrogenic plasticware&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">BD Falcon Tube 50mL</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">352070</td>
			<td>or other non-pyrogenic plasticware&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">BD Falcon Tube 15mL</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">352097</td>
			<td>or other non-pyrogenic plasticware&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">BD FACS Tube 5mL</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">352008</td>
			<td>or other non-pyrogenic plasticware&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Sterile Pasteur Pipette 5 mL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">612-1685</td>
			<td>or other non-pyrogenic plasticware&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Microfuge Tube 1.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">7805-00</td>
			<td>or other non-pyrogenic plasticware&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:272px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:272px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">X-Vivo 20</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">BE04-448Q</td>
			<td>serum-free medium recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">BE17-516F</td>
			<td>standard physiological PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Trypan blue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">17942E</td>
			<td>or other vital stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">VersaLyse</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">A09777</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Fixable viability Dye eFluor 780&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">65-0865-14</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">anti-CD3 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">345763</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">anti-CD3 Vio Blue</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">130-094-363</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">anti-CD4 PE</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">345769</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">anti-CD4 APC</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">130-091-232</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">anti-CD8 ECD</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">737659</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">anti-CD8 PerCP</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">345774</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">anti-CD19 APC-Vio770</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">130-096-643</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">anti-CD45 VioGreen</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">130-096-906</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry experiments</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple and rapid protocol to non-enzymatically dissociate fresh human tissues for the analysis of infiltrating lymphocytes

両方の自然免疫と適応免疫応答から腫瘍回避することを特徴とする免疫系を回避するために、悪性細胞の能力は、現在、癌の重要な特質として受け入れられている。乳癌に関する我々の研究は、腫瘍浸潤リンパ球は、腫瘍の進行および患者の転帰に果たす積極的な役割に焦点を当てています。この目標に向けて、我々は彼らの本来の状態にそれらが近接し、評価するための努力で正常と異常な組織から無傷のリンパ細胞の迅速な単離のための方法論を開発しました。酵素で消化された組織と比較して表面の受容体の発現を維持しながら、ホモジネートを、機械的解離のショーを使用して増加した生存率および細胞の回復の両方を用意しました。さらに、残りの不溶性物質の酵素消化は、プライマリホモジネートにおける定量的および定性的測定が可能性が高い純粋に組織fragmで浸潤亜集団を反映していることを示す追加のCD45 +細胞を回復しませんでしたENT。これらのホモジネート中のリンパ球様細胞は容易に免疫学（表現型は、増殖など ）または分子（DNA、RNAおよび/ ​​またはタンパク質）に近づく使用して特徴付けることができる。 CD45 +細胞は、亜集団の精製、in vitro増殖または凍結保存のために使用することができる。このアプローチのさらなる利点は、ホモジネートから一次組織の上清を、サイトカイン、ケモカイン、免疫グロブリンおよび正常および悪性組織中に存在する抗原を特徴付け、比較するために使用することができることである。このプロトコルは、ヒト乳房組織に極めてよく機能し、正常と異常組織の多種多様に適用可能であるべきである。

市販の組織解離溶液またはコラゲナーゼの様々な実験用混合物は、DNaseおよび/またはヒアルロニダーゼ阻害剤のいずれかと組織断片の酵素消化は、細胞の表面上の受容体の多種多様を切断する。最初に乳房腫瘍浸潤CD4 + T細胞に焦点を当てた我々の研究は、急速による標準的な酵素消化プロトコル4-8を用いた表面CD4受容体の切断に大きな技術的な問題を提示した。我々は、高?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple and Rapid Protocol to Non-enzymatically Dissociate Fresh Human Tissues for the Analysis of Infiltrating Lymphocytes at JoVE.com

A Simple and Rapid Protocol to Non-enzymatically Dissociate Fresh Human Tissues for the Analysis of Infiltrating Lymphocytes

This protocol describes the rapid non-enzymatic dissociation of fresh human tissue fragments for qualitative and quantitative assessment of CD45+ cells (lymphocytes/leukocytes) present in various normal and malignant human tissues. Additionally, the supernatant obtained from the primary tissue homogenate can be collected and stored for further analysis or experimentation.

簡単かつ迅速なプロトコル非酵素的に浸潤リンパ球の分析のための新鮮なヒト組織を解離

The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted ...

a-simple-rapid-protocol-to-non-enzymatically-dissociate-fresh-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

19.9K ビュー.  Université Libre de Bruxelles. This protocol describes the rapid non-enzymatic dissociation of fresh human tissue fragments for qualitative and quantitative assessment of CD45+ cells (lymphocytes/leukocytes) present in various normal and malignant human tissues. Additionally, the supernatant obtained from the primary tissue homogenate can be collected and stored for further analysis or experimentation.

ビデオ: A Simple and Rapid Protocol to Non-enzymatically Dissociate Fresh Human Tissues for the Analysis of Infiltrating Lymphocytes

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

粘着テープベースのサンプリングと蛍光の組み合わせその場で</emの迅速検出のための>ハイブリダイゼーションサルモネラ生鮮食品について

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

免疫・感染学

A Simple Chelex Protocol for DNA Extraction from Anopheles spp.

Endemic countries are increasingly adopting molecular tools for efficient typing, identification and surveillance against malaria parasites and vector mosquitoes, as an integral part of their control programs1,2,3,4,5. For sustainable establishment of these accurate approaches in operations research to strengthen malaria control and elimination efforts, simple and affordable methods, with parsimonious reagent and equipment requirements are essential6,7,8. Here we present a simple Chelex-based technique for extracting malaria parasite and vector DNA from field collected mosquito specimens.
We morphologically identified 72 Anopheles gambiae sl. from 156 mosquitoes captured by pyrethrum spray catches in sleeping rooms of households within a 2,000 km2 vicinity of the Malaria Institute at Macha. After dissection to separate the head and thorax from the abdomen for all 72 Anopheles gambiae sl. mosquitoes, the two sections were individually placed in 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes and submerged in 20 &mu;l of deionized water. Using a sterile pipette tip, each mosquito section was separately homogenized to a uniform suspension in the deionized water. Of the ensuing homogenate from each mosquito section, 10 &mu;l was retained while the other 10 &mu;l was transferred to a separate autoclaved 1.5 ml tube. The separate aliquots were subjected to DNA extraction by either the simplified Chelex or the standard salting out extraction protocol9,10. The salting out protocol is so-called and widely used because it employs high salt concentrations in lieu of hazardous organic solvents (such as phenol and chloroform) for the protein precipitation step during DNA extraction9.
Extracts were used as templates for PCR amplification using primers targeting arthropod mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH) subunit 4 gene (ND4) to check DNA quality11, a PCR for identification of Anopheles gambiae sibling species10 and a nested PCR for typing of Plasmodium falciparum infection12. Comparison using DNA quality (ND4) PCR showed 93% sensitivity and 82% specificity for the Chelex approach relative to the established salting out protocol. Corresponding values of sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 78%, respectively, using sibling species identification PCR and 92% and 80%, respectively for P. falciparum detection PCR. There were no significant differences in proportion of samples giving amplicon signal with the Chelex or the regular salting out protocol across all three PCR applications. The Chelex approach required three simple reagents and 37 min to complete, while the salting out protocol entailed 10 different reagents and 2 hr and 47 min' processing time, including an overnight step. Our results show that the Chelex method is comparable to the existing salting out extraction and can be substituted as a simple and sustainable approach in resource-limited settings where a constant reagent supply chain is often difficult to maintain.

A Simple Chelex Protocol for DNA Extraction from Anopheles spp.

A rapid and affordable way to extract quality malaria parasite and vector DNA from mosquito specimens is described. Capitalizing on chelating properties of Chelex resin, the simple method enables genotyping of malaria parasites in mosquito mid-gut and salivary gland phases, as well as molecular identification of the Anopheles sibling species by PCR.

からのDNA抽出のためのシンプルなChelexプロトコル<em&gt;ハマダラカ</em&gt;属。

Endemic countries are increasingly adopting molecular tools for  efficient typing, identification and surveillance against malaria parasites and  vector ...

A Simple Protocol for Platelet-mediated Clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocytes in a Resource Poor Setting

P. falciparum causes the majority of severe malarial infections. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cerebral malaria (CM) are not fully understood and several hypotheses have been put forward, including mechanical obstruction of microvessels by P. falciparum-parasitized red blood cells (pRBC). Indeed, during the intra-erythrocytic stage of its life cycle, P. falciparum has the unique ability to modify the surface of the infected erythrocyte by exporting surface antigens with varying adhesive properties onto the RBC membrane. This allows the sequestration of pRBC in multiple tissues and organs by adhesion to endothelial cells lining the microvasculature of post-capillary venules 1. By doing so, the mature forms of the parasite avoid splenic clearance of the deformed infected erythrocytes 2 and restrict their environment to a more favorable low oxygen pressure 3. As a consequence of this sequestration, it is only immature asexual parasites and gametocytes that can be detected in peripheral blood.
Cytoadherence and sequestration of mature pRBC to the numerous host receptors expressed on microvascular beds occurs in severe and uncomplicated disease. However, several lines of evidence suggest that only specific adhesive phenotypes are likely to be associated with severe pathological outcomes of malaria. One example of such specific host-parasite interactions has been demonstrated in vitro, where the ability of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to support binding of pRBC with particular adhesive properties has been linked to development of cerebral malaria 4,5. The placenta has also been recognized as a site of preferential pRBC accumulation in malaria-infected pregnant women, with chondrotin sulphate A expressed on syncytiotrophoblasts that line the placental intervillous space as the main receptor 6. Rosetting of pRBC to uninfected erythrocytes via the complement receptor 1 (CD35)7,8 has also been associated with severe disease 9.
One of the most recently described P. falciparum cytoadherence phenotypes is the ability of the pRBC to form platelet-mediated clumps in vitro. The formation of such pRBC clumps requires CD36, a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of platelets. Another human receptor, gC1qR/HABP1/p32, expressed on diverse cell types including endothelial cells and platelets, has also been shown to facilitate pRBC adhesion on platelets to form clumps 10. Whether clumping occurs in vivo remains unclear, but it may account for the significant accumulation of platelets described in brain microvasculature of Malawian children who died from CM 11. In addition, the ability of clinical isolate cultures to clump in vitro was directly linked to the severity of disease in Malawian 12 and Mozambican patients 13, (although not in Malian 14).
With several aspects of the pRBC clumping phenotype poorly characterized, current studies on this subject have not followed a standardized procedure. This is an important issue because of the known high variability inherent in the assay 15. Here, we present a method for in vitro platelet-mediated clumping of P. falciparum with hopes that it will provide a platform for a consistent method for other groups and raise awareness of the limitations in investigating this phenotype in future studies. Being based in Malawi, we provide a protocol specifically designed for a limited resource setting, with the advantage that freshly collected clinical isolates can be examined for phenotype without need for cryopreservation.

A Simple Protocol for Platelet-mediated Clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocytes in a Resource Poor Setting

This method investigates the platelet-mediated clumping phenotype of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (pRBC) in clinical isolates. This is performed by isolating and co-incubating platelet-rich plasma and a suspension of pRBC.

の血小板媒介クランピングのためのシンプルなプロトコル<em&gt;熱帯熱マラリア原虫</emリソース悪い設定で、&gt;感染した赤血球

P. falciparum causes the majority of severe malarial infections. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cerebral malaria (CM) are not fully ...

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency and type of chromosome aberrations in different cell types allows defects in DNA repair pathways to be elucidated. Understanding mammalian DNA repair biology has been greatly helped by the production of mice with knockouts in specific genes. The goal of this protocol is to quantify genomic instability in mouse B lymphocytes. Labeling of the telomeres using PNA-FISH probes (peptide nucleic acid - fluorescent in situ hybridization) facilitates the rapid analysis of genomic instability in metaphase chromosome spreads. B cells have specific advantages relative to fibroblasts, because they have normal ploidy and a higher mitotic index. Short-term culture of B cells therefore enables precise measurement of genomic instability in a primary cell population which is likely to have fewer secondary genetic mutations than what is typically found in transformed fibroblasts or patient cell lines.

DNA repair pathways are essential for maintenance of genomic integrity and preventing mutation and cancer. The goal of this protocol is to quantify genomic instability by direct observation of chromosome aberrations in metaphase spreads from mouse B cells using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for telomeric DNA repeats.

PNA-FISHによるマウスのBリンパ球における染色体異常の迅速分析

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency ...

Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to the palatine tonsils situated at the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. Surgically removed palatine tonsils provide a convenient accessible source of B and T lymphocytes to study the interplay between foreign pathogens and the host immune system. This video protocol describes the dissection and processing of surgically removed human palatine tonsils, followed by the isolation of the individual B and T cell populations from the same tissue sample. We present a method, which efficiently separates tonsillar B and T lymphocytes using an antibody-dependent affinity protocol. Further, we use the method to demonstrate that human adenovirus infects specifically the tonsillar T cell fraction. The established protocol is generally applicable to efficiently and rapidly isolate tonsillar B and T cell populations to study the role of different types of pathogens in tonsillar immune responses.

Palatine tonsils are a rich source of B and T lymphocytes. Here we provide an easy, efficient and rapid protocol to isolate B and T lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils. The method described has been specifically adapted for studies of the viral etiology of tonsil inflammation known as tonsillitis.

ヒトパラティーノ扁桃腺からBおよびTリンパ球の効率的な単離プロトコール

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to ...

A Semi-automated Approach to Preparing Antibody Cocktails for Immunophenotypic Analysis of Human Peripheral Blood

Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood by flow cytometry determines changes in the frequency and activation status of peripheral leukocytes during disease and treatment. It has the potential to predict therapeutic efficacy and identify novel therapeutic targets. Whole blood staining utilizes unmanipulated blood, which minimizes artifacts that can occur during sample preparation. However, whole blood staining must also be done on freshly collected blood to ensure the integrity of the sample. Additionally, it is best to prepare antibody cocktails on the same day to avoid potential instability of tandem-dyes and prevent reagent interaction between brilliant violet dyes. Therefore, whole blood staining requires careful standardization to control for intra and inter-experimental variability.
Here, we report deployment of an automated liquid handler equipped with a two-dimensional (2D) barcode reader into a standard process of making antibody cocktails for flow cytometry. Antibodies were transferred into 2D barcoded tubes arranged in a 96 well format and their contents compiled in a database. The liquid handler could then locate the source antibody vials by referencing antibody names within the database. Our method eliminated tedious coordination for positioning of source antibody tubes. It provided versatility allowing the user to easily change any number of details in the antibody dispensing process such as specific antibody to use, volume, and destination by modifying the database without rewriting the scripting in the software method for each assay.
A proof of concept experiment achieved outstanding inter and intra- assay precision, demonstrated by replicate preparation of an 11-color, 17-antibody flow cytometry assay. These methodologies increased overall throughput for flow cytometry assays and facilitated daily preparation of the complex antibody cocktails required for the detailed phenotypic characterization of freshly collected anticoagulated peripheral blood.

Whole blood Immunophenotyping is indispensable for monitoring the human immune system. However, the number of reagents required and the instability of specific fluorochromes in premixed cocktails necessitates daily reagent preparation. Here we show that semi-automated preparation of staining antibody cocktail helps establish reliable immunophenotyping by minimizing variability in reagent dispensing.

ヒト末梢血の免疫表現型分析のための抗体のカクテルを準備する半自動のアプローチ

Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood by flow cytometry determines changes in the frequency and activation status of peripheral leukocytes during disease ...

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the correct determination of a peptide&#39;s concentration, it should be stable during blood processing. However, this is not the case for several peptides which are quickly degraded by endogenous peptidases. Recently, we developed a blood processing method employing Reduced temperatures, Acidification, Protease inhibition, Isotopic exogenous controls and Dilution (RAPID) for the use in rats. Here, we have established this technique for the use in humans and investigated recovery, molecular form and circulating concentration of food intake regulatory hormones. The RAPID method significantly improved the recovery for 125I-labeled somatostatin-28 (+39%), glucagon-like peptide-1 (+35%), acyl ghrelin and glucagon (+32%), insulin and kisspeptin (+29%), nesfatin-1 (+28%), leptin (+21%) and peptide YY3-36 (+19%) compared to standard processing (EDTA blood on ice, p&#160;&#60;0.001). High performance liquid chromatography showed the elution of endogenous acyl ghrelin at the expected position after RAPID processing, while after standard processing 62% of acyl ghrelin were degraded resulting in an earlier peak likely representing desacyl ghrelin. After RAPID processing the acyl/desacyl ghrelin ratio in blood of normal weight subjects was 1:3 compared to 1:23 following standard processing (p&#160;= 0.03). Also endogenous kisspeptin levels were higher after RAPID compared to standard processing (+99%, p&#160;= 0.02). The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans, yields higher peptide levels and allows for assessment of the correct molecular form.

The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans and yields higher peptide levels as well as allows for assessment of the correct molecular form. Therefore, this method will be a valuable tool in peptide research.

血液処理のための迅速な方法は、ヒト血液中の血漿ペプチドレベルの収量を増やすには

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully employed for editing genomes of various organisms. Here we describe a protocol for editing the vaccinia virus (VV) genome in the cytoplasm of VV-infected CV-1 cells using the RNA-guided Cas9. RNA-guided Cas9 induces double-stranded DNA breaks facilitating homologous recombination efficiently and specifically in the targeted site of VV and a transgene can be incorporated into these sites by homologous recombination. By using a site-specific homologous vector with transgene(s), a N1L gene-deleted VV with the red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene incorporated in this region was generated with a successful recombination efficiency 10 times greater than that obtained from the conventional homologous recombination method. This protocol demonstrates successful use of RNA-guided Cas9 system to generate mutant VVs with enhanced efficiency.

Vaccinia virus (VV) has been widely used in biomedical research and the improvement of human health. This article describes a simple, highly efficient method to edit the VV genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 system.

突然変異体ワクシニアウイルスベクターを構築するためのシンプルで効率的なアプローチ

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes respond to a variety of stimuli by activating intracellular signaling pathways, which in turn leads to rapid cellular proliferation, migration and differentiation, and cytokine production. All of these events are tightly linked to the energy status of the cell, and therefore studying the energy-producing pathways may give clues about the overall functionality of these cells. The extracellular flux analyzer is a commonly used device for evaluating the performance of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in many cell types. This system has been used to study immune cells in a few published reports, yet a comprehensive protocol optimized particularly for lymphocytes is lacking. Lymphocytes are fragile cells that survive poorly in ex vivo conditions. Oftentimes lymphocyte subsets are rare, and working with low cell numbers is inevitable. Thus, an experimental strategy that addresses these difficulties is required. Here, we provide a protocol that allows for rapid isolation of viable lymphocytes from lymphoid tissues, and for the analysis of their metabolic states in the extracellular flux analyzer. Furthermore, we provide results of experiments in which the metabolic activities of several lymphocyte subtypes at different cell densities were compared. These observations suggest that our protocol can be used to achieve consistent, well-standardized results even at low cell concentrations, and thus it may have broad applications in future studies focusing on the characterization of metabolic events in immune cells.

The study of metabolism is becoming increasingly relevant to immunological research. Here, we present an optimized method for measuring glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in mouse splenocytes, and T and B lymphocytes.

リンパ球における解糖およびミトコンドリア呼吸を分析するために最適化されたプロトコル

Lymphocytes respond to a variety of stimuli by activating intracellular signaling pathways, which in turn leads to rapid cellular proliferation, migration ...

Rapid Quantification of Mitogen-induced Blastogenesis in T Lymphocytes for Identifying Immunomodulatory Drugs

Lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation is a readily quantifiable phenomenon useful for testing immunomodulatory (i.e., immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory) chemical compounds and biologics. One of the earliest steps during mitogenesis is cell enlargement or blastogenic transformation, whereupon the cell volume increases before division. It is usually detectable in the first several hours of T-lymphocyte stimulation. Here, we describe a rapid method to quantify blastogenesis in T lymphocytes isolated from mouse spleens and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using an automated cell counter. Various commonly used proliferation assays for the most part are laborious and only reflect the overall population effect rather than individual cellular effects within a population. In contrast, the presented automated cell counter assay provides rapid, direct, and precise measurements of cell diameters that can be used for assessing the effectiveness of various mitogens and immunomodulatory drugs in vitro.

T-lymphocyte mitogenesis is accompanied by blastogenic transformation, whereupon the cell volume enlarges before cell division. Here, we describe a method to quantify blastogenesis in T lymphocytes using an automated cell counter with the capability of measuring cell diameters.

免疫調節薬を同定するためのTリンパ球におけるマイトジェン誘導性の幼若の迅速定量

Lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation is a readily quantifiable phenomenon useful for testing immunomodulatory (i.e., ...