This work has been funded by the National Research Foundation grant NRF-CRP4-2008-02 (J.T.) and Tier 1 grant RG 51/13.

<ol>
	<li>Laue, T. M., Stafford, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modern+applications+of+analytical+ultracentrifugation.">Modern applications of analytical ultracentrifugation.</a> Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 28, 75-100 (1999).</li><li>Lebowitz, J., Lewis, M. S., Schuck, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modern+analytical+ultracentrifugation+in+protein+science:+A+tutorial+review.">Modern analytical ultracentrifugation in protein science: A tutorial review.</a> Protein Sci. 11, 2067-2079 (2002).</li><li>Balbo, A., Zhao, H., Brown, P. H., Schuck, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Assembly, Loading, and Alignment of an Analytical Ultracentrifuge Sample Cell. , e1530 (2009).</li><li>Rivas, G., Stafford, W., Minton, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+heterologous+protein-protein+interactions+using+analytical+ultracentrifugation.">Characterization of heterologous protein-protein interactions using analytical ultracentrifugation.</a> Methods-a Companion to Methods in Enzymology. 19, 194-212 (1999).</li><li>Howlett, G. J., Minton, A. P., Rivas, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analytical+ultracentrifugation+for+association+and+assembly+the+study+of+protein.">Analytical ultracentrifugation for association and assembly the study of protein.</a> Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 10, 430-436 (2006).</li><li>MacGregor, I. K., Anderson, A. L., Laue, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+detection+for+the+XLI+analytical+ultracentrifuge.">Fluorescence detection for the XLI analytical ultracentrifuge.</a> Biophys. Chem. 108, 165-185 (2004).</li><li>Phizicky, E. M., Fields, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein-Protein+Interactions+-+Methods+for+Detection+and+Analysis.">Protein-Protein Interactions - Methods for Detection and Analysis.</a> Microbiol. Rev. 59, 94-123 (1995).</li><li>Alexandrov, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+facile+method+for+high-throughput+co-expression+of+protein+pairs.">A facile method for high-throughput co-expression of protein pairs.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 3, 934-938 (2004).</li><li>Nooren, I. M. A., Thornton, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+characterisation+and+functional+significance+of+transient+protein-protein+interactions.">Structural characterisation and functional significance of transient protein-protein interactions.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 325, 991-1018 (2003).</li><li>Ebel, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sedimentation+velocity+to+characterize+surfactants+and+solubilized+membrane+proteins.">Sedimentation velocity to characterize surfactants and solubilized membrane proteins.</a> Methods. 54, 56-66 (2011).</li><li>Minton, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+characterization+of+reversible+macromolecular+associations+via+sedimentation+equilibrium:+an+introduction.">Quantitative characterization of reversible macromolecular associations via sedimentation equilibrium: an introduction.</a> Exp. Mol. Med. 32, 1-5 (2000).</li><li>Dowell, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+syncytial+virus+is+an+important+cause+of+community-acquired+lower+respiratory+infection+among+hospitalized+adults.">Respiratory syncytial virus is an important cause of community-acquired lower respiratory infection among hospitalized adults.</a> J. Infect. Dis. 174, 456-462 (1996).</li><li>Bukreyev, A., Whitehead, S. S., Murphy, B. R., Collins, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+respiratory+syncytial+virus+from+which+the+entire+SH+gene+has+been+deleted+grows+efficiently+in+cell+culture+and+exhibits+site-specific+attenuation+in+the+respiratory+tract+of+the+mouse.">Recombinant respiratory syncytial virus from which the entire SH gene has been deleted grows efficiently in cell culture and exhibits site-specific attenuation in the respiratory tract of the mouse.</a> J. Virol. 71, 8973-8982 (1997).</li><li>Fuentes, S., Tran, K. C., Luthra, P., Teng, M. N., He, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Function+of+the+respiratory+syncytial+virus+small+hydrophobic+protein.">Function of the respiratory syncytial virus small hydrophobic protein.</a> J. Virol. 81, 8361-8366 (2007).</li><li>Jin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+respiratory+syncytial+viruses+with+deletions+in+the+NS1,+NS2,+SH,+and+M2-2+genes+are+attenuated+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Recombinant respiratory syncytial viruses with deletions in the NS1, NS2, SH, and M2-2 genes are attenuated in vitro and in vivo.</a> Virology. 273, 210-218 (2000).</li><li>Karron, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+syncytial+virus+(RSV)+SH+and+G+proteins+are+not+essential+for+viral+replication+in+vitro:+clinical+evaluation+and+molecular+characterization+of+a+cold-passaged,+attenuated+RSV+subgroup+B.">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) SH and G proteins are not essential for viral replication in vitro: clinical evaluation and molecular characterization of a cold-passaged, attenuated RSV subgroup B.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 13961-13966 (1997).</li><li>Whitehead, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+respiratory+syncytial+virus+bearing+a+deletion+of+either+the+NS2+or+SH+gene+is+attenuated+in+chimpanzees.">Recombinant respiratory syncytial virus bearing a deletion of either the NS2 or SH gene is attenuated in chimpanzees.</a> J. Virol. 73, 3438-3442 (1999).</li><li>Rixon, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+small+hydrophobic+(SH)+protein+accumulates+within+lipid-raft+structures+of+the+Golgi+complex+during+respiratory+syncytial+virus+infection.">The small hydrophobic (SH) protein accumulates within lipid-raft structures of the Golgi complex during respiratory syncytial virus infection.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 85, 1153-1165 (2004).</li><li>Collins, P. L., Mottet, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+orientation+and+oligomerization+of+the+small+hydrophobic+protein+of+human+respiratory+syncytial+virus.">Membrane orientation and oligomerization of the small hydrophobic protein of human respiratory syncytial virus.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 74, 1445-1450 (1993).</li><li>Collins, P. L., Olmsted, R. A., Johnson, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+small+hydrophobic+protein+of+human+respiratory+syncytial+virus:+comparison+between+antigenic+subgroups+A+and+B.">The small hydrophobic protein of human respiratory syncytial virus: comparison between antigenic subgroups A and B.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 71, 1571-1576 (1990).</li><li>Chen, M. D., Vazquez, M., Buonocore, L., Kahn, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conservation+of+the+respiratory+syncytial+virus+SH+gene.">Conservation of the respiratory syncytial virus SH gene.</a> J. Infect. Dis. 182, 1228-1233 (2000).</li><li>Gan, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+small+hydrophobic+protein+of+the+human+respiratory+syncytial+virus+forms+pentameric+ion+channels.">The small hydrophobic protein of the human respiratory syncytial virus forms pentameric ion channels.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 287, 24671-24689 (2012).</li><li>Gan, S. W., Ng, L., Xin, L., Gong, X., Torres, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+ion+channel+activity+of+the+human+respiratory+syncytial+virus+(hRSV)+small+hydrophobic+protein+transmembrane+domain.">Structure and ion channel activity of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) small hydrophobic protein transmembrane domain.</a> Protein Sci. 17, 813-820 (2008).</li><li>Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+the+Human+Respiratory+Syncytial+Virus+Small+Hydrophobic+Protein+and+Structural+variations+in+a+bicelle+environment.">Inhibition of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Small Hydrophobic Protein and Structural variations in a bicelle environment.</a> J. Virol. 88 (22), 11899-914 (2014).</li><li>Burgess, N. K., Stanley, A. M., Fleming, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+membrane+protein+molecular+weights+and+association+equilibrium+constants+using+sedimentation+equilibrium+and+sedimentation+velocity.">Determination of membrane protein molecular weights and association equilibrium constants using sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity.</a> Meth. Cell. Biol. 84, 181-211 (2008).</li><li>Cole, J. L., Lary, J. W., Moody, T. P., Laue, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analytical+Ultracentrifugation:+Sedimentation+Velocity+and+Sedimentation+Equilibrium.">Analytical Ultracentrifugation: Sedimentation Velocity and Sedimentation Equilibrium.</a> Meth. Cell. Biol. 84, 143-179 (2008).</li><li>Fleming, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+membrane+protein+molecular+weight+using+sedimentation+equilibrium+analytical+ultracentrifugation.">Determination of membrane protein molecular weight using sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation.</a> Curr. Protoc. Prot. Sci. 53, 17.12.11-17.12.13 (2008).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An-50 Ti and An-60 Ti Analytical Rotor, Cells, and Counterbalance. , (2005).</li><li>Mayer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+membrane+proteins+in+detergent+solution+by+analytical+ultracentrifugation:+Different+methods+for+density+matching.">Studying membrane proteins in detergent solution by analytical ultracentrifugation: Different methods for density matching.</a> Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 113, 176-181 (1999).</li><li>Laue, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+20.3.">Ch. 20.3.</a> Current Protocols in Protein Science. 20, 20.23.21-20.23.13 (2001).</li><li>Gan, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Small+Hydrophobic+Protein+Of+The+Human+Respiratory+Syncytial+Virus+Forms+Pentameric+Ion+Channels.">The Small Hydrophobic Protein Of The Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Forms Pentameric Ion Channels.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 287, 24671-24689 (2012).</li><li>Bevington, P. R., Robinson, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Data reduction and error analysis for the physical sciences. 336, (1969).</li><li>Schuck, P., Radu, C. G., Ward, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sedimentation+equilibrium+analysis+of+recombinant+mouse+FcRn+with+murine+IgG1.">Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of recombinant mouse FcRn with murine IgG1.</a> Molecular Immunology. 36, 1117-1125 (1999).</li><li>Gan, S. W., Vararattanavech, A., Nordin, N., Eshaghi, S., Torres, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cost-effective+method+for+simultaneous+homo-oligomeric+size+determination+and+monodispersity+conditions+for+membrane+proteins.">A cost-effective method for simultaneous homo-oligomeric size determination and monodispersity conditions for membrane proteins.</a> Anal. Biochem. 416, 100-106 (2011).</li><li>Montserret, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMR+structure+and+ion+channel+activity+of+the+p7+protein+from+hepatitis+C+virus).">NMR structure and ion channel activity of the p7 protein from hepatitis C virus).</a> J. Biol. Chem. 285, 31446-31461 (2010).</li><li>Stouffer, A. L., DeGrado, W. F., Lear, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analytical+Ultracentrifugation+Studies+of+the+Influenza+M2+Homotetramerization+Equilibrium+in+Detergent+Solutions.">Analytical Ultracentrifugation Studies of the Influenza M2 Homotetramerization Equilibrium in Detergent Solutions.</a> Progr Colloid Polym Sci. 131, 108-115 (2006).</li><li>Sorkin, A., von Zastrow, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signal+transduction+and+endocytosis:+Close+encounters+of+many+kinds.">Signal transduction and endocytosis: Close encounters of many kinds.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 600-614 (2002).</li><li>Gan, S. W., Ng, L., Lin, X., Gong, X., Torres, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+ion+channel+activity+of+the+human+respiratory+syncytial+virus+(hRSV)+small+hydrophobic+protein+transmembrane+domain.">Structure and ion channel activity of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) small hydrophobic protein transmembrane domain.</a> Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society. 17, 813-820 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

本論文では、平衡沈降を使用して、洗剤の小さな膜タンパク質のオリゴマー化の試料調製および分析のための実験プロトコルを提供します。密度マッチングステップが必要とされないように記載されるプロトコルは、可溶性タンパク質に同等に有効で-and simpler-ある。実際に、システムは、界面活性剤とタンパク質との混合物で構成されている。それは、粒子浮選に寄与しないように、沈降研...

分析超遠心分離1-5は弱いと強い相互作用の両方にアクセス可能であること、生理的条件下での高分子の相互作用を研究するための最も重要な方法の一つである。この方法は、無標識であり、光吸収または干渉を利用し、さらに蛍光光学システムは、大きさが6の数桁にわたって濃度範囲にアクセスするために使用することができる。 ほとんどの生化学的過程が可逆的相互作用に依存するため、この方法は特に便利です。これらの相互作用の化学量論および強度を定量的生物学的プロセスを理解することを特徴とする必要があり、多数の方法が、この目的の7,8のために存在する。しかし、一時的な相互作用は、9を研究することは困難である。 巨大分子の相互作用を特徴付けるための方法の選択は、その静的または動的な性質に依存する。最初のケースでは、sedim<html> entation速度（SV）は、半径方向の輸送速度が測定され、複合体が浮力質量と形状の違いに基づいて分画される場合、使用されている。 対照的に、実験の時間スケールで可逆的で動的な関連付けは、物理的に分離することができない。この場合には、自己または非共有結合性相互作用をもたらすヘテロ相互作用は、総タンパク質濃度に依存して平衡状態にある。これらの動的な相互作用は、沈降平衡（SE）及び沈降速度（SV）10の両方で研究することができる。しかし、第一の方法は、実行するために簡単であり、ここで説明されている。平衡拡散沈降の間に到達するようにSEでは、遠心分離が十分に低速で行われる。この時点で、半径方向距離の関数としての光信号（UV-VIS）の平衡プロファイルは、アソシエーション11用に事前設定された熱力学モデルを用いて分析することができる。 ve_content &quot;&gt;本研究では、沈降平衡試験があるため、その疎水性のイオンチャネルを形成し、ウイルス膜タンパク質の自己会合が示されているが、実験は、界面活性剤の存在下で実行され、この場合の密度のさ溶媒は、界面活性剤のそれに一致させる必要があるが、記載されるプロトコルは、水溶性タンパク質の場合には同一の場合と、無溶媒濃度マッチングを必要としないであろうことを除いて。 使用されるタンパク質は、世界中のヒト呼吸器合胞体ウイルス（はhRSV）、乳児の下気道疾患の原因となるパラミクソウイルス科に包まニューモ、高齢者や免疫不全の集団12でエンコードされます。最大6400万はhRSV感染16万人の死亡の症例が毎年発生すると報告した。 はhRSVゲノム三膜タンパク質F、G、及び小さな疎水性（SH）を含む11のタンパク質を転写する。 SHタンパク質が関与しているRSV感染の病因に。 SH遺伝子（RSVΔSH）を欠くRSVは、生存可能であったシンシチウムの形成を引き起こし、野生型（WT）ウイルス13-16と同様に増殖した。しかし、RSVΔSHウイルスは上気道15、16にWTよりも低い効率で10倍に複製。また、RSVΔSHウイルスはin vivoでのマウスとチンパンジーモデル13、17で減衰されました。 SHタンパク質は、主にゴルジコン ​​パートメント18の膜64に蓄積する（RSVサブグループA）または65（RSVサブグループB）アミノ酸長いII型内在性膜タンパク質である。 SHタンパク質は高度に保存されている20,21を単一の予測ヘリックス膜貫通（TM）ドメイン19を有している。 C-およびN-末端膜外ドメインは、それぞれ、内腔に/細胞外及び細胞質に配向されている。 両方の合成TMドメイン（残基18-43）及び全長SHタンパク質は、界面活性剤の様々なhomopentamersを形成することが示されている。ホモ五量体の形は、平面脂質二重層22,23におけるチャネル活性を担当しています。脂質二重層におけるTMモノマーの正しい配向は、第1のインターらせん配向に近い内腔であることのHis-22を示した部位特異的な赤外線二色23を使用して決定した。同一のTMドメイン配向は、ドデシルホスホコリンにおける全長タンパク質の五量ヘリックスバンドル（DPC）が22をミセルが再構成されたNMR研究により確認された。この「ミセル」モデルでは、単一のA-らせんTMドメインは、拡張B-ヘアピンによってC末端AヘリックスによってN末端が隣接し、そしてた。 SHタンパク質の2つのプロトン化可能な残基のHis-22およびHis-51、TMドメイン（内腔に配向）に配置され、膜外C末端βヘアピンの先端のそれぞれ、（遠チャンネル孔から）。バイセルエンバイロでnmentは、しかし、TMのαヘリックスは、彼の-51にまで延びており、両方のHis残基は、チャンネル24の内腔にアクセス可能である。チャネル構造は、（のCys-45へのSer-29）狭い地域漏斗のようなアーキテクチャ22は、22は疎水性側鎖（イル·32、イル= 36、イル= 40およびLeu-44）が並んで採用しており、イル·36は、チャンネル内腔に狭いポイントを定義します。のHis-51が最も小さい開口部の先端部に、一方のHis-22は、このファンネルの最大の開口部に配置されている。 本論文では、沈降平衡モードでの分析の遠心分離は、Hisプロトン化は、SHタンパク質五量の安定性に影響を与えるかどうかを決定するために使用されてきた。この場合、SHタンパク質は、そのSHタンパク質の形態五量体オリゴマー22を表示するために以前に使用されているC14-ベタイン界面活性剤で可溶化した。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1345">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:448px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">3-(N,N-dimethylmyristylammonio)propanesulfonate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T0807</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Deuterium oxide 99.8%</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Cambridge Isotope</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DLM-4-99.8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">An-50 Ti Rotor, Analytical, 8-Place</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">363782</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">An-60 Ti Rotor, Analytical, 4-Place</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">361964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Cell housing</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">334784</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">12 mm six-channel centerpiece, epon charcoal-filled</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">331376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Window holder</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Window gasket</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">327021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Window liner</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">362329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Sapphire window</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">307177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Quartz window</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">301730</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Screw-ring washer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">362328</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Screw ring</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">301922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Spinkote</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">306812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Torque stand assembly</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">361318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Counterbalance</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">360219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Cell alignment tool</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">362340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SEDNTERP</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://bitcwiki.sr.unh.edu/index.php/Main_Page</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HeteroAnalysis&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.biotech.uconn.edu/auf/?i=aufftp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SEDFIT</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.analyticalultracentrifugation 
			.com/sedfit.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SEDPHAT</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.analyticalultracentrifugation 
			.com/sedphat/default.htm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sedimentation equilibrium of a small oligomer-forming membrane protein: effect of histidine protonation on pentameric stability

分析用超遠心分離（AUC）は、相互作用の強さの広い範囲にわたって、生理的条件下において高分子間の可逆的な相互作用を研究するために使用することができる。これはAUC定量的に化学量論および生化学過程で一過性で可逆的でホモおよびヘテロ会合の熱力学を評価するための最適な方法になります。沈降平衡（SE）のモダリティでは、拡散と沈降の間のバランスは、特定の相関モデルに依存して半径方向距離の関数としてプロファイルを提供しています。本明細書において、詳細なSEプロトコルは、分析用超遠心を用いた小型膜タンパク質のオリゴマーのサイズ及びモノマー - モノマー関連エネルギーを決定するために記載されている。 AUC-ESは、物理的原理に基づいて、無標識であり、そして水溶性及び膜タンパク質の両方で使用することができる。例は後者の表示され、人間の呼吸器合胞体ウイルスの小さな疎水性（SH）タンパク質（はhRSV五量体イオンチャネルを形成する単一のαヘリックス膜貫通（TM）ドメインを持つ）、65アミノ酸のポリペプチド。 NMRベースの構造データは、SHタンパク質がチャネルの内腔に面して配向され、その膜貫通ドメイン二つのプロトン化のHis残基を有することを示している。 SE実験は、pHが会合定数及びSHタンパク質のオリゴマーサイズにどのように影響するかを決定するために設計されています。五量体形態はすべての場合に保存されたが、その結合定数が低いpHで減少した。これらのデータは、SHタンパク質内の2つのHis残基の内腔の向きと一致SHチャネル活性について観察同様のpH依存性と一致している。後者は、静電反発力が発生し、低pHでのオリゴマーの安定性を低減することができる。要約すると、この方法が適用されるたびに、生理学的条件の微妙なタンパク質 - タンパク質会合の変化に関する定量的情報を測定する必要がある。

50mMのトリスC14SBの界面活性剤ミセルの径方向分布プロフィール、100mMのNaCl pH7.3の形の線形モデル（ 図7A）に装着することができ、非常に浅い指数関数。この分布の傾きは逆にD 2 O濃度（ 図7B）と相関している。傾きがゼロとなる点、 すなわち、マッチングD 2 O濃度は、32.3％であることが見出された。 以下の図7を</str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability at JoVE.com

Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability

Sedimentation equilibrium (SE) can be used to study protein-protein interactions in a physiological environment. This manuscript describes the use of this technique to determine the effect of pH on the stability of a homo-pentamer formed by the small hydrophobic (SH) protein encoded by the human syncytial respiratory virus (hRSV).

小オリゴマー形成膜タンパク質の沈降平衡：五量体安定性に対するヒスチジンプロトン化の影響

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) can be used to study reversible interactions between macromolecules over a wide range of interaction strengths and ...

sedimentation-equilibrium-small-oligomer-forming-membrane-protein

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Chemistry

Acids and Bases

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

10.5K ビュー.  Nanyang Technological University. Sedimentation equilibrium (SE) can be used to study protein-protein interactions in a physiological environment. This manuscript describes the use of this technique to determine the effect of pH on the stability of a homo-pentamer formed by the small hydrophobic (SH) protein encoded by the human syncytial respiratory virus (hRSV).

ビデオ: Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability

Iridium(III) Luminescent Probe for Detection of the Malarial Protein Biomarker Histidine Rich Protein-II

This work outlines the synthesis of a non-emissive, cyclometalated Ir(III) complex, Ir(ppy)2(H2O)2+ (Ir1), which elicits a rapid, long-lived phosphorescent signal when coordinated to a histidine-containing protein immobilized on the surface of a magnetic particle. Synthesis of Ir1, in high yields,is complete O/N&#160;and involves splitting of the parent cyclometalated Ir(III) chloro-bridged dimer into two equivalents of the solvated complex. To confirm specificity, several amino acids were probed for coordination activity when added to the synthesized probe, and only histidine elicited a signal response. Using BNT-II, a branched peptide mimic of the malarial biomarker Histidine Rich Protein II (pfHRP-II), the iridium probe was validated as a tool for HRP-II detection. Quenching effects were noted in the BNT-II/Ir1 titration when compared to L-Histidine/Ir1, but these were attributed to steric hindrance and triplet state quenching. Biolayer interferometry was used to determine real-time kinetics of interaction of Ir1 with BNT-II. Once the system was optimized, the limit of detection of rcHRP-II using the probe was found to be 12.8 nM in solution. When this protein was immobilized on the surface of a 50 &#181;m magnetic agarose particle, the limit of detection was 14.5 nM. The robust signal response of this inorganic probe, as well as its flexibility of use in solution or immobilized on a surface, can lend itself toward a variety of applications, from diagnostic use to imaging.

IridiumIII Luminescent Probe for Detection of the Malarial Protein Biomarker Histidine Rich Protein-II

Robust detection reagents are of increasing necessity for developing new malaria diagnostic tools. An iridium(III) probe was designed that emits long-lasting luminescent signal in the presence of a histidine-rich malarial protein biomarker. Detection of the protein either in solution or immobilized on a magnetic particle affords flexibility in application.

マラリアのタンパク質バイオマーカーヒスチジンリッチプロテイン-IIの検出のためのイリジウム（III）発光プローブ

This work outlines the synthesis of a non-emissive, cyclometalated Ir(III) complex, Ir(ppy)2(H2O)2+ (Ir1), which elicits a rapid, long-lived ...

化学

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver chloride electrode is used extensively for potentiometric measurement of chloride ions concentration in electrolyte. In this measurement, long-term and continuous monitoring is limited due to the inherent drift and the requirement of a stable reference electrode. We utilized the chronopotentiometric approach to minimize drift and avoid the use of a conventional reference electrode. A galvanostatic pulse is applied to an Ag/AgCl electrode which initiates a faradic reaction depleting the Cl&#713; ions near the electrode surface. The transition time, which is the time to completely deplete the ions near the electrode surface, is a function of the ion concentration, given by the Nernst equation. The square root of the transition time is in linear relation to the chloride ion concentration. Drift of the response over two weeks is negligible (59 &#181;M/day) when measuring 1 mM [Cl&#713;]using a current pulse of 10 Am-2. This is a dynamic measurement where the moment of transition time determines the response and thus is independent of the absolute potential. Any metal wire can be used as a pseudo-reference electrode, making this approach feasible for long-term measurement inside concrete structures.

Dynamic measurement of chloride ions is presented. Transition time of an Ag/AgCl electrode, during a chronopotentiometric technique, can give the concentration of chloride ions in electrolyte. This method does not require a stable conventional reference electrode.

塩化物イオンの動的電気化学測定

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver ...

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Ion channel gating is a stimulus-driven orchestration of protein motions that leads to transitions between closed, open, and desensitized states. Fundamental to these transitions is the intrinsic flexibility of the protein, which is critically modulated by membrane lipid-composition. To better understand the structural basis of channel function, it is necessary to study protein dynamics in a physiological membrane environment. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is an important tool to characterize conformational transitions between functional states. In comparison to NMR and X-ray crystallography, the information obtained from EPR is intrinsically of lower resolution. However, unlike in other techniques, in EPR there is no upper-limit to the molecular weight of the protein, the sample requirements are significantly lower, and more importantly the protein is not constrained by the crystal lattice forces. Therefore, EPR is uniquely suited for studying large protein complexes and proteins in reconstituted systems. In this article, we will discuss general protocols for site-directed spin labeling and membrane reconstitution using a prokaryotic proton-gated pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel (pLGIC) from Gloeobacter violaceus (GLIC) as an example. A combination of steady-state Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulsed (Double Electron Electron Resonance-DEER) EPR approaches will be described that will enable a complete quantitative characterization of channel dynamics.

This article describes methods for site-directed spin labeling and reconstitution of pentameric ligand-gated channels for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance studies. This protocol can be adapted for any membrane protein. The reconstitution method described here can also be used for patch-clamp measurements of macroscopic and single-channel currents in a defined lipid system.

サイト監督スピン標識および五量体リガンド依存性イオンチャネルのEPR分光研究

Ion channel gating is a stimulus-driven orchestration of protein motions that leads to transitions between closed, open, and desensitized states. ...

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several technological changes to fulfill environmental and economic requirements. These developments have resulted in increasingly severe operating conditions whose suitability for conventional and alternative fuels needs to be addressed. For example, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) introduced as biodiesel are more prone to oxidation and may lead to deposit formation. Although several methods exist to evaluate fuel stability (induction period, peroxides, acids, and insolubles), no technique allows one to monitor the real-time oxidation mechanism and to measure the formation of oxidation intermediates that may lead to deposit formation. In this article, we developed an advanced oxidation procedure (AOP) based on two existing reactors. This procedure allows the simulation of different oxidation conditions and the monitoring of the oxidation progress by the means of macroscopic parameters, such as total acid number (TAN) and advanced analytical methods like gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). We successfully applied AOP to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics of a model molecule (methyl oleate) and commercial diesel and biodiesel fuels. These developments represent a key strategy for fuel quality monitoring during logistics and on-board utilization.

Oxidation stability of transport fuels has become a concern for future fuel development. This work presents an original methodology developed by IFP Energies Nouvelles for assessing fuel stability using two different reactors. This methodology was successfully applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics and pathways of model molecules and commercial fuels.

交通燃料の安定性を評価するためのオリジナル実験的アプローチ

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several ...

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose of efficiently driving non-equilibrium chemistry is discussed. The advantage of a flowing plasma reactor is that continuous chemical processes can be driven with the flexibility of startup times in the seconds timescale. The plasma approach is generically suitable for conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. Here the reduction of CO2 to CO is used as a model system: the complementary diagnostics illustrate how a baseline thermodynamic equilibrium conversion can be exceeded by the intrinsic non-equilibrium from high vibrational excitation. Laser (Rayleigh) scattering is used to measure the reactor temperature and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterize in situ internal (vibrational) excitation as well as the effluent composition to monitor conversion and selectivity.

This article describes a flowing microwave reactor that is used to drive efficient non-equilibrium chemistry for the application of conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. The goal of the procedure described here is to measure the in situ gas temperature and gas conversion.

効率的な高温化学反応のための非平衡マイクロ波プラズマ

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose ...

Application and Methodology of the Non-destructive 19F Time-domain NMR Technique to Measure the Content in Fluorine-containing Drug Products

Here, we describe a protocol developed by our group that uses low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the average content of fluorinated drugs in their formulated drug product forms: tablets or capsules. This method is specific to fluorinated drugs because it detects only the content of fluorine, avoiding interference from the excipients that lack fluorine. The advantages of measuring the active content of fluorinated drugs using low-field 19F TD-NMR versus high-field 19F solid-state (SS) NMR are the simplicity of the method; the low cost; and the non-destructive nature of the technique, with all samples recoverable in intact forms (e.g., powders, tablets, and capsules), making this technique affordable for any laboratory.
We have tested the method with three fluorinated drug products available on the market - cinacalcet, lansoprazole, and ciprofloxacin - with doses ranging from 15 to 500 mg. The results of the analyses, measured by low-field 19F TD-NMR, supported the reported label claims for the average drug content.
Based on the simplicity and reproducibility of the analysis, we envision this methodology being implemented in any laboratory, including manufacturing plants, as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool in the pharmaceutical industry.

Application and Methodology of the Non-destructive 19F Time-domain NMR Technique to Measure the Content in Fluorine-containing Drug Products

A simple and non-destructive technique that measures the average content of drug substances in formulated drug products containing fluorine using low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is presented here. The technique can be applied to the development and manufacturing of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.

フッ素含有医薬品の量を測定するアプリケーションと非破壊19F 時間ドメインの NMR 手法論

Here, we describe a protocol developed by our group that uses low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the ...

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical photocatalytic structures. However, the influence of such chemical bonding on the optical and surface properties of the photocatalyst and thus its photocatalytic activity/reaction selectivity behavior has not been systematically studied. In this investigation, TiO2 has been supported on the surface of SiO2 by means of two different methods: (i) by the in situ formation of TiO2 in the presence of sand quartz via a sol-gel method employing tetrabutyl orthotitanium (TBOT); and (ii) by binding the commercial TiO2 powder to quartz on a surface silica gel layer formed from the reaction of quartz with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). For comparison, TiO2 nanoparticles were also deposited on the surfaces of a more reactive SiO2 prepared by a hydrolysis-controlled sol-gel technique as well as through a sol-gel route from TiO2 and SiO2 precursors. The combination of TiO2 and SiO2, through interfacial Ti-O-Si bonds, was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and the photocatalytic activities of the obtained composites were tested for photocatalytic degradation of NO according to the ISO standard method (ISO 22197&#8722;1). The electron microscope images of the obtained materials showed that variable photocatalyst coverage of the support surface can successfully be achieved but the photocatalytic activity towards NO removal was found to be affected by the preparation method and the nitrate selectivity is adversely affected by Ti-O-Si bonding.

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The focus of the present work is to establish means to generate and quantify levels of Ti-O-Si linkages and to correlate these with the photocatalytic properties of the supported TiO2.

TiOにおける界面化学結合の影響<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; -SiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;光触媒NOx低減性能に関する複合材料

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical ...

The Effect of Charging and Discharging Lithium Iron Phosphate-graphite Cells at Different Temperatures on Degradation

The effect of charging and discharging lithium iron phosphate-graphite cells at different temperatures on their degradation is evaluated systematically. The degradation of the cells is assessed by using 10 charging and discharging temperature permutations ranging from -20 &#176;C to 30 &#176;C. This allows an analysis of the effect of charge and discharge temperatures on aging, and their associations. A total of 100 charge/discharge cycles were carried out. Every 25 cycles a reference cycle was performed to assess the reversible and irreversible capacity degradation. A multi-factor analysis of variance was used, and the experimental results were fitted showing: i) a quadratic relationship between the rate of degradation and the temperature of charge, ii) a linear relationship with the temperature of discharge, and iii) a correlation between the temperature of charge and discharge. It was found that the temperature combination for charging at +30 &#176;C and discharging at -5 &#176;C led to the highest rate of degradation. On the other hand, the cycling in a temperature range from -20 &#176;C to 15 &#176;C (with various combinations of temperatures of charge and discharge), led to a much lower degradation. Additionally, when the temperature of charge is 15 &#176;C, it was found that the degradation rate is nondependent on the temperature of discharge.

This article describes the effect of dissimilar charging/discharging temperatures on the degradation of lithium iron phosphate-graphite pouch cells, aiming at simulating close to real case scenarios. In total, 10 temperature combinations are investigated in the range -20 to 30 &#176;C in order to analyze the impact of temperature on degradation.

急速な充放電リチウム鉄リン酸グラファイト電池劣化で異なる温度での効果

The effect of charging and discharging lithium iron phosphate-graphite cells at different temperatures on their degradation is evaluated systematically. ...

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bis(thiourea) Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of 367 nm using the chemical bath deposition technique are studied comparatively. Two experiments are performed to make a comparison: one without UV light and the other with the aid of UV light. Both experiments are performed under equal conditions, at a temperature of 343 K and with a pH of 3.2. The precursors used are cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and thiourea [CS(NH2)2], which are dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water with an acidic pH. In this experiment, the interaction of electromagnetic radiation is sought at the moment the chemical reaction is carried out. The results demonstrate the existence of an interaction between the crystals and the UV light; the UV light assistance causes crystal growths in an acicular shape. Also, the final product obtained is cadmium sulfide and shows no evident difference when synthesized with or without the use of UV light.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

This article presents a protocol for the synthesis of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals by chemical bath deposition. Two experiments are described: one aided by ultraviolet light compared to one without ultraviolet light.

Bis(thiourea) カドミウム塩化物結晶とその後の Cd より太くケミカルバス沈着に紫外線照射の効果

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of ...

Niobium Oxide Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering: Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate

Reactive sputtering is a versatile technique used to form compact films with excellent homogeneity. In addition, it allows easy control over deposition parameters such as gas flow rate that results in changes on composition and thus in the film required properties. In this report, reactive sputtering is used to deposit niobium oxide films. A niobium target is used as metal source and different oxygen flow rates to deposit niobium oxide films. The oxygen flow rate was changed from 3 to 10 sccm. The films deposited under low oxygen flow rates show higher electrical conductivity and provide better perovskite solar cells when used as electron transport layer.

Here, we present a protocol for niobium oxide films deposition by reactive sputtering with different oxygen flow rates for use as an electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells.

反応性スパッタリングによって堆積した酸化ニオブ膜:酸素流量の影響

Reactive sputtering is a versatile technique used to form compact films with excellent homogeneity. In addition, it allows easy control over deposition ...