著者らは、げっ歯類の監視、取り扱いや実験で夫人シャロンSpanaの支援を感謝しています。博士課程の資金援助は、ビジョンに優秀シドニー大学とオーストラリア研究センターにより提供されています。

このプロトコルは、シドニー大学の動物ケアのガイドラインに従っています。 1.メイキング電極<ol><li>正極白金線直径1〜2ミリの短い（5 cm）の長さから（角膜に接触することになる1）を構築します。ループ直径が数mmにファッションを。あなたのアンプの入力段に到達するために十分な長さ、従来の鉛にこのループを接続します（ 図4を参照）。 </li><li>銀/塩化銀はまた、大会リードに接続直径1〜2ミリ、ペレット使用して（動物の口の中に移動します）負極を構成する（ 図4参照）。 </li><li> （動物の臀部になります）を参照電極として、清潔な注射針（23 G）を使用し、また、適切な長さのリードに接続された（ 図4参照）。 </li><li>理想的には、（正のU 3つの電極を接続し、機器の製造業者によって提供される3つのリードケーブルを使用94;角膜、負→口、アンプへの臀部→参照）。 </li></ol>光刺激とERGセットアップの2の接続とキャリブレーション<ol><li>ダークにすることができる小型の記録実験室、作成（または見つけ）。赤製オーバーベンチ光または赤ヘッドランプのいずれかまたは両方を装備。 </li><li>セットアップ時に、ラットの目に到達する赤色光照度が1ルクスを超えていないことを確認するルクスメーターを使用してください。 注：中性濃度フィルタは、ランプの明るさを減少させるために使用することができ、ランプ光源は、具体的に、赤色光を放出しなければなりません。光源は低い（可視）波長を放射する場合ダーク適応性が損なわれます。 </li><li>あなたが持っているであろう記録研究室に入るすべての迷光を封鎖（これは多くの場合、不透明なテープで永続性を必要とする）と、オーバーフィットするのに十分な大きさ、など薄暗い減光フィルタ（これはシートに購入することができます）、任意のコンピュータの画面を準備ラボ。 注：迷光と画面の光がラットの眼の暗順応を害するのに十分です。 </li><li>データ集録ハードウェアにアンプを接続します。アンプに正、負の基準リード線を接続します。コンピュータとLED全体野電源ユニットは確実に接地源に接続されていることを確認してください。 注：一部のラボでは、建物のグランドに接続され、接地点を専門にしています。水道管は、効果的な代替手段です。 </li><li>研究品質の放射計とLED光源を調整します。動物の眼は実験中に配置される位置にあるメーターのセンサーを修正しました。 </li><li>フラッシュエネルギー、フラッシュ期間、フラッシュ間のフラッシュの繰り返しや時間の段階的な増加にフルフィールドERGプロトコルを実行するプログラム全体野のLEDは、設定をinterstimuls間隔（ISI）と呼ばれます。例えば、フルフィールドプロトコルについては、表1を参照してください。 注：フルフィールドERGは、Bに繰り返し薄暗いが点滅から増加を点滅段階的な様式で右が点滅します。ツインフラッシュプログラムは、フルフィールドのプロトコルからの続き、ロッドとコーンの応答の分離を可能にします。 </li></ol> ERGの実験に3日前<ol><li>ダーク記録する前に12時間のSDラットを適応させます。これは、迷光が除去された後、記録研究室でこれを行うことが便利です。 </li></ol> ERG実験の4日目<ol><li>録音中、穏やかに加熱される動物のためにアレンジ。私たちは、動物の頭部が全体野へのエントリで正しいポイントで休むことができるように構築された軽金属プラットフォームを使用しています。プラットフォームは、我々は水浴中で40℃に予熱した水をポンプこれを通してチューブを内蔵しています。 注：経験は、これは37℃での動物のコア温度を維持することを示しています。 </li><li>暗条件下でラットを計量。レコードの重みと正しいケタミン（60 mgの/ kg）およびキシラジンを構成する（5ミリグラム/ kg）の用量。ラットGENを抑えますTLYと腹腔内に麻酔薬を注入します。 </li><li>注入時に注意してください。動物が無意識になると（通常は5分以内）軽く反射応答が存在するかどうかを確認するために、片足パッドをつまんで麻酔の深さを確認してください。なお、この反射は先に進む前に、存在しないか、または弱いまで待つのがベストです。 </li><li>角膜へのアトロピンとproxmethacaineの別の一滴を適用します。 </li><li>黒糸の10cmの長さをカットします。簡単な結び目でループ状にして、目の赤道上にループを滑ります。少し締め。影響は最小限の圧力で、やや前方眼球を描画することです。これは、まぶたから透明な角膜を保持します。 </li><li>カルボマー眼は角膜の表面に低下適用されます。カルボマーは、角膜表面上に残り、まぶたや顔の上にこぼれないようにします。 </li><li>加熱されたプラットフォーム上に吸収性寝具を置きます。 </li><li>全体野の開口部に推奨代わりに頭をベッド上の位置ラット、。 </li><li>挿入int型直腸にernal温度プローブ。尾へのプローブコードをテーピングにより所定の位置に温度プローブを固定します。 </li><li>皮下後脚に参照電極（23 G針）を挿入し、アンプに接続します。 </li><li>口の中でしっかりと負極（銀/塩化銀ペレット）を配置します。これは口を滑らないようにするには、安定した面に接続するリード線を取り付けます。 </li><li>角膜の中心の上に正極を配置します。マイクロマニピュレーターを用いて、電極を静かに角膜に触れることを確認してください。 </li><li> 37.5°C - チェック体温は37.0です。 </li><li>動物が適切に配置され、電極が所定の位置にあるされたら、（暗順応を維持するために）、不透明な材料で、全体のセットアップ（全体野および動物）を羽織ります。我々は、柔らかい黒い布を使用しています。 </li><li>取得ソフトウェアで事前収集サンプリングの5ミリ秒で100〜1000ミリ秒の収集時間で2 kHzのサンプリング·レートで設定します。 1〜1000のバンドパスフィルタを設定しますヘルツとそのサンプリングがフラッシュ以下〜250ミリ秒の期間をサンプリングするようにトリガされていることを確認します。 </li><li>記録ベースラインを確認してください。これは、外来ノイズを含まないことが、いくつかのアンプのノイズや呼吸振動を表示する必要があります。 </li><li>ベースラインは外来ノイズを示している場合は、トラブルシューティングを開始します。ほとんどの問題は、電極の位置、またはアースに滑りに関連しています。録音は外来ノイズの自由であることを確認するためにファラデーケージを使用します。 </li><li>テストフラッシュ、0.4ログスコットcd.sm -2を実行します。 図2Aと同様のERG波形が表示されます。 （：-474±39μVとb波：1,512±160μV、N = 11波）当研究室では0.4ログスコットcd.sm -2フラッシュのための典型的な応答があります。 </li><li>ダーク10分間の再適応に動物を可能にします。これは、ベースラインを再確認するために、これらの10分を使用すると便利です。 </li><li>安定した信号の次の確認は、録音を開始します。 </li><li>記録セッションの終了時に、そのボディtemperatをチェックUREを維持しました。電極を取り外します。角膜へのカルボマーポリマーを再適用します。それは、動物のハウジングに戻る前に、完全なモバイルとアクティブになるまで動物が熱パッド上に回復することができます。 </li></ol> 5.リモート虚血<ol><li>覚醒または麻酔げっ歯類のいずれかでリモート虚血を実行します。 </li><li>動物が麻酔されている場合は、膝の明確な、加熱されたプラットフォーム上に置く（上）と後肢の上部にわたって血圧計用カフをスリップ。 </li><li>動物は処理さに慣れている場合には、麻酔なしでこの手順を実行することが可能です。これは、2人が必要です。一人は静かに動物を拘束し、第二は、血圧計用カフを適用し、血圧計を運営しています。 </li><li>覚醒動物の場合、1後肢無料で、静かに動物をラップするために~15センチ×30〜50センチメートルタオルの一部を使用しています。その頭をホルダの腕や胴体、および場所の間に隠れてと、左前腕（例えば）に背に動物を置きますカフは、今説明しました。 </li><li>カフを収縮し、空気圧バルブが閉じていることを確認します。麻酔動物で160 mmHgのにカフをポンプと、覚醒動物における180 mmHgです。これは、収縮期血圧（通常は140 mmHgで160 mmHgのそれぞれ）を超えています。 </li><li>必要に応じて手持ちのポンプを使用して、これらの圧力を維持します。 </li><li>虚血のために計画された時間（私たちは、5分間の再灌流によって分離された5分の2ピリオドを使用）した後、空気圧バルブを緩めてカフ圧を収縮させます。 </li><li>フットパッドに接続されている皮膚の温度プローブを使用して、リモート虚血の効果を確認してください。皮膚温度は、典型的には、5分間かけて、32-30°Cから落下し、再灌流に回復します。 </li></ol> 6.光損傷<ol><li>光損傷の手順の前に、ラットが暗順応一晩であることを確認してください。 </li><li> （遅滞なく我々の実験で）肢虚血以下の適切な時間に、各動物をプレキシガラス箱の中に単独で配置され、WI床式の容器に目の水と食料。 注：光誘起損傷は、アルビノ動物において行うことができます。 </li><li>標準時間（通常は午前9時）に予め較正千ルクスの白色光に切り替え、24時間この状態を維持します。 </li></ol> 7. ERGデータ抽出と分析<ol><li> ERGの平均波形を取得します。減算によって、非ゼロのベースラインの、正しい必要であれば。 </li><li>ベースラインと第一の電圧差として、（高刺激強度半ばで発表）は、A波の振幅を測定（&lt;30ミリ秒の待ち時間）トラフ（ 図1）。 </li><li>典型的には80〜100ミリ秒（ 図1）の待ち時間で発生する、次の波のa波と正のピークとの間の電圧差としてb波の振幅を測定します。 </li><li> 90 Hzの遷移帯域で、60-235ヘルツからデータをフィルタリングするために、フーリエ変換を用いて、振動電位を分離します<sup&gt; 7。必要に応じて、単離された振動電位信号は、A波の谷の身元を確認するためにフィルタリングされていない波形から減算することができます。 </li><li> A及びB波のピークの暗黙の時間（待ち時間）は、有用な測定（ 図1）であることができます。ロッド応答を分離するために双子の点滅を使用します。混合応答（フラッシュ1）ロッド応答を分離する（ 図2）からの錐体応答（フラッシュ2）を減算します。 </li><li>個々の光強度を波およびb波の振幅を正規化（後処理/後処理ベースライン）、または治療群について平均。強度応答曲線は、フラッシュエネルギーに対してグループ振幅と誤差をプロットします。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Arden, G. B., Heckenlively, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principles and practice of clinical electrophysiology of vision. , 139-183 (2006).</li><li>Bui, B. V., Fortune, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ganglion+cell+contributions+to+the+rat+full-field+electroretinogram.">Ganglion cell contributions to the rat full-field electroretinogram.</a> Journal of Physiology-London. 555 (1), 153-173 (2004).</li><li>Fortune, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+ganglion+cell+functional+loss+in+rats+with+experimental+glaucoma.">Selective ganglion cell functional loss in rats with experimental glaucoma.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 45 (6), 1854-1862 (2004).</li><li>Alarcon-Martinez, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+and+long+term+axotomy-induced+ERG+changes+in+albino+and+pigmented+rats.">Short and long term axotomy-induced ERG changes in albino and pigmented rats.</a> Molecular Vision. 15 (254-255), 2373-2383 (2009).</li><li>Lyubarsky, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionally+rodless+mice:+transgenic+models+for+the+investigation+of+cone+function+in+retinal+disease+and+therapy.">Functionally rodless mice: transgenic models for the investigation of cone function in retinal disease and therapy.</a> Vision Research. 42 (4), 401-415 (2002).</li><li>Bush, R. A., Sieving, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A PROXIMAL RETINAL COMPONENT IN THE PRIMATE PHOTOPIC ERG A-WAVE. Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 35 (2), 635-645 (1994).</li><li>Liu, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+electroretinographic+oscillatory+potentials+in+normal+and+ROP+rats.">Development of the electroretinographic oscillatory potentials in normal and ROP rats.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 47 (12), 5447-5452 (2006).</li><li>Casson, R. J., Wood, J. P. M., Melena, J., Chidlow, G., Osborne, N. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+ischemic+preconditioning+on+light-induced+photoreceptor+injury.">The effect of ischemic preconditioning on light-induced photoreceptor injury.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 44 (3), 1348-1354 (2003).</li><li>Lawson, E. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aerobic+Exercise+Protects+Retinal+Function+and+Structure+from+Light-Induced+Retinal+Degeneration.">Aerobic Exercise Protects Retinal Function and Structure from Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (7), 2406-2412 (2014).</li><li>Grimm, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIF-1-induced+erythropoietin+in+the+hypoxic+retina+protects+against+light-induced+retinal+degeneration.">HIF-1-induced erythropoietin in the hypoxic retina protects against light-induced retinal degeneration.</a> Nature Medicine. 8 (7), 718-724 (2002).</li><li>Weymouth, A. E., Vingrys, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+electroretinography:+Methods+for+extraction+and+interpretation+of+rod+and+cone+responses.">Rodent electroretinography: Methods for extraction and interpretation of rod and cone responses.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 27 (1), 1-44 (2008).</li><li>Bayer, A. U., Cook, P., Brodie, S. E., Maag, K. P., Mittag, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+different+recording+parameters+to+establish+a+standard+for+flash+electroretinography+in+rodents.">Evaluation of different recording parameters to establish a standard for flash electroretinography in rodents.</a> Vision Research. 41 (17), 2173-2185 (2001).</li><li>Pugh, E. N., Lamb, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPLIFICATION+AND+KINETICS+OF+THE+ACTIVATION+STEPS+IN+PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.">AMPLIFICATION AND KINETICS OF THE ACTIVATION STEPS IN PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.</a> Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1141 (2-3), 111-149 (1993).</li><li>Breton, M. E., Schueller, A. W., Lamb, T. D., Pugh, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ANALYSIS+OF+ERG+A-WAVE+AMPLIFICATION+AND+KINETICS+IN+TERMS+OF+THE+G-PROTEIN+CASCADE+OF+PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.">ANALYSIS OF ERG A-WAVE AMPLIFICATION AND KINETICS IN TERMS OF THE G-PROTEIN CASCADE OF PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 35 (1), 295-309 (1994).</li><li>Mizota, A., Adachi-Usami, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+body+temperature+on+electroretinogram+of+mice.">Effect of body temperature on electroretinogram of mice.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 43 (12), 3754-3757 (2002).</li><li>Szabo-Salfay, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electroretinogram+and+visual+evoked+potential+of+freely+moving+rats.">The electroretinogram and visual evoked potential of freely moving rats.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 56 (1), 7-14 (2001).</li><li>Charng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conscious+Wireless+Electroretinogram+and+Visual+Evoked+Potentials+in+Rats.">Conscious Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potentials in Rats.</a> Plos One. 8 (9), (2013).</li><li>Galambos, R., Juhasz, G., Kekesi, A. K., Nyitrai, G., Szilagyi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NATURAL+SLEEP+MODIFIES+THE+RAT+ELECTRORETINOGRAM.">NATURAL SLEEP MODIFIES THE RAT ELECTRORETINOGRAM.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (11), 5153-5157 (1994).</li><li>Galambos, R., Szabo-Salfay, O., Szatmar, E., Szilagyi, N., Juhasz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+modifies+retinal+ganglion+cell+responses+in+the+normal+rat.">Sleep modifies retinal ganglion cell responses in the normal rat.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (4), 2083-2088 (2001).</li><li>Guarino, I., Loizzo, S., Lopez, L., Fadda, A., Loizzo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chronic+implant+to+record+electroretinogram,+visual+evoked+potentials+and+oscillatory+potentials+in+awake,+freely+moving+rats+for+pharmacological+studies.">A chronic implant to record electroretinogram, visual evoked potentials and oscillatory potentials in awake, freely moving rats for pharmacological studies.</a> Neural Plasticity. 11 (3-4), 241-250 (2004).</li><li>Huang, J. C., Salt, T. E., Voaden, M. J., Marshall, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NON-COMPETITIVE+NMDA-RECEPTOR+ANTAGONISTS+AND+ANOXIC+DEGENERATION+OF+THE+ERG+B-WAVE+IN-VITRO.">NON-COMPETITIVE NMDA-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS AND ANOXIC DEGENERATION OF THE ERG B-WAVE IN-VITRO.</a> Eye (London). 5 (4), 476-480 (1991).</li><li>Sasovetz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE - EFFECTIVE GENERAL ANESTHETIC FOR USE IN ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY. Annals of Ophthalmology. 10 (11), 1510-1514 (1978).</li><li>Mojumder, D. K., Wensel, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topical+Mydriatics+Affect+Light-Evoked+Retinal+Responses+in+Anesthetized+Mice).">Topical Mydriatics Affect Light-Evoked Retinal Responses in Anesthetized Mice).</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 51 (1), 567-576 (2010).</li><li>Fraunfel, F. t., Burns, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ACUTE+REVERSIBLE+LENS+OPACITY+-+CAUSED+BY+DRUGS,+COLD,+ANOXIA,+ASPHYXIA,+STRESS,+DEATH+AND+DEHYDRATION.">ACUTE REVERSIBLE LENS OPACITY - CAUSED BY DRUGS, COLD, ANOXIA, ASPHYXIA, STRESS, DEATH AND DEHYDRATION.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 10 (1), 19 (1970).</li><li>Calderone, L., Grimes, P., Shalev, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ACUTE+REVERSIBLE+CATARACT+INDUCED+BY+XYLAZINE+AND+BY+KETAMINE-XYLAZINE+ANESTHESIA+IN+RATS+AND+MICE.">ACUTE REVERSIBLE CATARACT INDUCED BY XYLAZINE AND BY KETAMINE-XYLAZINE ANESTHESIA IN RATS AND MICE.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 42 (4), 331-337 (1986).</li><li>Behn, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dark+adaptation+is+faster+in+pigmented+than+albino+rats.">Dark adaptation is faster in pigmented than albino rats.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 106 (2), 153-159 (2003).</li><li>Sugawara, T., Sieving, P. A., Bush, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+relationship+of+the+scotopic+and+photopic+ERG+to+photoreceptor+cell+loss+in+light+damaged+rats.">Quantitative relationship of the scotopic and photopic ERG to photoreceptor cell loss in light damaged rats.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 70 (5), 693-705 (2000).</li><li>Machida, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P23H+rhodopsin+transgenic+rat:+Correlation+of+retinal+function+with+histopathology.">P23H rhodopsin transgenic rat: Correlation of retinal function with histopathology.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 41 (10), 3200-3209 (2000).</li><li>Brandli, A., Stone, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+Ischemia+Influences+the+Responsiveness+of+the+Retina.">Remote Ischemia Influences the Responsiveness of the Retina.</a> Observations in the Rat. Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 55 (4), 2088-2096 (2014).</li><li>Maccarone, R., Di Marco, S., Bisti, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saffron+supplement+maintains+morphology+and+function+after+exposure+to+damaging+light+in+mammalian+retina.">Saffron supplement maintains morphology and function after exposure to damaging light in mammalian retina.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 49 (3), 1254-1261 (2008).</li><li>Hood, D. C., Birch, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+abnormal+rod+photoreceptor+activity+with+the+a-wave+of+the+electroretinogram:+Applications+and+methods.">Assessing abnormal rod photoreceptor activity with the a-wave of the electroretinogram: Applications and methods.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 92 (4), 253-267 (1996).</li><li>Robson, J. G., Frishman, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rod-driven+a-wave+of+the+dark-adapted+mammalian+electroretinogram.">The rod-driven a-wave of the dark-adapted mammalian electroretinogram.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 39, 1-22 (2014).</li><li>Hood, D. C., Birch, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+COMPUTATIONAL+MODEL+OF+THE+AMPLITUDE+AND+IMPLICIT+TIME+OF+THE+B-WAVE+OF+THE+HUMAN+ERG.">A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF THE AMPLITUDE AND IMPLICIT TIME OF THE B-WAVE OF THE HUMAN ERG.</a> Visual Neuroscience. 8 (2), 107-126 (1992).</li><li>Wachtmeister, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillatory+potentials+in+the+retina:+what+do+they+reveal.">Oscillatory potentials in the retina: what do they reveal.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 17 (4), 485-521 (1998).</li></ol>

ジョナサン·ストーンは、CSCM Pty Ltdのディレクターであります

上記の暗順応フラッシュERG方法は、ラットの網膜機能を評価するための信頼できる方法です。 A波とB波の両方は、光損傷によ​​って減少しました。リモート虚血プレコンディショニングは、A波とB波の光損傷誘導減少を軽減します。網膜機能のこの保存は遠隔虚血プレコンディショニングは、低酸素症、虚血および運動8-10などの保護事前調整の他の形態に似ている、神経保護を誘?...

ERGは、光に応答して、網膜によって生成され、眼の角膜表面から記録された電位です。記録条件は、慎重に管理されている場合、ERGは、網膜機能を評価するための種々の方法で使用することができます。ここでは、「フラッシュERG」、網膜が全体野の背景に提示簡単な、明るいフラッシュにさらされたときに発生する電位を記録する方法を説明しました。全体野が均一に光を分散し、光のフラッシュがほぼ均一に全体の網膜に到達します。網膜は、暗い記録前適応、及び動物の記録のために準備されるように暗順応を維持し、ERGが得られた場合、ロッドと錐体光受容体の両方によって生成されます。 暗順応フラッシュERGは、次の2つの方法で分析された特徴的な波形を有しています。まず、ERG波形の初期および後期成分を区別し、神経細胞の配列に関連しています網膜中のAlの活性化。最古のコンポーネントは、短い待ち時間負に向かう可能性のある、A波（ 図1）です。これは、b波と呼ばれ、正方向電位が続きます。 b波の立ち上がり位相が別の構成要素（振動電位またはOPS）と考えられている振動を示しています。 A波は、内顆粒層の細胞、およびアマクリン細胞による1のOPによってb波、光受容体によって発生すると考えられます。 刺激強度に基づいて、非常に薄暗いフラッシュへの対応は、暗順応閾値応答が可能であると呼ばれます。暗順応の閾値応答は、網膜神経節細胞2-4から生成されていると理解されます。第二に、フラッシュERGは明順応により分離することができる、または2つのフラッシュプロトコルによって棒状と円錐駆動コンポーネントに、以下に説明します。明所視条件下では、円錐集団が低いため、A波は、ラットでは検出可能ではなく、のOP及びb波であります5明確。その網膜高いコーン集団を持つ霊長類では、ロッド状と円錐経路の両方は、検出波6を発生させます。 多くの場合、フラッシュERGから抽出された2つの有用な尺度は、図2に示される典型的なフラッシュの応答と、 図1のように測定し、A-の振幅とb波である。感光体集団はdamagingly明るいへの曝露によって、例えば、低減された場合光、ERGのすべてのコンポーネントが低減されます。このような遠隔虚血プレコンディショニング（RIP）などの神経保護の介入は、A及びB波（ 図3）の振幅を維持することによって検証することができます。要約すると、ERGの分析は、健康、光損傷を受けたとneuroprotected網膜の間の比較を可能にします。

<table><tbody><tr><td>PC computer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Powerlab, 4 channel acquistion hardware</td><td>AD Instruments</td><td>PL 35044</td><td>Acquistion of ERG</td></tr><tr><td>Animal Bio Amp</td><td>AD Instruments</td><td>FE 136</td><td>Amplifier for ERG</td></tr><tr><td>Lab chart</td><td>AD Instruments</td><td></td><td>Signal collection software</td></tr><tr><td>Ganzfield</td><td>Photometric solutions</td><td>FS-250A</td><td>Light stimulus</td></tr><tr><td>Ganzfield operating system</td><td>Photometric solutions</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Research Radiometer</td><td>International light technologies</td><td>ILT-1700</td><td>calibrate light series</td></tr><tr><td>Lux meter</td><td></td><td>LX-1010B</td><td>check red light illumanation</td></tr><tr><td>Excel</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lead wires</td><td>AD Instruments</td><td></td><td>Connect postive, negative ground electrodes to amplifier</td></tr><tr><td>Lead wires - alligator</td><td>AD Instruments</td><td></td><td>ground ganzfield and acquistion hardware to computer</td></tr><tr><td>Platinum wire 95%</td><td>A&amp;amp;E metals</td><td></td><td>postive electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Mouth electrode Ag/AgCl Pellet</td><td>SDR</td><td>E205</td><td>negative electode</td></tr><tr><td>26 G needle</td><td>BD</td><td></td><td>ground electode</td></tr><tr><td>Water pump</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubing</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homeothermic blanket system with flexible probe</td><td>Harvard Appartus</td><td>507222F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atropine 1% w/v</td><td>Bausch &amp;amp; Lomb</td><td></td><td>topical mydriasis</td></tr><tr><td>Proxmethycaine 0.5% w/v</td><td>Bausch &amp;amp; Lomb</td><td></td><td>topical anaesthetic</td></tr><tr><td>Visco tears eye drops</td><td>Novartis</td><td></td><td>carbomer polymer</td></tr><tr><td>Thread</td><td></td><td></td><td>retract eye lid</td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reusable adhesive</td><td>Blu tac</td><td></td><td>Dim red headlamp. Affix electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Absorbent bedding</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamil - ketamine 100 mg/ml - 50 ml</td><td>Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd</td><td></td><td>dissociative</td></tr><tr><td>Xylium - Xylazine 100 mg/ml - 50 ml</td><td>Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd</td><td></td><td>muscle relaxant</td></tr><tr><td>Scale</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using the electroretinogram to assess function in the rodent retina and the protective effects of remote limb ischemic preconditioning

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the retina. The ERG is a sensitive measure of changes in retinal function that are pan-retinal, but is less effective for detecting damage confined to a small area of retina. In the present work we describe how to record the &#8216;flash&#8217; ERG, which is the potential generated when the retina is exposed to a brief light flash. We describe methods of anaesthesia, mydriasis and corneal management during recording; how to keep the retina dark adapted; electrode materials and placement; the range and calibration of stimulus energy; recording parameters and the extraction of data. We also describe a method of inducing ischemia in one limb, and how to use the ERG to assess the effects of this remote-from-the-retina ischemia on retinal function after light damage. A two-flash protocol is described which allows isolation of the cone-driven component of the dark-adapted ERG, and thereby the separation of the rod and cone components. Because it can be recorded with techniques that are minimally invasive, the ERG has been widely used in studies of the physiology, pharmacology and toxicology of the retina. We describe one example of this usefulness, in which the ERG is used to assess the function of the light-damaged retina, with and without a neuroprotective intervention; preconditioning by remote ischemia.

プロトコルは、 インビボでげっ歯類の網膜の視覚機能を測定することができます。 A波、光受容体の機能の測定値、及びb波、内網膜の機能の測定値は、 図1に注釈されています。 増加した光刺激を有するロッド支配ERG信号が増加すると、 図2（a）に示すように。 A波は〜0.4ログスコットのcd.sm -2および2.5ログスコットcd.sm -2（</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Electroretinogram to Assess Function in the Rodent Retina and the Protective Effects of Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning at JoVE.com

Using the Electroretinogram to Assess Function in the Rodent Retina and the Protective Effects of Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning

The electroretinogram (ERG) is an electrical potential generated by the retina in response to light. This paper describes how to use the ERG to assess retinal function, in dark-adapted rats, and how it can be can be used to assess a neuroprotective intervention, in the present case remote ischemic preconditioning.

齧歯類網膜とリモート四肢虚血プレコンディショニングの保護効果に機能を評価するために電図を用いて、

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the ...

using-electroretinogram-to-assess-function-rodent-retina-protective

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.1K ビュー.  University of Sydney. The electroretinogram (ERG) is an electrical potential generated by the retina in response to light. This paper describes how to use the ERG to assess retinal function, in dark-adapted rats, and how it can be can be used to assess a neuroprotective intervention, in the present case remote ischemic preconditioning.

ビデオ: Using the Electroretinogram to Assess Function in the Rodent Retina and the Protective Effects of Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning

Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both laboratory and clinical settings. Currently, preclinical ERG and VEP measurements are performed with anesthesia to ensure stable electrode placements. However, the very presence of anesthesia has been shown to contaminate normal physiological responses. To overcome these anesthesia confounds, we develop a novel platform to assay ERG and VEP in conscious rats. Electrodes are surgically implanted sub-conjunctivally on the eye to assay the ERG and epidurally over the visual cortex to measure the VEP. A range of amplitude and sensitivity/timing parameters are assayed for both the ERG and VEP at increasing luminous energies. The ERG and VEP signals are shown to be stable and repeatable for at least 4 weeks post surgical implantation. This ability to record ERG and VEP signals without anesthesia confounds in the preclinical setting should provide superior translation to clinical data.

We show surgical implantation and Recording procedures to measure visual electrophysiological signals from the eye (electroretinogram) and brain (visual evoked potential) in conscious rats, which is more analogous to the human condition where recordings are conducted without anesthesia confounds.

覚醒ラットに移植し、無線電図の記録と視覚誘発電位

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both ...

行動学

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). It is increasingly being recognized that several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#8217;s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present elements of vascular compromise. In addition, the most prominent causes of blindness in pediatric and working age populations (retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, respectively) are characterized by vascular degeneration and failure of physiological vascular regrowth. The aim of this technical paper is to provide a detailed protocol to study CNS vascular regeneration in the retina. The method can be employed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular growth after ischemic injury. In addition, potential therapeutic modalities to accelerate and restore healthy vascular plexuses can be explored. Findings obtained using the described approach may provide therapeutic avenues for ischemic retinopathies such as that of diabetes or prematurity and possibly benefit other vascular disorders of the CNS.

The rodent retina has long been recognized as an accessible window to the brain. In this technical paper we provide a protocol that employs the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy to study the mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular regeneration within the central nervous system after ischemic injury. The described system can also be harnessed to explore strategies to promote regrowth of functional blood vessels within the retina and CNS.

マウス網膜を使用してCNSにおける血管再生の評価

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). ...

神経科学

Direct-Coupled Electroretinogram (DC-ERG) for Recording the Light-Evoked Electrical Responses of the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a specialized monolayer of cells strategically located between the retina and the choriocapillaris that maintain the overall health and structural integrity of the photoreceptors. The RPE is polarized, exhibiting apically and basally located receptors or channels, and performs vectoral transport of water, ions, metabolites, and secretes several cytokines.
In vivo noninvasive measurements of RPE function can be made using direct-coupled ERGs (DC-ERGs). The methodology behind the DC-ERG was pioneered by Marmorstein, Peachey, and colleagues using a custom-built stimulation recording system and later demonstrated using a commercially available system. The DC-ERG technique uses glass capillaries filled with Hank&#8217;s buffered salt solution (HBSS) to measure the slower electrical responses of the RPE elicited from light-evoked concentration changes in the subretinal space due to photoreceptor activity. The prolonged light stimulus and length of the DC-ERG recording make it vulnerable to drift and noise resulting in a low yield of useable recordings. Here, we present a fast, reliable method for improving the stability of the recordings while reducing noise by using vacuum pressure to reduce/eliminate bubbles that result from outgassing of the HBSS and electrode holder. Additionally, power line artifacts are attenuated using a voltage regulator/power conditioner. We include the necessary light stimulation protocols for a commercially available ERG system as well as scripts for analysis of the DC-ERG components: c-wave, fast oscillation, light peak, and off response. Due to the improved ease of recordings and rapid analysis workflow, this simplified protocol is particularly useful in measuring age-related changes in RPE function, disease progression, and in the assessment of pharmacological intervention.

Direct-Coupled Electroretinogram DC-ERG for Recording the Light-Evoked Electrical Responses of the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Here, we present a method for recording light-evoked electrical responses of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in mice using a technique known as DC-ERGs first described by Marmorstein, Peachey, and colleagues in the early 2000s.

マウス網膜色素上皮の光誘発電気応答を記録するための直接結合電解電解(DC-ERG)

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a specialized monolayer of cells strategically located between the retina and the choriocapillaris that maintain ...

化学

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning:  A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents

Sublethal ischemia protects tissues against subsequent, more severe ischemia through the upregulation of endogenous mechanisms in the affected tissue. Sublethal ischemia has also been shown to upregulate protective mechanisms in remote tissues. A brief period of ischemia (5-10 min) in the hind limb of mammals induces self-protective responses in the brain, lung, heart and retina. The effect is known as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP). It is a therapeutically promising way of protecting vital organs, and is already under clinical trials for heart and brain injuries. This publication demonstrates a controlled, minimally invasive method of making a limb &#8211; specifically the hind limb of a rat &#8211; ischemic. A blood pressure cuff developed for use in human neonates is connected to a manual sphygmomanometer and used to apply 160 mmHg pressure around the upper part of the hind limb. A probe designed to detect skin temperature is used to verify the ischemia, by recording the drop in skin temperature caused by pressure-induced occlusion of the leg arteries, and the rise in temperature which follows release of the cuff. This method of RIP affords protection to the rat retina against bright light-induced damage and degeneration.

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) is a method of conditioning tissues against damaging stress. We have established a method of remote ischemia at the hind limb, by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff for 5-10 min. The neuroprotective capabilities of RIP have been demonstrated in a model of retinal degeneration in rodents.

リモート四肢虚血プレコンディショニング：げっ歯類における神経保護技術

Sublethal ischemia protects tissues against subsequent, more severe ischemia through the upregulation of endogenous mechanisms in the affected tissue. ...

医学

Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

Neuroprotection has been a strong field of investigation in ophthalmological research in the past decades and affects diseases such as glaucoma, retinal vascular occlusion, retinal detachment, and diabetic retinopathy. It was the object of this study to introduce a standardized stress model for future preclinical therapeutic testing.
Bovine retinas were prepared and perfused with an oxygen saturated standard solution, and the ERG was recorded. After recording stable b-waves, hypoxia (pure N2) or glutamate stress (250 &#181;m glutamate) was exerted for 45 min. To investigate the effects on photoreceptor function alone, 1 mM aspartate was added to obtain a-waves. ERG-recovery was monitored for 75 min.
For hypoxia, a decrease in a-wave amplitude of 87.0% was noted (p &#60;0.01) after an exposition time of 45 min (decrease of 36.5% after the end of the washout p = 0.03). Additionally, an initial decrease in b-wave amplitudes of 87.23% was recorded, that reached statistical significance (p &#60;0.01, decrease of 25.5% at the end of the washout, p = 0.03).
For 250 &#181;m glutamate, an initial 7.8% reduction of a-wave amplitudes (p &#62;0.05) followed by a reduction of 1.9% (p &#62;0.05). A reduction of 83.7% of b-wave amplitudes (p &#60;0.01) was noted; after a washout of 75 min the reduction was 2.3% (p = 0.62). In this study, a standardized stress model is presented that may be useful to identify possible neuroprotective effects in the future.

With this study, we introduce a standardized stress model for the isolated superfused bovine retina for future preclinical therapeutic testing. The effect of either hypoxia (pure N2) or glutamate stress (250 &#181;M glutamate) on retinal function represented by a- and b-wave amplitudes was evaluated.

単離された灌流脊椎動物の網膜のためのストレスモデルとしてグルタミン酸および低酸素症

Neuroprotection has been a strong field of investigation in ophthalmological research in the past decades and affects diseases such as glaucoma, retinal ...

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation, while the VEP measures the corresponding functional integrity of the visual pathways from the retina to the primary visual cortex following the same light event. The ERG waveform can be broken down into components that reflect responses from different retinal neuronal and glial cell classes. The early components of the VEP waveform represent the integrity of the optic nerve and higher cortical centers. These recordings can be conducted in isolation or together, depending on the application. The methodology described in this paper allows simultaneous assessment of retinal and cortical visual evoked electrophysiology from both eyes and both hemispheres. This is a useful way to more comprehensively assess retinal function and the upstream effects that changes in retinal function can have on visual evoked cortical function.

This protocol describes simultaneous measurement of electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats.

麻酔ラットにおける電図および視覚誘発電位の同時記録

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

A Mouse Model of Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Elevation of Intraocular Pressure

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pathophysiological process contributing to cellular damage in multiple ocular conditions, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vascular occlusions. Rodent models of I/R injury are providing significant insights into mechanisms and treatment strategies for human I/R injury, especially with regard to neurodegenerative damage in the retinal neurovascular unit. Presented here is a protocol for inducing retinal I/R injury in mice through elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). In this protocol, the ocular anterior chamber is cannulated with a needle, through which flows the drip of an elevated saline reservoir. Using this drip to raise IOP above systolic arterial blood pressure, a practitioner temporarily halts inner retinal blood flow (ischemia). When circulation is reinstated (reperfusion) by removal of the cannula, severe cellular damage ensues, resulting ultimately in retinal neurodegeneration. Recent studies demonstrate inflammation, vascular permeability, and capillary degeneration as additional elements of this model. Compared to alternative retinal I/R methodologies, such as retinal arterial ligation, retinal I/R injury by elevated IOP offers advantages in its&#160;anatomical specificity, experimental tractability, and technical accessibility, presenting itself as a valuable tool for examining neuronal pathogenesis and therapy in the retinal neurovascular unit.

This article describes a procedure for inducing retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by elevated intraocular pressure in mice. Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by elevated intraocular pressure serves to model human pathologies characterized by compromised oxygen and nutrient delivery in the retina, enabling researchers to examine potential cellular mechanisms and treatments for human diseases of the retinal neurovascular unit.

眼圧の上昇を通じて、網膜虚血再灌流障害のマウスモデル

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pathophysiological process contributing to cellular damage in multiple ocular conditions, including glaucoma, ...

Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes

Measurements of retinal neuronal light responses are critical to investigating the physiology of the healthy retina, determining pathological changes in retinal diseases, and testing therapeutic interventions. The ex vivo electroretinogram (ERG) allows the quantification of contributions from individual cell types in the isolated retina by addition of specific pharmacological agents and evaluation of tissue-intrinsic changes independently of systemic influences. Retinal light responses can be measured using a specialized ex vivo ERG specimen holder and recording setup, modified from existing patch clamp or microelectrode array equipment. Particularly, the study of ON-bipolar cells, but also of photoreceptors, has been hampered by the slow but progressive decline of light responses in the ex vivo ERG over time. Increased perfusion speed and adjustment of the perfusate temperature improve ex vivo retinal function and maximize response amplitude and stability. The ex vivo ERG uniquely allows the study of individual retinal neuronal cell types. In addition, improvements to maximize response amplitudes and stability allow the investigation of light responses in retina samples from large animals, as well as human donor eyes, making the ex vivo ERG a valuable addition to the repertoire of techniques used to investigate retinal function.

Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes

Modification of existing multielectrode array or patch clamp equipment makes the ex vivo electroretinogram more widely accessible. Improved methods to record and maintain ex vivo light responses facilitate the study of photoreceptor and ON-bipolar cell function in the healthy retina, animal models of eye diseases, and human donor retinas.

大小眼の網膜機能を研究するための Ex Vivo 網膜電図のセットアップと条件の最適化

Measurements of retinal neuronal light responses are critical to investigating the physiology of the healthy retina, determining pathological changes in ...

A Murine Model of Ischemic Retinal Injury Induced by Transient Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion

Diverse vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, occlusion of retinal veins or arteries and ocular ischemic syndrome can lead to retinal ischemia. To investigate pathological mechanisms of retinal ischemia, relevant experimental models need to be developed. Anatomically, a main retinal blood supplying vessel is the ophthalmic artery (OpA) and OpA originates from the internal carotid artery of the common carotid artery (CCA). Thus, disruption of CCA could effectively cause retinal ischemia. Here, we established a mouse model of retinal ischemia by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (tBCCAO) to tie the right CCA with 6-0 silk sutures and to occlude the left CCA transiently for 2 seconds via a clamp, and showed that tBCCAO could induce acute retinal ischemia leading to retinal dysfunction. The current method reduces reliance on surgical instruments by only using surgical needles and a clamp, shortens occlusion time to minimize unexpected animal death, which is often seen in mouse models of middle cerebral artery occlusion, and maintains reproducibility of common retinal ischemic findings. The model can be utilized to investigate the pathophysiology of ischemic retinopathies in mice and further can be used for in vivo drug screening.

Here, we describe a mouse model of retinal ischemia by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion using simple sutures and a clamp. This model can be useful for understanding the pathological mechanisms of retinal ischemia caused by cardiovascular abnormalities.

一過性両側性頸動脈閉塞による虚血性筋炎損傷のマウスモデル

Diverse vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, occlusion of retinal veins or arteries and ocular ischemic syndrome can lead to retinal ischemia. ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>網膜病理を研究するための網膜虚血-再灌流障害のマウスモデル

Induction of Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Mouse Eye Model

Ischemia-reperfusion injuries are known to cause a range of retinal pathologies, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinal vascular occlusions, and other vaso-occlusive conditions. This manuscript presents a method for inducing ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse model. The method utilized anterior chamber cannulation attached to a saline reservoir, generating hydrostatic pressure to raise the intraocular pressure to 90-100 mmHg. This method effectively caused constriction of retinal capillaries to induce retinal ischemia. At the end of the ischemic period (60 min), the intraocular pressure was normalized (&#8804;20 mmHg) before removing the cannula from the anterior chamber to initiate reperfusion. Days after the ischemia/reperfusion procedure, the eyes were collected and sectioned for histological staining. The histopathology of the retinal sections was scored by evaluating eight parameters of retinal injury: folds, hemorrhage, deformation, cell loss in the ganglion cell, inner nuclear, outer nuclear, and photoreceptor layers, and damage to retinal pigment epithelial cells. This method provided a reproducible model to study the mechanisms and pathology of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, this model can facilitate the discovery of potential therapeutic targets to treat retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, advancing the study of retinal pathologies and improving patient outcomes.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>マウス眼モデルにおける網膜虚血-再灌流障害の誘導

This protocol models retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse eye by inducing retinal ischemia via anterior chamber cannulation and intraocular pressure elevation, followed by intraocular pressure normalization to initiate the reperfusion.

マウス眼モデルにおける網膜虚血-再灌流障害の誘導

Ischemia-reperfusion injuries are known to cause a range of retinal pathologies, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinal vascular occlusions, ...