この作品は、台湾国家科学委員会grants- NSC 99から2320-B-007から005-MY2（CC）とNSC 101から2628-E-007から011-MY3（CMC）、および退役軍人将軍によって部分的にサポートされていました病院や台湾の共同研究プログラムの大学システム（CC）。

操作手順の概略図を図1に提供されている。倫理的な慣行を使用して、我々は、（健康な被験者から血液サンプルを採取し、IRBのプロトコルを承認し、台湾の下台退役軍人総合病院（TCVGH）、台中を通して患者からの房水のサンプルを得IRB TCVGH号CF11213-1）。 ペーパーデバイスの1の作製<ol><li> 96ウェルマイクロタイタープレートと同じレイアウトを提供するために、直径5mmの円形にクロマトグラフィー紙を切る。登録された貫通孔、及び、積層体二つのポリスチレンシートをこれらの紙片を挟む。 </li><li>以下に記載の化学コンジュゲーション法を用いて紙のデバイスを変更する28ステップ 。 <ol><li>プラズマチャンバ内で酸素プラズマ（100ミリワット、1％の酸素、30秒）で紙装置を扱う。 注意：3-メルカプトプロピルトリメトキシシランとN-γ-マレイミドスクシンイミドで作業する場合には、特別な注意が取られなければならないエステル（GMBS）、彼らは両方の水分が敏感と有毒であるため。保護手袋を着用し、吸入または皮膚や眼との接触を避ける。密閉株式ボトルを維持し、それが水の凝縮を避けるために開く前に室温に平衡することができます。また、窒素充填グローブバッグまたはボックス内の株式ボトルを開きます。株式ボトルの頻繁な開口部を避けるために小さなバイアル中にアリコート。 </li><li>直ちに30分間、エタノール中の3-メルカプトプロピルトリメトキシシランの4％（v / v）の溶液（200プルーフ）で処理された紙デバイスをインキュベートする。 </li><li>エタノールで紙のデバイスをすすぎ、15分間、エタノール中で0.01マイクロモル/ mlのGMBSでそれらを培養する。 </li><li>エタノール（200プルーフ）でリンスし、そして4℃で1時間、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）中10μg/ mlのアビジン溶液で紙デバイスをインキュベートする。 4℃で保存する必要に応じて、4週間以内に使用します。 </li></ol></li><li> 10μlのPBS 1％を含む（w / v）のウシ血清アルブミン（BSAを用いたウェット各紙テストゾーン）3×10分間、3×10分間10μlのビオチン化捕捉分子をスポッティングする前に。 （（）w / vの1％を含有するPBS中に20μg/ mlのBSAおよび0.09％（w / v）のアジ化ナトリウム）、抗CD63抗体を使用するとして、またはアネキシンV（アネキシンV結合緩衝液で1:20、v / v）の捕捉分子。 </li><li>それぞれ、3×1分間の緩衝液を結合BSAまたはアネキシンV（w / v）の1％を含むPBSを対応する10μlのを使用して、未結合抗CD63抗体またはアネキシンV分子を洗い流してください。 </li></ol> 2.血清房水サンプル収集と処理<ol><li>血清コレクション。 <ol><li>血清分離チューブに静脈穿刺により末梢血の10ミリリットルを収集し、静かにチューブを5回転倒。垂直位置にチューブをセットし、30分間待ちます。 </li><li> 15分間1200×gで遠心分離する。 30分間3000×gで再びきれいなチューブに最上層から血清を移し、遠心分離機。 </li><li> 0.8μmのFILを通じて上清を渡すTER。使用するまで-80℃でサンプルを保管してください。 </li></ol></li><li>房水コレクション：使用するまで-80℃で直接侵襲的手技や店舗のサンプルを通じて眼科医によって診断された患者からの房水のサンプルを収集。 </li></ol>細胞外ベシクルの3.絶縁<ol><li> 5μL/分の速度でそれぞれ紙テストゾーンの上にスポットサンプル。 </li><li> 10μlをそれぞれ、抗CD63抗体またはアネキシンVの分子で官能紙装置3×1分間、緩衝液を結合BSAまたはアネキシンV（w / v）の1％含有PBSを、対応して結合していない電気自動車を洗い流す。次の下流のアッセイを行う。 </li></ol> 4.ダウンストリームアッセイ例1：スキャンElectromicrographs <ol><li> 10分間10μlの0.5×カルノフスキーの固定液を使用して官能基化紙テストゾーン上に捕獲EVのを修正。 </li><li> 2×5分間の十分なPBSでサンプルを洗浄します。 </li><li>脱水する10分間続く35％エタノール、2×10分間、2×10分間、2×10分間、95％エタノール、および4×10分間、100％エタノール、70％エタノール、50％エタノールで試料。 </li><li>ドライ臨界コートをパラジウム/金を有するサンプルをスパッタし、低電子加速電圧（〜5kVの）で操作を走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて調べる。 </li></ol> 5.ダウンストリームアッセイ実施例2：紙ベースのELISA <ol><li>捕獲電気自動車を含む各試験ゾーンにPBSで千希釈：1の抗CD9一次抗体を含む5μlの溶液を加える。 1分待ってください。 </li><li> 30秒間100 rpmで振とう30ミリリットルPBSでサンプルを洗浄します。 </li><li>西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ（HRP）を含む5μlの溶液を1で二次抗体を結合型追加：PBS中千希釈し、1分待ちます。 </li><li> 30秒間100 rpmで振とう30ミリリットルPBSでサンプルを洗浄します。 </li><li>過酸化水素ANの1の体積比：1を含む5μlの発色基質を追加します。dは3,3 &#39;、5,5&#39;-テトラメチルベンジジン（TMB）およびデスクトップスキャナを使用してスキャン。 </li></ol> 6.ダウンストリームアッセイ例3：RNAの単離<ol><li>捕獲電気自動車を溶解するために結合バッファー/ポリビニルピロリドンベースのRNA単離援助35μlのと溶解の265μlのサンプルを浸し。ボルテックス精力的に。 </li><li>溶解液に分離キットで提供30μlのホモジネートを追加します。激しく混和し、10分間氷上に置いた。 </li><li>次の手順で説明する酸フェノール - クロロホルム分離を用いてRNAを抽出します。 <ol><li>ボトルの底層からのフェノール - クロロホルム330μLを取り、ホモジネート/溶解液に加える。ボルテックス精力的に。 </li><li> 5分間万×gで遠心分離する。きれいなチューブに水（上）相を移し、削除音量に注意してください。 </li></ol></li><li>前のステップと共同で除去水相の1.25倍の体積である体積の100％エタノールでトータルRNAを沈殿させ95℃に予熱した溶出液中のRNA llect。 </li><li>濃縮し、さらに、製造業者のプロトコルに従ってRNAクリーンアップキットを用いてRNAを精製する。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Caby, M. P., Lankar, D., Vincendeau-Scherrer, C., Raposo, G., Bonnerot, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomal-like+vesicles+are+present+in+human+blood+plasma.">Exosomal-like vesicles are present in human blood plasma.</a> Int. Immunol. 17, 879-887 (2005).</li><li>Lasser, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+saliva,+plasma+and+breast+milk+exosomes+contain+RNA:+uptake+by+macrophages.">Human saliva, plasma and breast milk exosomes contain RNA: uptake by macrophages.</a> J. Transl. Med. 9, 9 (2011).</li><li>Raj, D. A. A., Fiume, I., Capasso, G., Pocsfalvi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multiplex+quantitative+proteomics+strategy+for+protein+biomarker+studies+in+urinary+exosomes.">A multiplex quantitative proteomics strategy for protein biomarker studies in urinary exosomes.</a> Kidney Int. 81, 1263-1272 (2012).</li><li>Wiggins, R. C., Glatfelter, A., Kshirsagar, B., Brukman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Procoagulant+activity+in+normal+human-urine+associated+with+subcellular+particles.">Procoagulant activity in normal human-urine associated with subcellular particles.</a> Kidney Int. 29, 591-597 (1986).</li><li>Admyre, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+with+immune+modulatory+features+are+present+in+human+breast+milk.">Exosomes with immune modulatory features are present in human breast milk.</a> J. Immunol. 179, 1969-1978 (2007).</li><li>Keller, S., Ridinger, J., Rupp, A. K., Janssen, J. W. G., Altevogt, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body+fluid+derived+exosomes+as+a+novel+template+for+clinical+diagnostics.">Body fluid derived exosomes as a novel template for clinical diagnostics.</a> J. Transl. Med. 9, 86 (2011).</li><li>Asea, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+shock+protein-containing+exosomes+in+mid-trimester+amniotic+fluids.">Heat shock protein-containing exosomes in mid-trimester amniotic fluids.</a> J. Reprod. Immunol. 79, 12-17 (2008).</li><li>Bard, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+exosomes+isolated+from+human+malignant+pleural+effusions.">Proteomic analysis of exosomes isolated from human malignant pleural effusions.</a> Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol. 31, 114-121 (2004).</li><li>Perkumas, K. M., Hoffman, E. A., McKay, B. S., Allingham, R. R., Stamer, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myocilin-associated+exosomes+in+human+ocular+samples.">Myocilin-associated exosomes in human ocular samples.</a> Exp. Eye Res. 84, 209-212 (2007).</li><li>Anderson, H. C., Mulhall, D., Garimella, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+extracellular+membrane+vesicles+in+the+pathogenesis+of+various+diseases,+including+cancer,+renal+diseases,+atherosclerosis,+and+arthritis.">Role of extracellular membrane vesicles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, renal diseases, atherosclerosis, and arthritis.</a> Lab. Invest. 90, 1549-1557 (2010).</li><li>Montecalvo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+transfer+of+functional+microRNAs+between+mouse+dendritic+cells+via+exosomes.">Mechanism of transfer of functional microRNAs between mouse dendritic cells via exosomes.</a> Blood. 119, 756-766 (2012).</li><li>Grange, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microvesicles+released+from+human+renal+cancer+stem+cells+stimulate+angiogenesis+and+formation+of+lung+premetastatic+niche.">Microvesicles released from human renal cancer stem cells stimulate angiogenesis and formation of lung premetastatic niche.</a> Cancer Res. 71, 5346-5356 (2011).</li><li>Jaiswal, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microparticle-associated+nucleic+acids+mediate+trait+dominance+in+cancer.">Microparticle-associated nucleic acids mediate trait dominance in cancer.</a> Faseb. J. 26, 420-429 (2012).</li><li>Thery, C., Clayton, A., Amigorena, S., Raposo, G., Morgan, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Current protocols in cell biology. (UNIT 3.22), (2006).</li><li>Rood, I. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+three+methods+for+isolation+of+urinary+microvesicles+to+identify+biomarkers+of+nephrotic+syndrome.">Comparison of three methods for isolation of urinary microvesicles to identify biomarkers of nephrotic syndrome.</a> Kidney Int. 78, 810-816 (2010).</li><li>Taylor, D. D., Gercel-Taylor, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+signatures+of+tumor-derived+exosomes+as+diagnostic+biomarkers+of+ovarian+cancer.">MicroRNA signatures of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer.</a> Gynecol. Oncol. 110, 13-21 (2008).</li><li>Witwer, K. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardization+of+sample+collection,+isolation+and+analysis+methods+in+extracellular+vesicle+research.">Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research.</a> J. Extracellular Vesicles. 2, 20360 (2013).</li><li>Fernandez-Llama, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tamm-Horsfall+protein+and+urinary+exosome+isolation.">Tamm-Horsfall protein and urinary exosome isolation.</a> Kidney Int. 77, 736-742 (2010).</li><li>Alvarez, M. L., Khosroheidari, M., Ravi, R. K., DiStefano, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+protein,+microRNA,+and+mRNA+yields+using+different+methods+of+urinary+exosome+isolation+for+the+discovery+of+kidney+disease+biomarkers.">Comparison of protein, microRNA, and mRNA yields using different methods of urinary exosome isolation for the discovery of kidney disease biomarkers.</a> Kidney Int. 82, 1024-1032 (2012).</li><li>Chen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+isolation+and+transcriptome+analysis+of+serum+microvesicles.">Microfluidic isolation and transcriptome analysis of serum microvesicles.</a> Lab. Chip. 10, 505-511 (2010).</li><li>Davies, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+filtration+system+to+isolate+extracellular+vesicles+from+blood.">Microfluidic filtration system to isolate extracellular vesicles from blood.</a> Lab. Chip. 12, 5202-5210 (2012).</li><li>Chen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paper-based+immunoaffinity+devices+for+accessible+isolation+and+characterization+of+extracellular+vesicles.">Paper-based immunoaffinity devices for accessible isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles.</a> Microfluid. Nanofluid. 16, 849-856 (2014).</li><li>Lamparski, H. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+and+characterization+of+clinical+grade+exosomes+derived+from+dendritic+cells.">Production and characterization of clinical grade exosomes derived from dendritic cells.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 270, 211-226 (2002).</li><li>Cantin, R., Diou, J., Belanger, D., Tremblay, A. M., Gilbert, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discrimination+between+exosomes+and+HIV-1:+Purification+of+both+vesicles+from+cell-free+supernatants.">Discrimination between exosomes and HIV-1: Purification of both vesicles from cell-free supernatants.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 338, 21-30 (2008).</li><li>Carrilho, E., Martinez, A. W., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+wax+printing:+a+simple+micropatterning+process+for+paper-based+microfluidics.">Understanding wax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-based microfluidics.</a> Anal. Chem. 81, 7091-7095 (2009).</li><li>Dungchai, W., Chailapakul, O., Henry, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+detection+for+paper-based+microfluidics.">Electrochemical detection for paper-based microfluidics.</a> Anal. Chem. 81, 5821-5826 (2009).</li><li>Glavan, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Omniphobic+'R-F+paper'+produced+by+silanization+of+paper+with+fluoroalkyltrichlorosilanes.">Omniphobic 'R-F paper' produced by silanization of paper with fluoroalkyltrichlorosilanes.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 60-70 (2014).</li><li>Usami, S., Chen, H. H., Zhao, Y. H., Chien, S., Skalak, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+construction+of+a+linear+shear-stress+flow+chamber.">Design and construction of a linear shear-stress flow chamber.</a> Ann. Biomed. Eng. 21, 77-83 (1993).</li><li>Murthy, S. K., Sin, A., Tompkins, R. G., Toner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+flow+and+surface+conditions+on+human+lymphocyte+isolation+using+microfluidic+chambers.">Effect of flow and surface conditions on human lymphocyte isolation using microfluidic chambers.</a> Langmuir. 20, 11649-11655 (2004).</li><li>Cras, J. J., Rowe-Taitt, C. A., Nivens, D. A., Ligler, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+chemical+cleaning+methods+of+glass+in+preparation+for+silanization.">Comparison of chemical cleaning methods of glass in preparation for silanization.</a> Biosens. Bioelectron. 14, 683-688 (1999).</li><li>Thery, C., Zitvogel, L., Amigorena, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes:+composition,+biogenesis+and+function.">Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 569-579 (2002).</li><li>Scanu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+T+cells+generate+microparticles,+which+mimic+cellular+contact+activation+of+human+monocytes:+differential+regulation+of+pro-+and+anti-inflammatory+cytokine+production+by+high-density+lipoproteins.">Stimulated T cells generate microparticles, which mimic cellular contact activation of human monocytes: differential regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by high-density lipoproteins.</a> J. Leukocyte Biol. 83, 921-927 (2008).</li><li>Inal, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microvesicles+in+health+and+disease.">Microvesicles in health and disease.</a> Arch. Immunol. Ther. Ex. 60, 107-121 (2012).</li><li>Fridley, G. E., Holstein, C. A., Oza, S. B., Yager, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolution+of+nitrocellulose+as+a+material+for+bioassays.">The evolution of nitrocellulose as a material for bioassays.</a> Mrs Bull. 38, 326-330 (2013).</li><li>Gyorgy, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles,+current+state-of-the-art:+emerging+role+of+extracellular+vesicles.">Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles.</a> Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68, 2667-2688 (2011).</li><li>Missoum, K., Belgacem, M. N., Bras, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanofibrillated+cellulose+surface+modification:+a+review.">Nanofibrillated cellulose surface modification: a review.</a> Materials. 6, 1745-1766 (2013).</li><li>Kalia, S., Boufi, S., Celli, A., Kango, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanofibrillated+cellulose:+surface+modification+and+potential+applications.">Nanofibrillated cellulose: surface modification and potential applications.</a> Colloid Polym. Sci. 292, 5-31 (2014).</li></ol>

著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言。

細胞外ベシクルのサブグループの成功を単離するための最も重要な手順は次のとおりです。紙の1）良い選択。紙の繊維の表面上の捕捉分子の2）安定した高いカバレッジ; 3）サンプルの適切な取扱い。 4）一般的な実験室の衛生の実施を徹底する。 多孔質材料は、多くの安価機器フリーアッセイにおいて利用されている。これらは、調整可能な細孔サイズ、多目的機能、?...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membranous particles that range in size from 40 nm to 5,000 nm and are released actively by many cell types via different biogenesis routes1-9. They contain unique and selected subsets of DNA, RNA, proteins, and surface markers from parental cells. Their involvement in a variety of cellular processes, such as intercellular communication10, immunity modulation11, angiogenesis12, metastasis12, chemoresistance13, and the development of eye diseases9, is increasingly recognized and has spurred a great interest in their utility in diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and basic biology applications.
EVs can be classically categorized as exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, oncosomes, ectosomes, microparticles, telerosomes, prostatosomes, cardiosomes, and vexosomes, etc., based on their biogenesis or cellular origin. For example, exosomes are formed in multivesicular bodies, whereas microvesicles are generated by budding directly from plasma membrane and apoptotic vesicles are from apoptotic or necrotic cells. However, the nomenclature is still under refined, partly due to a lack of thorough understanding and characterization of EVs. Several methods have been developed to purify EVs, including ultracentrifugation14, ultrafiltration15, magnetic beads16, polymeric precipitation17-19, and microfluidic techniques20-22. The most common procedure to purify EVs involves a series of centrifugations and/or filtration to remove large debris and other cellular contaminants, followed by a final high-speed ultracentrifugation, a process that is expensive, tedious, and nonspecific14,23,24. Unfortunately, technological need for rapid and reliable isolation of EVs with satisfactory purity and efficiency is not yet met. 
We have developed a paper-based immunoaffinity device that provides a simple, time- and cost-saving, yet efficient way to isolate and characterize subgroups of EVs22. Cellulose paper cut into a defined shape can be arranged and laminated using two plastic sheets with registered through-holes. In contrast to the general strategy to define the fluid boundary in paper-based devices by printing hydrophobic wax or polymers25-27, these laminated paper patterns are resistant to many organic liquids, including ethanol. Paper test zones are chemically modified to provide stable and dense coverage of capture molecules (e.g., target-specific antibodies) that have high affinity to specific surface markers on EV subgroups. Biological samples can be pipetted directly onto the paper test zones, and purified EVs are retained after rinse steps. Characterization of isolated EVs can be performed by SEM, ELISA, and transcriptomic analysis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromatography Paper</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>3001-861</td>
			<td>&#160;Whatman&#174; Grade 1 cellulose paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>175617</td>
			<td>This chemical reacts with water and moisture and should be applied inside a nitrogen-filled glove bag. Avoid eye and skin contact. Do not breathe fumes or inhale vapors.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2818</td>
			<td>Absolute, 200 Proof, molecular biology grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>ALB001</td>
			<td>Often referred to as Cohn fraction V.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-g-maleimidobutyryloxy succinimide ester (GMBS)</td>
			<td>Pierce Biotechnology</td>
			<td>22309</td>
			<td>GMBS is an amine-to-sulfhydryl crosslinker. GMBS is moisture-sensitive.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avidin</td>
			<td>Pierce Biotechnology</td>
			<td>31000</td>
			<td>NeutrAvidin has 4 binding sites for biotin and its pI value is 6.3, which is more neutral than native avidin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated mouse anti-human anti-CD63</td>
			<td>Ancell</td>
			<td>215-030</td>
			<td>clone AHN16.1/46-4-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotinylated annexin V</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>556418</td>
			<td>Annxin V has a high affinity for phosphotidylserine (PS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary anti-CD9 and secondary antibody</td>
			<td>System Biosciences</td>
			<td>EXOAB-CD9A-1</td>
			<td>The secondary antibody is horseradish peroxidise-conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serum separation tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>367991</td>
			<td>Clot activator and gel for serum separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Annexin V binding buffer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>556454</td>
			<td>10X; dilute to 1X prior to use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB substrate reagent set</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555214</td>
			<td>The set contains hydrogen peroxide and 3,3&#8217;,5,5&#8217;-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM1560</td>
			<td>MirVana RNA isolation kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyvinylpyrrolidone-based RNA isolation aid</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9690</td>
			<td>Plant RNA isolation aid contains polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) that binds to polysaccharides.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA cleanup kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc.</td>
			<td>74004</td>
			<td>MinElute RNA cleanup kit is designed for purification of up to 45 &#956;g RNA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma chamber</td>
			<td>March Instruments</td>
			<td>PX-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>Hitachi Ltd.</td>
			<td>S-4300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desktop scanner</td>
			<td>Hewlett-Packard Company</td>
			<td>Photosmart B110</td>
			<td>8-bit color images were captured. Cameras and smart phones may be also used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image-record system</td>
			<td>J&#38;H Technology Co</td>
			<td>GeneSys G:BOX Chemi-XX8</td>
			<td>16-bit fluroscence images were captured. Fluroscence microscopes may be also used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

paper-based devices for isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles

細胞外ベシクル（電気自動車）、細胞の様々なタイプから放出された膜状の粒子は、臨床応用のための大きな可能性を保持する。これらは、核酸およびタンパク質貨物を含む、ますます真核生物および原核生物細胞の両方によって利用される細胞間コミュニケーションの手段として認識されている。しかしながら、それらのサイズが小さいため、電気自動車の単離のための現在のプロトコルは、多くの場合、時間がかかり、面倒であり、そのような超遠心分離機のような大量の試料で高価な装置を必要とする。これらの制限に対処するために、我々は、簡単で効率的であり、そして10μlの程度の低いサンプルボリュームを必要とする電気自動車のサブグループを分離するための紙ベースの免疫親和性プラットフォームを開発した。生物学的サンプルは、化学的に特定EV表面マーカーに対して高い親和性を有する捕捉分子で変性された紙テストゾーン上に直接ピペッティングすることができる。我々は、走査電子顕微鏡（SEM）を用いてアッセイを確認、紙ベースの酵素結合immunosorbenトンアッセイ（P-ELISA）、およびトランスクリプトーム解析。これらの紙ベースのデバイスは、健康および疾患におけるEV機能の私達の理解を進める支援する診療所での電気自動車の研究と研究の設定を有効にします。

EVのサブグループを単離するための紙装置の能力を効率的にEV表面マーカーの高感度かつ特異的な認識に依存する。捕捉分子と紙繊維の安定した修飾は、他の場所28-30に記載のように、アビジン-ビオチン化学を使用することによって達成される。化学結合および物理吸着法の有効性は、蛍光ベースの読み取り値を使用して評価される。紙試験ゾーンは、捕捉分子は、ステップ1.3で20μg/...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paper-based Devices for Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles at JoVE.com

Paper-based Devices for Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles

このプロトコルは、わずか10μlの血清サンプルから、細胞外ベシクル（電気自動車）、細胞から放出された小さな膜状粒子を単離する方法を詳しく説明します。このアプローチは、超遠心分離の必要性を回避するアッセイ時間の数分しか必要とし、限られた容積のサンプルからのEVの単離を可能にする。

細胞外小胞の単​​離および特徴のための紙ベースのデバイス

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membranous particles released from various types of cells, hold a great potential for clinical applications. They contain ...

paper-based-devices-for-isolation-characterization-extracellular

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

11.3K ビュー.  National Tsing Hua University. このプロトコルは、わずか10μlの血清サンプルから、細胞外ベシクル（電気自動車）、細胞から放出された小さな膜状粒子を単離する方法を詳しく説明します。このアプローチは、超遠心分離の必要性を回避するアッセイ時間の数分しか必要とし、限られた容積のサンプルからのEVの単離を可能にする。 

ビデオ: Paper-based Devices for Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles

Quantification and Size-profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including &#8216;microvesicles&#8217; and &#8216;exosomes&#8217;, are highly abundant in bodily fluids. Recent years have witnessed a tremendous increase in interest in EVs. EVs have been shown to play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, including coagulation, immune responses, and cancer. In addition, EVs have potential as therapeutic agents, for instance as drug delivery vehicles or as regenerative medicine. Because of their small size (50 to 1,000 nm) accurate quantification and size profiling of EVs is technically challenging.
This protocol describes how tunable resistive pulse sensing (tRPS) technology, using the qNano system, can be used to determine the concentration and size of EVs. The method, which relies on the detection of EVs upon their transfer through a nano sized pore, is relatively fast, suffices the use of small sample volumes and does not require the purification and concentration of EVs. Next to the regular operation protocol an alternative approach is described using samples spiked with polystyrene beads of known size and concentration. This real-time calibration technique can be used to overcome technical hurdles encountered when measuring EVs directly in biological fluids.

Extracellular vesicles play important roles in physiological and pathological processes, including coagulation, immune responses, and cancer or as potential therapeutic agents in drug delivery or regenerative medicine. This protocol presents methods for the quantification and size characterization of isolated and non-isolated extracellular vesicles in various fluids using tunable resistive pulse sensing.

調整可能な抵抗パルスセンシングを使用して定量化し、細胞外小胞の大きさ、プロファイリング

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including &#8216;microvesicles&#8217; and &#8216;exosomes&#8217;, are highly abundant in bodily fluids. Recent years have ...

生物工学

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and directed within a layer of paper. Moreover, stacking multiple layers of patterned paper creates sophisticated three-dimensional microfluidic networks that can support the development of analytical and bioanalytical assays. Paper-based microfluidic devices are inexpensive, portable, easy to use, and require no external equipment to operate. As a result, they hold great promise as a platform for point-of-care diagnostics. In order to properly evaluate the utility and analytical performance of paper-based devices, suitable methods must be developed to ensure their manufacture is reproducible and at a scale that is appropriate for laboratory settings. In this manuscript, a method to fabricate a general device architecture that can be used for paper-based immunoassays is described. We use a form of additive manufacturing (multi-layer lamination) to prepare devices that comprise multiple layers of patterned paper and patterned adhesive. In addition to demonstrating the proper use of these three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices with an immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), errors in the manufacturing process that may result in device failures are discussed. We expect this approach to manufacturing paper-based devices will find broad utility in the development of analytical applications designed specifically for limited-resource settings.

We detail a method to fabricate three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices for use in the development of immunoassays. Our approach to device assembly is a type of multilayer, additive manufacturing. We demonstrate a sandwich immunoassay to provide representative results for these types of paper-based devices.

イムノアッセイのための3次元紙ベースのマイクロ流体デバイスの作製

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and ...

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause inflammation, fever, hypo- or hypertension, and, in extreme cases, can lead to tissue and organ damage that may become fatal. The amounts of endotoxin in pharmaceutical products, therefore, are strictly regulated. Among the methods available for endotoxin detection and quantification, the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay is commonly used worldwide. While any pharmaceutical product can interfere with the LAL assay, nano-formulations represent a particular challenge due to their complexity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical guide to researchers inexperienced in estimating endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials and nanoparticle-formulated drugs. Herein, practical recommendations for performing three LAL formats including turbidity, chromogenic and gel-clot assays are discussed. These assays can be used to determine endotoxin contamination in nanotechnology-based drug products, vaccines, and adjuvants.

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate LAL Assays

Detection of endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials represents one of the grand challenges in the field of nanomedicine. Here, we present a case study that describes the framework composed of three different LAL formats to estimate potential endotoxin contamination in nanoparticles.

ナノ製剤中のエンドトキシン検出カブトガニ リムラス ライセート (ラル) 試金を使用して

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause ...

Evaluation of the Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising targets in current research, to be used as drugs, drug-carriers, and biomarkers. For their clinical development, not only their pharmaceutical activity is important but also their production needs to be evaluated. In this context, research focuses on the isolation of EVs, their characterization, and their storage. The present manuscript aims at providing a facile procedure for the assessment of the effect of different storage conditions on EVs, without genetic manipulation or specific functional assays. This makes it possible to quickly get a first impression of the stability of EVs under a given storage condition, and EVs derived from different cell sources can be compared easily. The stability measurement is based on the physicochemical parameters of the EVs (size, particle concentration, and morphology) and the preservation of the activity of their cargo. The latter is assessed by the saponin-mediated encapsulation of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase into the EVs. Glucuronidase acts as a surrogate and allows for an easy quantification via the cleavage of a fluorescent reporter molecule. The present protocol could be a tool for researchers in the search for storage conditions that optimally retain EV properties to advance EV research toward clinical application.

Here we present a readily applicable protocol to assess the storage stability of extracellular vesicles, a group of naturally occurring nanoparticles produced by cells. The vesicles are loaded with glucuronidase as a model enzyme and stored under different conditions. After storage, their physicochemical parameters and the activity of the encapsulated enzyme are evaluated.

細胞外小胞の保存性の評価

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising targets in current research, to be used as drugs, drug-carriers, and biomarkers. For their clinical ...

Rapid Fabrication of Custom Microfluidic Devices for Research and Educational Applications

Microfluidic devices allow for the manipulation of fluids, particles, cells, micro-sized organs or organisms in channels ranging from the nano to submillimeter scales. A rapid increase in the use of this technology in the biological sciences has prompted a need for methods that are accessible to a wide range of research groups. Current fabrication standards, such as PDMS bonding, require expensive and time consuming lithographic and bonding techniques. A viable alternative is the use of equipment and materials that are easily affordable, require minimal expertise and allow for the rapid iteration of designs. In this work we describe a protocol for designing and producing PET-laminates (PETLs), microfluidic devices that are inexpensive, easy to fabricate, and consume significantly less time to generate than other approaches to microfluidics technology. They consist of thermally bonded film sheets, in which channels and other features are defined using a craft cutter. PETLs solve field-specific technical challenges while dramatically reducing obstacles to adoption. This approach facilitates the accessibility of microfluidics devices in both research and educational settings, providing a reliable platform for new methods of inquiry.

Here we present a protocol to design and fabricate custom microfluidic devices with minimal financial and time investment. The aim is to facilitate the adoption of microfluidic technologies in biomedical research laboratories and educational settings.

研究・教育応用用カスタムマイクロ流体デバイスの迅速な製造

Microfluidic devices allow for the manipulation of fluids, particles, cells, micro-sized organs or organisms in channels ranging from the nano to ...

Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, morphology, and molecular synthesis. However, variables such stimuli strength and stimulation times need to be considered when stimulating either cells, tissues or scaffolds. Given that EFs and MFs vary according to cellular response, it remains unclear how to build devices that generate adequate biophysical stimuli to stimulate biological samples. In fact, there is a lack of evidence regarding the calculation and distribution when biophysical stimuli are applied. This protocol is focused on the design and manufacture of devices to generate EFs and MFs and implementation of a computational methodology to predict biophysical stimuli distribution inside and outside of biological samples. The EF device was composed of two parallel stainless-steel electrodes located at the top and bottom of biological cultures. Electrodes were connected to an oscillator to generate voltages (50, 100, 150 and 200 Vp-p) at 60 kHz. The MF device was composed of a coil, which was energized with a transformer to generate a current (1 A) and voltage (6 V) at 60 Hz. A polymethyl methacrylate support was built to locate the biological cultures in the middle of the coil. The computational simulation elucidated the homogeneous distribution of EFs and MFs inside and outside of biological tissues. This computational model is a promising tool that can modify parameters such as voltages, frequencies, tissue morphologies, well plate types, electrodes and coil size to estimate the EFs and MFs to achieve a cellular response.

This protocol describes the step-by-step process to build both electrical and magnetic stimulators used to stimulate biological tissues. The protocol includes a guideline to simulate computationally electric and magnetic fields and manufacture of stimulator devices.

生体組織の刺激のための電界・磁場装置

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, ...

Labeling of Extracellular Vesicles for Monitoring Migration and Uptake in Cartilage Explants

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are used in different studies to prove their potential as a cell-free treatment due to their cargo derived from their cellular source, such as platelet lysate (PL). When used as treatment, EVs are expected to enter the target cells and effect a response from these. In this research, PL-derived EVs have been studied as a cell-free treatment for osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, a method was set up to label EVs and test their uptake on cartilage explants. PL-derived EVs are labeled with the lipophilic dye PKH26, washed twice through a column, and then tested in an in vitro inflammation-driven&#160;OA model for 5 h after particle quantification by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Hourly, cartilage explants are fixed, paraffined, cut into 6 &#181;m sections to mount on slides, and observed under a confocal microscope. This allows verification of whether EVs enter the target cells (chondrocytes) during this period and analyze their direct effect.

Here, we present a protocol to label platelet lysate-derived extracellular vesicles to monitor their migration and uptake in cartilage explants used as a model for osteoarthritis.

軟骨外植木における移動と取り込みモニタリングのための細胞外小胞の標識

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are used in different studies to prove their potential as a cell-free treatment due to their cargo derived from their ...

Improving Reproducibility to Meet Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 Guidelines in Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) has been one of several characterization methods used for extracellular vesicle (EV) research since 2006. Many consider that NTA instruments and their software packages can be easily utilized following minimal training and that size calibration is feasible in-house. As both NTA acquisition and software analysis constitute EV characterization, they are addressed in Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018). In addition, they have been monitored by Transparent Reporting and Centralizing Knowledge in Extracellular Vesicle Research (EV-TRACK) to improve the robustness of EV experiments (e.g., minimize experimental variation due to uncontrolled factors).
Despite efforts to encourage the reporting of methods and controls, many published research papers fail to report critical settings needed to reproduce the original NTA observations. Few papers report the NTA characterization of negative controls or diluents, evidently assuming that commercially available products, such as phosphate-buffered saline or ultrapure distilled water, are particulate-free. Similarly, positive controls or size standards are seldom reported by researchers to verify particle sizing. The Stokes-Einstein equation incorporates sample viscosity and temperature variables to determine particle displacement. Reporting the stable laser chamber temperature during the entire sample video collection is, therefore, an essential control measure for accurate replication. The filtration of samples or diluents is also not routinely reported, and if so, the specifics of the filter (manufacturer, membrane material, pore size) and storage conditions are seldom included. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicle (ISEV)&#39;s minimal standards of acceptable experimental detail should include a well-documented NTA protocol for the characterization of EVs. The following experiment provides evidence that an NTA analysis protocol needs to be established by the individual researcher and included in the methods of publications that use NTA characterization as one of the options to fulfill MISEV2018 requirements for single vesicle characterization.

Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is a widely used method to characterize extracellular vesicles. This paper highlights NTA experimental parameters and controls plus a uniform method of analysis and characterization of samples and diluents necessary to supplement the guidelines proposed by MISEV2018 and EV-TRACK for reproducibility between laboratories.

ナノ粒子追跡解析における細胞外小胞の研究のための最小限の情報を満たす再現性の向上2018ガイドライン

Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) has been one of several characterization methods used for extracellular vesicle (EV) research since 2006. Many ...

Design to Implementation Study for Development and Patient Validation of Paper-Based Toehold Switch Diagnostics

Access to low-burden molecular diagnostics that can be deployed into the community for testing is increasingly important and has meaningful wider implications for the well-being of societies and economic stability. Recent years have seen several new isothermal diagnostic modalities emerge to meet the need for rapid, low-cost molecular diagnostics. We have contributed to this effort through the development and patient validation of toehold switch-based diagnostics, including diagnostics for the mosquito-borne Zika and chikungunya viruses, which provided performance comparable to gold-standard reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) based assays. These diagnostics are inexpensive to develop and manufacture, and they have the potential to provide diagnostic capacity to low-resource environments. Here the protocol provides all the steps necessary for the development of a switch-based assay for Zika virus detection. The article takes readers through the stepwise diagnostic development process. First, genomic sequences of Zika virus serve as inputs for the computational design of candidate switches using open-source software. Next, the assembly of the sensors for empirical screening with synthetic RNA sequences and optimization of diagnostic sensitivity is shown. Once complete, validation is performed with patient samples in parallel with RT-qPCR, and a purpose-built optical reader, PLUM. This work provides a technical roadmap to researchers for the development of low-cost toehold switch-based sensors for applications in human health, agriculture, and environmental monitoring.

Access to decentralized, low-cost, and high-capacity diagnostics that can be deployed into the community for decentralized testing is critical for combating global health crises. This manuscript describes how to build paper-based diagnostics for viral RNA sequences that can be detected with a portable optical reader.

紙ベースのトーホールドスイッチ診断の開発と患者検証のための設計から実装までの研究

Access to low-burden molecular diagnostics that can be deployed into the community for testing is increasingly important and has meaningful wider ...

Evaluation of Cardiac Contractility Modulation Therapy in 2D Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are currently being explored for multiple in vitro applications and have been used in regulatory submissions. Here, we extend their use to cardiac medical device safety or performance assessments. We developed a novel method to evaluate cardiac medical device contractile properties in robustly contracting 2D hiPSC-CMs monolayers plated on a flexible extracellular matrix (ECM)-based hydrogel substrate. This tool enables the quantification of the effects of cardiac electrophysiology device signals on human cardiac function (e.g., contractile properties) with standard laboratory equipment. The 2D hiPSC-CM monolayers were cultured for 2-4 days on a flexible hydrogel substrate in a 48-well format.
The hiPSC-CMs were exposed to standard cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) medical device electrical signals and compared to control (i.e., pacing only) hiPSC-CMs. The baseline contractile properties of the 2D hiPSC-CMs were quantified by video-based detection analysis based on pixel displacement. The CCM-stimulated 2D hiPSC-CMs plated on the flexible hydrogel substrate displayed significantly enhanced contractile properties relative to baseline (i.e., before CCM stimulation), including an increased peak contraction amplitude and accelerated contraction and relaxation kinetics. Furthermore, the utilization of the flexible hydrogel substrate enables the multiplexing of the video-based cardiac-excitation contraction coupling readouts (i.e., electrophysiology, calcium handling, and contraction) in healthy and diseased hiPSC-CMs. The accurate detection and quantification of the effects of cardiac electrophysiological signals on human cardiac contraction is vital for cardiac medical device development, optimization, and de-risking. This method enables the robust visualization and quantification of the contractile properties of the cardiac syncytium, which should be valuable for nonclinical cardiac medical device safety or effectiveness testing. This paper describes, in detail, the methodology to generate 2D hiPSC-CM hydrogel substrate monolayers.

Here, we demonstrate a non-invasive cardiac medical device contractility evaluation method using 2D human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) monolayers, plated on a flexible substrate, coupled with video-based microscopy. This tool will be useful for the in vitro evaluation of the contractile properties of cardiac electrophysiology devices.

2次元ヒト幹細胞由来心筋細胞における心収縮性調節療法の評価

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are currently being explored for multiple in vitro applications and have been used ...

細胞外小胞の単​​離および特徴のための紙ベースのデバイス

細胞外小胞の単離および特徴のための紙ベースのデバイス