Name: application of the dna-specific stain methyl green in the fluorescent labeling of embryos
Uploaded: 2015-05-02T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 59 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of the DNA-Specific Stain Methyl Green in the Fluorescent Labeling of Embryos at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge Patxi Jaso for the production of the video, PEDECIBA and Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#243;n e Innovaci&#243;n (ANII) for partial funding.

色素の1精製<ol><li> 10mlの蒸留水で汚れ粉末0.4グラムを溶解することにより、メチルグリーンの4％水溶液を調製します。それを完全に溶解するまで十分に混合します。 </li><li>ヒュームフードの下で、クロロホルムの少なくとも2部とそれを混ぜます。これは、チューブがクロロホルム耐性があるかどうかを事前に確認することが重要です。 </li><li>十分に混合し、相分離を促進するために2,000×gで1分間遠心します。 </li><li>遠心分離後、メチルグリーンと上部の水相、クロロホルム、通常汚染物質クリスタルバイオレットと下層の有機相が得られます。 </li><li>上相を回収し、下相は、クリスタルバイオレットを完全に欠い表示されるまで、この手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>終了時に、上相を回収し、2％のメチルグリーンの最終濃度まで水で希釈しました。このストック溶液を、ヶ月間作業台の上に安定であり、光から保護される必要がありません。 </li></ol><ol><li>リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）中の（パラホルムアルデヒドから）4％ホルムアルデヒド中で一晩胚を修正しました。 注：これは一晩胚の厚さに応じてするのに数時間かかることがあります。例では、一晩の48時間後に受精（HPF）ゼブラフィッシュの胚を固定しました。 </li><li> 5分間、PBS-T（PBS中1％のTriton X-100）中で胚を3回洗浄します。界面活性剤の高濃度は、キューティクルを透過性に。 </li><li> 5,000-1：PBS-T（2％ストック溶液から）メチルグリーン10,000溶液1を調製します。インキュベーション中の界面活性剤の存在は、ゼブラフィッシュの胚および幼生のような厚い標本のために有用です。 </li><li>緩やかに揺り動かしながら、4℃で少なくとも6時間溶液中で胚を培養します。ここでも、胚の厚さは、培養時間の長さのための校正パラメータです。 </li><li>胚3ティムを洗います洗剤過剰を取り除くために30分間、PBSでES。 DNAに結合した場合にメチルグリーン蛍光は、したがって、非結合分子からのバックグラウンドは無視できる、唯一のは明白です。 </li><li>出土したスライドや実装溶液と自家製室（75％グリセロール、0.1Mトリス·塩酸pHは8）にマウント。 注：核染色は免疫標識後に行われる場合、メチルグリーン、それを洗い流す必要なしに、使用濃度に取り付け溶液に組み込むことができます。 </li><li>ストアは、冷蔵またはすぐに撮影を開始します。レーザー走査共焦点（または他の蛍光）メチルグリーン発光は677 nmで最大となることを考慮して650〜750 nmに登録するように設定さ633 nmおよび発光フィルターで励起し顕微鏡で撮影を行います。 注：私たちは、補足資料として、取得ソフトウェアにロードされるメチルグリーン発光プロファイルの測定データを、提供します。 </li></ol> 3.蛍光原子力セントメチルグリーンを用いた全ニワトリ胚のaining <ol><li>興味のあるステージに受精鶏卵をインキュベートします。 4℃で一晩、PBS中（パラホルムアルデヒドから）4％ホルムアルデヒド中で胚を修正しました。 2時間の胚をPBS-Tで3回洗浄します。 </li><li> 5,000-1：PBS-T（2％ストック溶液から）メチルグリーン10,000溶液1を調製します。 4℃で一晩染色液中の胚を培養します。胚をPBSで3回、1時間ごとに洗浄します。 75％グリセロール、0.1Mトリス、pHが8と、チャンバ内のマウント。 </li></ol> 4.イメージング蛍光が全体に取り付けられた胚中の核を標識<ol><li>顕微鏡スライド上に電気テープのいくつかの層を貼り合わせて画像化チャンバを準備し、慎重内の胚を配置するメスでそれに穴をカット。これは、撮像中に破砕から胚を防ぐことができます。 </li><li>慎重に75％グリセロール、0.1 Mトリス-HCl、pH値= 8でトップにチャンバーを撮像チャンバーに胚を移し、フィルボイドバブル形成。 </li><li>メディア溢れを回避または除去する＃0カバーガラスでカバーしています。マニキュアでそれを封印。 </li><li> 633励起フィルターやレーザーラインを装備した蛍光顕微鏡で標本の画像を取得します。 注：発光フィルタは、メチルグリーンの677発光極大をカバーする必要があります。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Klonisch, T., Wark, L., Hombach-Klonisch, S., Mai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+imaging+in+three+dimensions:+a+unique+tool+in+cancer+research.">Nuclear imaging in three dimensions: a unique tool in cancer research.</a> Annals of anatomy. 192 (5), 292-301 (2010).</li><li>Kapuscinski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DAPI:+a+DNA-specific+fluorescent+probe.">DAPI: a DNA-specific fluorescent probe.</a> Biotechnic. 70 (5), 220-233 (1995).</li><li>Latt, S. A., Stetten, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+studies+on+33258+Hoechst+and+related+bisbenzimidazole+dyes+useful+for+fluorescent+detection+of+deoxyribonucleic+acid+synthesis.">Spectral studies on 33258 Hoechst and related bisbenzimidazole dyes useful for fluorescent detection of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.</a> The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry. 24 (1), 24-33 (1976).</li><li>Van Hooijdonk, C. A., Glade, C. P., Van Erp, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TO-PRO-3+iodide:+a+novel+HeNe+laser-excitable+DNA+stain+as+an+alternative+for+propidium+iodide+in+multiparameter+flow+cytometry.">TO-PRO-3 iodide: a novel HeNe laser-excitable DNA stain as an alternative for propidium iodide in multiparameter flow cytometry.</a> Cytometry. 17 (2), 185-189 (1994).</li><li>Beumer, T. L., Veenstra, G. J., Hage, W. J., Destr&#233;e, O. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-mount+immunohistochemistry+on+Xenopus+embryos+using+far-red+fluorescent+dyes.">Whole-mount immunohistochemistry on Xenopus embryos using far-red fluorescent dyes.</a> Trends in genetics. 11 (1), 9 (1995).</li><li>Prieto, D., Aparicio, G., Morande, P. E., Zolessi, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fast,+low+cost,+and+highly+efficient+fluorescent+DNA+labeling+method+using+methyl+green.">A fast, low cost, and highly efficient fluorescent DNA labeling method using methyl green.</a> Histochemistry and cell biology. 142 (3), 335-345 (2014).</li><li>Kim, S. K., Nord&#233;n, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methyl+green.+A+DNA+major-groove+binding+drug.">Methyl green. A DNA major-groove binding drug.</a> FEBS letters. 315 (1), 61-64 (1993).</li><li>Nord&#233;n, B., Tjerneld, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+of+methyl+green+to+deoxyribonucleic+acid+analyzed+by+linear+dichroism.">Binding of methyl green to deoxyribonucleic acid analyzed by linear dichroism.</a> Chemical Physics Letters. 50 (3), 508-512 (1977).</li><li>Lyon, H., Jakobsen, P., Andersen, a. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+methyl+green-pyronin+Y+procedures+using+pure+dyes.">Standardized methyl green-pyronin Y procedures using pure dyes.</a> The Histochemical journal. 18 (2-3), 90-94 (1986).</li><li>Amat, F., Keller, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+comprehensive+cell+lineage+reconstructions+in+complex+organisms+using+light-sheet+microscopy.">Towards comprehensive cell lineage reconstructions in complex organisms using light-sheet microscopy.</a> Development, growth &amp; differentiation. 55 (4), 563-578 (2013).</li><li>Chung, K., Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CLARITY+for+mapping+the+nervous+system.">CLARITY for mapping the nervous system.</a> Nature methods. 10 (6), 508-5013 (2013).</li><li>Lenz, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+measurement+in+thick+tissue+layers+by+linear+or+nonlinear+long-wavelength+excitation.">Fluorescence measurement in thick tissue layers by linear or nonlinear long-wavelength excitation.</a> Applied. 38 (16), 3662-3669 (1999).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The progressive development of microscopy techniques in the last decades, with a particular focus in variations of fluorescent microscopy, have led to the possibility of exploring the dynamics and structure of intact tissue samples, including whole embryos10,11. One major limitation has been, however, the availability of good quality fluorophores that can be used to directly and quickly stain subcellular structures. 
The most frequently used fluorescent DNA stains, such as DAPI or H...

Fluorescent staining of DNA is broadly and routinely used both in biological research and in clinical diagnosis, either for the detailed study of nuclear and chromosomal structure, for counterstaining tissues and cells, or for studying cell cycle parameters1. Although several DNA stains are available, the most widely used have been those excited by UV light and emitting in blue, which fit in the usual three-filter systems used in most conventional epifluorescence microscopes when combined with green and orange-red-emitting fluorophores, such as fluorescent proteins or small molecules attached to antibodies. Among these blue-emitting DNA stains, the most common are DAPI and Hoechst minor groove-binding agents2,3. Nonetheless, the incorporation of a wide variety of laser emission lines and spectral detection in laser scanning microscopes, has allowed researchers to choose for the use of far-red-emitting nuclear stains such as propidium iodide (PI) or TO-PRO 34. An advantage of these stains is that they overcome the problem of autofluorescence found in many cells and tissues, particularly in embryos5, but many of them have different problems such as having wide emission profiles or being very sensitive to photobleaching6.
The Swiss researcher Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA in 1869, extracting it from the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus. He called it nuclein, and showed a few years later that it formed precipitates with the relatively new stain methyl green. Methyl green is composed by three aniline rings, with different degrees of methylation, and has two positive charges that allow it to strongly bind to the major groove of DNA7,8. DNA staining by methyl green was very early shown to be specific, leading to the development by Unna and Pappenheim of a combined stain with pyronin, which specifically labels RNA. Methyl green-pyronin has since then been extensively used in routine histological technique9.
Until recently, very little was known about the fluorescent properties of methyl green. Our previous work, however, has uncovered some of methyl green spectral advantages6 such as its excitation at 633 nm, a convenient Stokes shift, its emission on the near-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, higher photostability than commercially available DNA stains with similar spectral properties and at a very low cost. This is why we decided to test it for being used as a very high affinity and specific fluorescent label for DNA on embryonic tissues and in whole embryos. Furthermore, until now methyl green nuclear staining was performed at low pH, making it difficult to combine with antibody staining. The goal of the method detailed here is to have a protocol for fluorescent nuclear DNA staining which overcomes the aforementioned inconvenience by performing the staining procedure at physiological pH, thus making it a suitable counterstain for immunolabeling on sections and whole tissues.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G5516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methyl green</td><td>Dr. G. Gr&amp;uuml;bler</td><td></td><td>Also tested Sigma-Aldrich 323829, which is crystal violet-free</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>158127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser scanning confocal microscopy Leica TCS-SP5</td><td>Leica Microsystems</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phalloidin&amp;ndash;Tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>&lt;br/&gt; P1951&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chloroform</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>372978</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge 5810 R</td><td>eppendorf</td><td>5811 000.010&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>microscope slides</td><td>Deltalab</td><td>D100004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cover slips</td><td>Esco optics</td><td>R525025</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

application of the dna-specific stain methyl green in the fluorescent labeling of embryos

Methyl green has long been known as a histological stain with a specific affinity for DNA, although its fluorescent properties have remained unexplored until recently. In this article, we illustrate the method for preparing a methyl green aqueous stock solution, that when diluted can be used as a very convenient fluorescent nuclear label for fixed cells and tissues. Easy procedures to label whole zebrafish and chick embryos are detailed, and examples of images obtained shown. Methyl green is maximally excited by red light, at 633 nm, and emits with a relatively sharp spectrum that peaks at 677 nm. It is very inexpensive, non-toxic, highly stable in solution and very resistant to photobleaching when bound to DNA. Its red emission allows for unaltered high resolution scanning confocal imaging of nuclei in thick specimens. Finally, this methyl green staining protocol is compatible with other cell staining procedures, such as antibody labeling, or actin filaments labeling with fluorophore-conjugated phalloidin.

厚い試料の核染色。本明細書に説明されたプロトコルは、全胚における深部構造の均一な染色を達成することができます。レンズの開発48 HPFのゼブラフィッシュ胚が均一に標識されている核の形態（ 図1）。 メチルグリーンDNA染色は、有糸分裂像やアポトーシス核の識別（ 図2A）のような、細胞周期依存性の形態学的な違いの識別を可能にしま?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of the DNA-Specific Stain Methyl Green in the Fluorescent Labeling of Embryos at JoVE.com

Application of the DNA-Specific Stain Methyl Green in the Fluorescent Labeling of Embryos

A method for fluorescent staining of fixed biological material with the specific DNA label methyl green is described. Methyl green is used in a diluted aqueous solution and is very resistant to photobleaching. Its far-red emission allows for deep specimen imaging, making it particularly adequate for whole embryos.

胚の蛍光標識でDNA特異的染色メチルグリーンの応用

Methyl green has long been known as a histological stain with a specific affinity for DNA, although its fluorescent properties have remained unexplored ...

application-dna-specific-stain-methyl-green-fluorescent-labeling

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

14.0K ビュー.  Institut Pasteur de Montevideo. A method for fluorescent staining of fixed biological material with the specific DNA label methyl green is described. Methyl green is used in a diluted aqueous solution and is very resistant to photobleaching. Its far-red emission allows for deep specimen imaging, making it particularly adequate for whole embryos.

ビデオ: Application of the DNA-Specific Stain Methyl Green in the Fluorescent Labeling of Embryos

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

Organogenesis is the study of how organs are specified and then acquire their specific shape and functions during development. The Xenopuslaevis embryo is very useful for studying organogenesis because their large size makes them very suitable for identifying organs at the earliest steps in organogenesis. At this time, the primary method used for identifying a specific organ or primordium is whole mount in situ hybridization with labeled antisense RNA probes specific to a gene that is expressed in the organ of interest. In addition, it is relatively easy to manipulate genes or signaling pathways in Xenopus and in situ hybridization allows one to then assay for changes in the presence or morphology of a target organ. Whole mount in situ hybridization is a multi-day protocol with many steps involved. Here we provide a simplified protocol with reduced numbers of steps and reagents used that works well for routine assays. In situ hybridization robots have greatly facilitated the process and we detail how and when we utilize that technology in the process. Once an in situ hybridization is complete, capturing the best image of the result can be frustrating. We provide advice on how to optimize imaging of in situ hybridization results. Although the protocol describes assessing organogenesis in Xenopus laevis, the same basic protocol can almost certainly be adapted to Xenopus tropicalis and other model systems.

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

The Xenopus laevis embryo continues to be exceptionally useful in the study of early development due to its large size and ease of manipulation. A simplified protocol for whole mount in situ hybridization protocol is provided that can be used in the identification of specific organs in this model system.

簡体字を使用した初期の器官形成の理解<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーションプロトコルで<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em

Organogenesis is the study of how organs are specified and then acquire their specific shape and functions during development.  The Xenopuslaevis embryo ...

発生生物学

Quantitative Analysis of Protein Expression to Study Lineage Specification in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analyses of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse preimplantation embryos. The procedures necessary for embryo collection, immunofluorescence, imaging on a confocal microscope, and image segmentation and analysis are described. This method allows quantitation of the expression of multiple nuclear markers and the spatial (XYZ) coordinates of all cells in the embryo. It takes advantage of MINS, an image segmentation software tool specifically developed for the analysis of confocal images of preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies. MINS carries out unsupervised nuclear segmentation across the X, Y and Z dimensions, and produces information on cell position in three-dimensional space, as well as nuclear fluorescence levels for all channels with minimal user input. While this protocol has been optimized for the analysis of images of preimplantation stage mouse embryos, it can easily be adapted to the analysis of any other samples exhibiting a good signal-to-noise ratio and where high nuclear density poses a hurdle to image segmentation (e.g., expression analysis of embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies, differentiating cells in culture, embryos of other species or stages, etc.).

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analysis of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse preimplantation embryos. The procedures necessary for collection of blastocysts, whole-mount immunofluorescent detection of proteins, imaging of samples on a confocal microscope, and nuclear segmentation and image analysis are described.

マウス着床前胚でリネージュの仕様を研究するためのタンパク質発現の定量分析

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analyses of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse ...

Multi-target Chromogenic Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization for Comparing Gene Expression Domains in Drosophila Embryos

To analyze gene regulatory networks active during embryonic development and organogenesis it is essential to precisely define how the different genes are expressed in spatial relation to each other in situ. Multi-target chromogenic whole-mount in situ hybridization (MC-WISH) greatly facilitates the instant comparison of gene expression patterns, as it allows distinctive visualization of different mRNA species in contrasting colors in the same sample specimen. This provides the possibility to relate gene expression domains topographically to each other with high accuracy and to define unique and overlapping expression sites. In the presented protocol, we describe a MC-WISH procedure for comparing mRNA expression patterns of different genes in Drosophila embryos. Up to three RNA probes, each specific for another gene and labeled by a different hapten, are simultaneously hybridized to the embryo samples and subsequently detected by alkaline phosphatase-based colorimetric immunohistochemistry. The described procedure is detailed here for Drosophila, but works equally well with zebrafish embryos.

Multi-target Chromogenic Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization for Comparing Gene Expression Domains in Drosophila Embryos

We describe a multi-target chromogenic whole-mount in situ hybridization (MC-WISH) procedure in intact Drosophila embryos allowing simultaneous and specific detection of three different mRNA distribution patterns by contrasting color precipitates.

マルチターゲット発色ホールマウント<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーションにおける遺伝子発現のドメインを比較します<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;胚

To analyze gene regulatory networks active during embryonic development and organogenesis it is essential to precisely define how the different genes are ...

Light Sheet-based Fluorescence Microscopy of Living or Fixed and Stained Tribolium castaneum Embryos

The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum has become an important insect model organism in developmental genetics and evolutionary developmental biology. The observation of Tribolium embryos with light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy has multiple advantages over conventional widefield and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Due to the unique properties of a light sheet-based microscope, three dimensional images of living specimens can be recorded with high signal-to-noise ratios and significantly reduced photo-bleaching as well as photo-toxicity along multiple directions over periods that last several days. With more than four years of methodological development and a continuous increase of data, the time seems appropriate to establish standard operating procedures for the usage of light sheet technology in the Tribolium community as well as in the insect community at large. This protocol describes three mounting techniques suitable for different purposes, presents two novel custom-made transgenic Tribolium lines appropriate for long-term live imaging, suggests five fluorescent dyes to label intracellular structures of fixed embryos and provides information on data post-processing for the timely evaluation of the recorded data. Representative results concentrate on long-term live imaging, optical sectioning and the observation of the same embryo along multiple directions. The respective datasets are provided as a downloadable resource. Finally, the protocol discusses quality controls for live imaging assays, current limitations and the applicability of the outlined procedures to other insect species.
This protocol is primarily intended for developmental biologists who seek imaging solutions that outperform standard laboratory equipment. It promotes the continuous attempt to close the gap between the technically orientated laboratories/communities, which develop and refine microscopy methodologically, and the life science laboratories/communities, which require 'plug-and-play' solutions to technical challenges. Furthermore, it supports an axiomatic approach that moves the biological questions into the center of attention.

Light Sheet-based Fluorescence Microscopy of Living or Fixed and Stained Tribolium castaneum Embryos

Imaging the morphogenesis of insect embryos with light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy has become state of the art. This protocol outlines and compares three mounting techniques appropriate for Tribolium castaneum embryos, introduces two novel custom-made transgenic lines well suited for live imaging, discusses essential quality controls and indicates current experimental limitations.

光シートベースの蛍光生活の顕微鏡または固定し、染色<em&gt;モドキTribolium castaneum</em&gt;胚

The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum has become an important insect model organism in developmental genetics and evolutionary developmental biology. ...

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

In this article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the lipophilic fluorescent membrane marker DiI. This method allows the visualization of neuronal cell morphology in great detail. It is possible to label any cell in the CNS: cell bodies of target neurons are visualized under DIC optics or by expression of a fluorescent genetic marker such as GFP. After labeling, the DiI can be transformed into a permanent brown stain by photoconversion to allow visualization of cell morphology with transmitted light and DIC optics. Alternatively, the DiI-labeled cells can be observed directly with confocal microscopy, enabling genetically introduced fluorescent reporter proteins to be colocalised. The technique can be used in any animal, irrespective of genotype, making it possible to analyze mutant phenotypes at single cell resolution.

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

の中枢神経系における単一細胞のラベリング<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

神経科学

Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos

Photoactivation of target compounds in a living organism has proven a valuable approach to investigate various biological processes such as embryonic development, cellular signaling and adult physiology. In this respect, the use of multi-photon microscopy enables quantitative photoactivation of a given light responsive agent in deep tissues at a single cell resolution. As zebrafish embryos are optically transparent, their development can be monitored in vivo. These traits make the zebrafish a perfect model organism for controlling the activity of a variety of chemical agents and proteins by focused light. Here we describe the use of two-photon microscopy to induce the activation of chemically caged fluorescein, which in turn allows us to follow cell's destiny in live zebrafish embryos. We use embryos expressing a live genetic landmark (GFP) to locate and precisely target any cells of interest. This procedure can be similarly used for precise light induced activation of proteins, hormones, small molecules and other caged compounds.

Multiphoton microscopy allows control of low energy photons with deep optical penetration and reduced phototoxicity. We describe the use of this technology for live cell labeling in zebrafish embryos. This protocol can be readily adapted for photo-induction of various light-responsive molecules.

ライブゼブラフィッシュ胚における二光子ベースの光活性化

Photoactivation of target compounds in a living organism has proven a valuable approach to investigate various biological processes such as embryonic ...

生物学

Visualizing Cytoskeleton-Dependent Trafficking of Lipid-Containing Organelles in Drosophila Embryos

Early Drosophila embryos are large cells containing a vast array of conventional and embryo-specific organelles. During the first three hours of embryogenesis, these organelles undergo dramatic movements powered by actin-based cytoplasmic streaming and motor-driven trafficking along microtubules. The development of a multitude of small, organelle-specific fluorescent probes (FPs) makes it possible to visualize a wide range of different lipid-containing structures in any genotype, allowing live imaging without requiring a genetically encoded fluorophore. This protocol shows how to inject vital dyes and molecular probes into Drosophila embryos to monitor the trafficking of specific organelles by live imaging. This approach is demonstrated by labeling lipid droplets (LDs) and following their bulk movement by particle image velocimetry (PIV). This protocol provides a strategy amenable to the study of other organelles, including lysosomes, mitochondria, yolk vesicles, and the ER, and for tracking the motion of individual LDs along microtubules. Using commercially available dyes brings the benefits of separation into the violet/blue and far-red regions of the spectrum. By multiplex co-labeling of organelles and/or cytoskeletal elements via microinjection, all the genetic resources in Drosophila are available for trafficking studies without the need to introduce fluorescently tagged proteins. Unlike genetically encoded fluorophores, which have low quantum yields and bleach easily, many of the available dyes allow for rapid and simultaneous capture of several channels with high photon yields.

Visualizing Cytoskeleton-Dependent Trafficking of Lipid-Containing Organelles in Drosophila Embryos

In the early Drosophila embryo, many organelles are motile. In principle, they can be imaged live via specific fluorescent probes, but the eggshell prevents direct application to the embryo. This protocol describes how to introduce such probes via microinjection, and then analyze bulk organelle motion via particle image velocimetry.

ショウジョウバエ胚における脂質含有細胞小器官の細胞骨格依存性トラフィッキングの可視化

Early Drosophila embryos are large cells containing a vast array of conventional and embryo-specific organelles. During the first three hours of ...

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of specific mRNA transcripts within whole mount specimen. This technique (adapted from Albertson and Yelick, 2005) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom at Syracuse University. The first two thirds of the Comparative Vertebrate Biology lab course gave students the opportunity to study the embryology and gross anatomy of several organisms representing various chordate taxa primarily via traditional dissections and the use of models. The final portion of the course involved an innovative approach to teaching anatomy through observation of vertebrate development employing molecular techniques in which WISH was performed on zebrafish embryos. A heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 8 a (fgf8a) mutant line, ace, was used. Due to Mendelian inheritance, ace intercrosses produced wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous ace/fgf8a mutants in a 1:2:1 ratio. RNA probes with known expression patterns in the midline and in developing anatomical structures such as the heart, somites, tailbud, myotome, and brain were used. WISH was performed using zebrafish at the 13 somite and prim-6 stages, with students performing the staining reaction in class. The study of zebrafish embryos at different stages of development gave students the ability to observe how these anatomical structures changed over ontogeny. In addition, some ace/fgf8a mutants displayed improper heart looping, and defects in somite and brain development. The students in this lab observed the normal development of various organ systems using both external anatomy as well as gene expression patterns. They also identified and described embryos displaying improper anatomical development and gene expression (i.e., putative mutants).
For instructors at institutions that do not already own the necessary equipment or where funds for lab and curricular innovation are limited, the financial cost of the reagents and apparatus may be a factor to consider, as will the time and effort required on the part of the instructor regardless of the setting. Nevertheless, we contend that the use of WISH in this type of classroom laboratory setting can provide an important link between developmental genetics and anatomy. As technology advances and the ability to study organismal development at the molecular level becomes easier, cheaper, and increasingly popular, many evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and physiologists are turning to research strategies in the field of molecular biology. Using WISH in a Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom is one example of how molecules and anatomy can converge within a single course. This gives upper level college students the opportunity to practice modern biological research techniques, leading to a more diversified education and the promotion of future interdisciplinary scientific research.

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology course in addition to vertebrate dissections. This gave students the opportunity to study gene expression patterns as well as gross anatomy, linking the study of molecular and organismal biology within one course.

全マウントを使用するその場で</em分子とOrganismal生物学をリンクする>ハイブリダイゼーション

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of ...

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures are lengthy and technically demanding with multiple important steps that collectively contribute to the quality of the final result. This protocol describes in detail several key quality control steps for optimizing probe labeling and performance. Overall, our protocol provides a detailed description of the critical steps necessary to reproducibly obtain high quality results. First, we describe the generation of digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probes via in vitro transcription of DNA templates generated by PCR. We describe three critical quality control assays to determine the amount, integrity and specific activity of the DIG-labeled probes. These steps are important for generating a probe of sufficient sensitivity to detect endogenous mRNAs in a whole mouse embryo. In addition, we describe methods for the fixation and storage of E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos for in situ hybridization. Then, we describe detailed methods for limited proteinase K digestion of the rehydrated embryos followed by the details of the hybridization conditions, post-hybridization washes and RNase treatment to remove non-specific probe hybridization. An AP-conjugated antibody is used to visualize the labeled probe and reveal the expression pattern of the endogenous transcript. Representative results are shown from successful experiments and typical suboptimal experiments.

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

This whole mount in situ hybridization protocol discusses critical steps that ensure reproducible high quality results for gene expression studies in E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos.

全体のマウント<em&gt;上皮内</emE11.5マウス胚へのE8.5&gt;ハイブリダイゼーション

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

Cell Labeling and Injection in Developing Embryonic Mouse Hearts

Testing the fate of embryonic or pluripotent stem cell-derivatives in in vitro protocols has led to controversial outcomes that do not necessarily reflect their in vivo potential. Preferably, these cells should be placed in a proper embryonic environment in order to acquire their definite phenotype. Furthermore, cell lineage tracing studies in the mouse after labeling cells with dyes or retroviral vectors has remained mostly limited to early stage mouse embryos with still poorly developed organs. To overcome these limitations, we designed standard and ultrasound-mediated microinjection protocols to inject various agents in targeted regions of the heart in mouse embryos at E9.5 and later stages of development. &#160;Embryonic explant or embryos are then cultured or left to further develop in utero. These agents include fluorescent dyes, virus, shRNAs, or stem cell-derived progenitor cells. Our approaches allow for preservation of the function of the organ while monitoring migration and fate of labeled and/or injected cells. These technologies can be extended to other organs and will be very helpful to address key biological questions in biology of development.

We describe a series of methods to inject dyes, DNA vectors, virus, and cells in order to monitor both cell fate and phenotype of endogenous and grafted cells derived from embryonic or pluripotent cells within mouse embryos at embryonic day (E)9.5 and later stages of development.

マウス胎児心臓の開発に細胞標識と注入

Testing the fate of embryonic or pluripotent stem cell-derivatives in in vitro protocols has led to controversial outcomes that do not necessarily reflect ...

胚の蛍光標識でDNA特異的染色メチルグリーンの応用

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簡体字を使用した初期の器官形成の理解

マウス着床前胚でリネージュの仕様を研究するためのタンパク質発現の定量分析

マルチターゲット発色ホールマウント

光シートベースの蛍光生活の顕微鏡または固定し、染色

の中枢神経系における単一細胞のラベリング

ライブゼブラフィッシュ胚における二光子ベースの光活性化

ショウジョウバエ胚における脂質含有細胞小器官の細胞骨格依存性トラフィッキングの可視化

全マウントを使用するその場でハイブリダイゼーション

全体のマウント

マウス胎児心臓の開発に細胞標識と注入