著者は、EITプロジェクト専用の彼の科学的な支援と時間のためにドクター・ジョンHarbellに感謝したいと思います。著者らはまた、バイヤスドルフAG（ドイツ）、IIVS（米国）、メアリーケイ社（米国）、エイボンプロダクツ社（米国）、プロクター・アンド・ギャンブル/ Cosmital（スイス）、ラボラトリーピエール・ファーブル（フランス）に感謝したいと思いますハーランラボラトリーズ（イギリス）、および眼刺激性試験15の多施設国際事前検証と検証研究に参加するためのLVMH Parfume（フランス）。

<ol>
	<li>National Toxicology Program (NTP) Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Request+for+Ocular+Irritancy+Test+Data+From+Human,+Rabbit,+and+In+Vitro+Studies+Using+Standardized+Testing+Methods.">Request for Ocular Irritancy Test Data From Human, Rabbit, and In Vitro Studies Using Standardized Testing Methods.</a> Federal Register. 72 (109), 31582-31583 (2007).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+(EC)+No+1907/2006+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+18+December+2006+concerning+the+Registration,+Evaluation,+Authorisation+and+Restriction+of+Chemicals+(REACH),+establishing+a+European+Chemicals+Agency,+amending+Directive+1999/45/EC+and+repealing+Council+Regulation+(EEC)+No+793/93+and+Commission+Regulation+(EC)+No+1488/94+as+well+as+Council+Directive+76/769/EEC+and+Commission+Directives+91/155/EEC,+93/67/EEC,+93/105/EC+and+2000/21/EC.">Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC.</a> OJ. L396 (49), 1-849 (2006).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). , (2013).</li><li>Draize, J. H., Woodard, G., Calvery, H. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+the+Study+of+Irritation+and+Toxicity+of+Substances+Applied+Topically+to+the+Skin+and+Mucous+Membranes.">Methods for the Study of Irritation and Toxicity of Substances Applied Topically to the Skin and Mucous Membranes.</a> J Pharmacol Exp Ther November. 82, 377-390 (1944).</li><li>Adriaens, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrospective+analysis+of+the+Draize+test+for+serious+eye+damage/eye+irritation:+importance+of+understanding+the+in+vivo+endpoints+under+UN+GHS/EU+CLP+for+the+development+and+evaluation+of+in+vitro+test+methods.">Retrospective analysis of the Draize test for serious eye damage/eye irritation: importance of understanding the in vivo endpoints under UN GHS/EU CLP for the development and evaluation of in vitro test methods.</a> Arch tox. 88, 701-723 (2014).</li><li>Balls, M., Botham, P. A., Bruner, L. H., Spielmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+EC/HO+international+validation+study+on+alternatives+to+the+Draize+eye+irritation+test.">The EC/HO international validation study on alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test.</a> Toxicol in Vitro. 9, 871-929 (1995).</li><li>Curren, R. D., Harbell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ocular+safety:+a+silent+(in+vitro)+success+story.">Ocular safety: a silent (in vitro) success story.</a> Altern Lab Anim. 30, 69-74 (2002).</li><li>Wilhelmus, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Draize+Eye+Test.">The Draize Eye Test.</a> Survey of Ophthalmology. 45, 493-515 (2001).</li><li>Curren, R. D., Harbell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+alternatives+for+ocular+irritation.">In vitro alternatives for ocular irritation.</a> Environ health persp. 106, 485-492 (1998).</li><li>McCain, N. E., Binetti, R. R., Gettings, S. D., Jones, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+ocular+irritation+ranges+of+market-leading+cosmetic+and+personal-care+products+using+an+in+vitro+tissue+equivalent.">Assessment of ocular irritation ranges of market-leading cosmetic and personal-care products using an in vitro tissue equivalent.</a> Toxicologist. 66, 243 (2002).</li><li>Niranjan, P., Dang, A. H., January, B. G., Gomez, C., Harbell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+EpiOcular+assay+for+preclinical+qualification+of+formulas+for+human+clinical+studies.">Use of the EpiOcular assay for preclinical qualification of formulas for human clinical studies.</a> Toxicologist. 96, 249 (2007).</li><li>Yin, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prediction+of+ocular+irritation+potential+of+surfactants-based+formulations+at+different+concentrations+using+the+EpiOcular+model.">Prediction of ocular irritation potential of surfactants-based formulations at different concentrations using the EpiOcular model.</a> Toxicologist. 108, 378 (2009).</li><li>Harbell, J., Curren, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+methods+for+the+prediction+of+ocular+and+dermal+toxicity.">In vitro methods for the prediction of ocular and dermal toxicity.</a> Handbook of Toxicology. , (2001).</li><li>Kaluzhny, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+EpiOcular(TM)+eye+irritation+test+for+hazard+identification+and+labelling+of+eye+irritating+chemicals+in+response+to+the+requirements+of+the+EU+cosmetics+directive+and+REACH+legislation.">Development of the EpiOcular(TM) eye irritation test for hazard identification and labelling of eye irritating chemicals in response to the requirements of the EU cosmetics directive and REACH legislation.</a> Altern Lab Anim. 39, 339-364 (2011).</li><li>Pfannenbecker, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cosmetics+Europe+Multi-Laboratory+Pre-Validation+of+the+EpiOcular+Reconstituted+Human+Tissue+Test+Method+for+the+Prediction+of+Eye+Irritation.">Cosmetics Europe Multi-Laboratory Pre-Validation of the EpiOcular Reconstituted Human Tissue Test Method for the Prediction of Eye Irritation.</a> Toxicol in vitro. , (2013).</li><li>MatTek Corporation. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> EpiOcular™ Eye Irritation Test (OCL-200-EIT) for the prediction of acute ocular irritation of chemicals for use with Reconstructed Human EpiOcular Model (OCL-200-EIT). Protocol#MK-24-007-0055. , (2014).</li><li>Kaluzhny, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EpiOcular+Eye+Irritation+Test+(EIT)+for+Hazard+Identification+and+Labeling+of+Eye+Irritating+Chemicals:+Protocol+Optimization+for+Solid+Materials+and+Extended+Shipment+Times.">EpiOcular Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification and Labeling of Eye Irritating Chemicals: Protocol Optimization for Solid Materials and Extended Shipment Times.</a> Altern Lab Anim. 43 (2), 101-127 (2015).</li><li>Kolle, S. N., Kandarova, H., Wareing, B., van Ravenzwaay, B., Landsiedel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-house+validation+of+the+EpiOcular(TM)+eye+irritation+test+and+its+combination+with+the+bovine+corneal+opacity+and+permeability+test+for+the+assessment+of+ocular+irritation.">In-house validation of the EpiOcular(TM) eye irritation test and its combination with the bovine corneal opacity and permeability test for the assessment of ocular irritation.</a> Altern Lab Anim. 39, 365-387 (2011).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstructed+Human+Cornea-like+Epithelium+(RhCE)+Test+Method+for+Identifying+Chemicals+Not+Requiring+Classification+and+Labelling+for+Eye+Irritation+or+Serious+Eye+Damage.+Draft+proposal+for+a+new+test+guideline..">Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelium (RhCE) Test Method for Identifying Chemicals Not Requiring Classification and Labelling for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage. Draft proposal for a new test guideline..</a> OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. , (2014).</li><li>Blazka, M. E., Harbell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+ocular+irritation+potential+of+54+test+articles+using+the+EpiOcular+Human+tissue+Construct+Model.">Evaluating the ocular irritation potential of 54 test articles using the EpiOcular Human tissue Construct Model.</a> Toxicol. In Vitro. , (2003).</li><li>Kandarova, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+EpiDerm+Test+Protocol+for+the+Upcoming+ECVAM+Validation+Study+on+In+Vitro+Skin+Irritation+Tests+&#8212;+An+Assessment+of+the+Performance+of+the+Optimised+Test.">The EpiDerm Test Protocol for the Upcoming ECVAM Validation Study on In Vitro Skin Irritation Tests &#8212; An Assessment of the Performance of the Optimised Test.</a> Altern Lab Anim. 33, 351-367 (2005).</li></ol>

この記事の発行手数料はマテック社が支払われました。

我々はEpiOcular組織モデルのために開発された眼刺激性試験（ 図1）を提示しています。 GHS区分とを区別しない、本明細書に提示されるようEITは、感度と特異17 EITを度の高いラベル（GHSなしカテゴリ）を必要としない材料から眼刺激物や腐食（GHSカテゴリー1と2を組み合わせ）を分離することができます1カテゴリからの2物質。 EITは、化粧品および医薬成分を含む化学物質の広い範囲の眼刺激性の分類と表示のために検証されました。他のin vitro試験に関連して、EITは、in vivoウサギ眼刺激性試験の代替として機能します。 EITは露光および露光後のインキュベーション期間の長さ（ 図1）に変化する液体および固体材料のための2つの類似するが異なるプロトコルを使用します。 EITで使用するエンドポイント以前に検証されたヒト上皮組織モデル20,21で使用されているMTTアッセイによって決定し、組織の生存率です。このアッセイを行うために、標準的な細胞培養装置の他に特別な装置が必要とされません。高い組織対組織の再現性のレベル、n ​​= 2の組織の代わりに通常推奨されるN = 3が使用されます。それはそれによって個々の組織14の異なる取り扱いをすると生じる可能性がアッセイのばらつきを最小限に抑え、同時に2つの組織を処理するために、経験豊富なオペレータを可能にするため、2組織を使用し、N =能力は、プロトコルの重要な側面です。また、陽性対照および陰性対照と一緒に、被験物質あたりn = 2の組織、同一の物理的状態（液体または固体）の10の試験物質の刺激を用いて、1キット（24組織）を用いて評価することができます。 材料の信頼性の分類を確保する他の重要なポイントは、陽性コントロールのsuの仕様ですbstance（組織生存率≤50.0％）、重複した組織（差&lt;20.0％）、およびネガティブコントロールOD読み取り値（&gt; 0.8 &lt;2.5）との間の再現性。 EIT試験を行う場合、インキュベーション期間中にプロトコルまたは変化の偏差が変化した結果をもたらすことができるので、それは、検証プロトコルと推奨投薬およびすすぎスケジュール（ 表3および4）に接着することが重要です。同様に、MTTインキュベーションのための3時間の時間からの偏差は異なるMTTの読みになり、アッセイの結果に影響を与える可能性があります。 時折、試験化学物質は、MTT組織生存率アッセイ又はMTTの原因の減少を妨害することができる光学的または他の特性を有していてもよいです。例えば、試験化学物質を直接青紫色の反応生成物にMTTを低減することができる、またはMTTホルマザン（〜570ナノメートル）と同じ範囲の光を吸収する着色された物質であってもよいです。しかし、これらの試験の化学物質はPRますMTTアッセイの際に、材料の十分な量は、依然として上に存在する（またはによって吸収）である場合にのみ、組織の問題をESENT。この干渉を回避するために、大規模な洗浄手順は、EITプロトコルに組み込まれています。すすぎはTAを削除しないとTAはMTT還元を妨害した場合、追加のコントロールはそれを検出し、修正するために使用されなければなりません。被験物質の直接MTT還元が疑われる場合に簡単に説明すると、当該化学物質の50μlの（又は固体50 mg）をSCC（NC、滅菌脱イオン水50μlで作業MTT溶液で3時間インキュベートする、であるべきです同時に実行）。 MTT溶液が青紫色になった場合、試験物品を、MTTが低下していると推定されます。この場合、凍結殺し組織コントロールを使用して機能的なチェックは、試験物質は、組織に結合し、偽のMTT低減信号に先行しているかどうかを評価するために行われるべきです。 TA-さらされ、殺された組織制御でかなりのMTT還元がある場合（未処理の生存組織内の量に対して）、試験品の平均組織の生存率は、殺された対照の平均生存率を差し引くことにより補正しなければなりません。 偽陰性分類14,15,18の発生率が低いことによって実証されるように、EITは、安全性の側面に誤差が生じるが。重要なのは、目には腐食性であり、GHS区分1の化学物質のいずれもが、最も深刻な眼の危険性を表していませんこのアッセイ14,15,18,19に非刺激性として分類されました。最後に、 インビトロ試験方法で RHCEの主要な利点の一つは、原液と（2次元、沈められた細胞培養物では不可能である）固体材料を試験する可能性があります。 EITは、国連GHS分類および表示システムによる材料の広い範囲の眼刺激性を決定する際に重要な一因になります。 Oを決定するために、動物の交換cular毒性は、長年にわたって毒物学研究の目標でした。 EIT試験方法は、2014年にEURL ECVAMでサポートされている正式なバリデーション試験を完了したとEpiOcular EITは、2015年にはOECD TG 492としてOECDテストガイドラインに実装されました。

このような化粧品、洗剤、家庭用クリーナーとして消費者製品は、彼らが目に連絡した場合、重大な損傷を誘発する可能性が種々の化学物質が含まれています。そのため、目への刺激のためのこれらの薬剤のテストは、消費者の安全を確保するための1、米国とEUの規制当局によって必要とされます。混合物および製剤の眼刺激性の評価はまた、化学物質の輸送のためのEUの化粧品指令の下で化粧品成分の標識のためにREACH（登録、評価、認可および化学物質の使用制限）法律を遵守する要件である、とのために殺虫剤や家庭用製品2のラベル。現在、規制当局は、化学品の分類およびラベリングに関する世界調和システム（GHS）3を用いて、眼のハザード評価が必要です。 GHSは、主にドレイズ眼刺激性試験に基づいており、最も広く使用されている眼刺激アッセイもので異物とマイルxturesは、ウサギの眼4の結膜嚢に直接導入されています。 GHS分類によると、GHS区分1（眼腐食）は、露光3,5以下の21日以内に眼の組織または完全に可逆的ではない、目と視力に重大な損傷に深刻な最初の損傷の原因となる化学物質をテストすることを指します。 GHS区分2は、露出の21日以内に完全に可逆的で目に有意な変化を生じる化学物質をテストすることを指します。腐食性または刺激性物質ではない試験化学物質はGHSはありませんカテゴリと呼ばれています。 40年以上にわたり、ドレイズウサギの目のテストでは、その再現性の欠如、人間の応答の過大評価、そして生きている動物5-8の使用のために批判されています。これらの懸念は、洗練、縮小、およびin vivo試験 9の交換のための多くの提案を奨励しています。検証非動物代替物の必要性がさらに強化されました（2009年）化粧品（2005年）化粧品の安全性評価における動物の使用を禁止指令、および成分に第七改正の採用により2。 1996年から、再構成された角膜のような組織モデルは、広く目、原料、界面活性剤ベースの製剤、および、または近傍で使用するために設計された配合混合物の刺激性を評価するために化粧品業界で使用されています10-13。 RHCEの組織モデルの使用は、その本来の、希釈しない形で、組織表面への試験物質の直接局所適用することができます。この方法では、非水溶性製剤は溶剤でそれらを希釈することなく試験することができます。 （代替法の検証のための欧州連合（EU）のリファレンスラボラトリーヨーロッパセンター）EURL ECVAMのに対応して広く、該当簡単で、経済法の要求SINGLを利用眼刺激性試験（EIT）電子露光時間とラベリングを必要としない材料から眼刺激物や腐食を分離することができる（図1）14を開発しました。 83化学物質（44液体および39固体）の結果をもとに、EITは95.5 / 68.2 /と81.8パーセントの感度/特異度と精度（SS＆A）液体のため、固体のための100.0 / 68.4 /と84.6パーセントSS＆A、および97.6を/達成しました68.3 /と全体のSS＆Aの83.1パーセント。 2007年には、EURL ECVAMの後援化粧品ヨーロッパ（旧COLIPA）が主催する多実験室前の検証研究では、正式な検証15にそれをもたらすことを目的としたEITの妥当性と信頼性を評価しました。本研究では、298の独立した試験では、7つの独立の研究室で行いました。研究結果は、すべての参加研究室15全体の変動の低い係数の予測で99.7％の契約を実証しました。その結果、2010年にはEITプロトコルは正式なEURL ECVAMに入りました検証プログラム。バリデーション試験は、in vivoでの参照データ（ドレイズ眼刺激性データ）が利用可能であった対象の個々の物質と化学の混合物、を含む104コード化されたテスト化学物質を利用しました。この作品の成功に基づき、OECDドラフトテストガイドラインには、それは、EITは、国連GHS分類および表示システムによる材料の広い範囲の眼刺激性の分類に大きく貢献することが期待される2014年に提出されました。

eye irritation test (eit) for hazard identification of eye irritating chemicals using reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (rhce) tissue model

EU化粧品指令、欧州REACH法規に第七改正に準拠するために、ヒトの眼毒性の信頼性と正確な評価のための検証非動物代替の方法が必要とされています。このニーズに応えるために、我々は正常なヒト細胞に基づいて3次元再構成人間の角膜のような上皮（RHCE）組織モデルを利用した眼刺激性試験（EIT）を開発しました。 EITは、眼刺激物や腐食（GHSカテゴリー1と2を組み合わせ）とラベリング（GHSなしカテゴリ）を必要としないものを分離することができます。テストは、2つの別々のプロトコル、液体化学物質と第二のために設計された1つ、固体試験物品のための同様のプロトコルを利用しています。 EIT予測モデルは、単一の露光期間（液体で30分間、固形分6時間）、および単一の組織の生存率のカットオフ（MTTアッセイによって決定される60.0％）を使用します。 EITは95.5 / 68.2 / 81.8パーセントとのSENSを達成した（44液体および固体39）83化学物質の結果に基づいて、液体用itivity /特異性と精度（SS＆A）、100.0 / 68.4 / 84.6パーセントとSS＆A固体用、および97.6 / 68.3 /と全体のSS＆Aの83.1パーセント。 EITは、規制テスト要件を満たすために、動物を使用することなく、液体及び固体の化学物質の広範囲の眼刺激性を分類に大きく貢献します。 EpiOcular EIT法は、TG 492としてOECDテストガイドラインに2015年に実施されました。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model at JoVE.com

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

我々は、3次元再構成人間の角膜のような上皮（RHCE）組織モデルを利用した眼刺激性試験を開発しました。テストは、眼刺激性及び腐食性物質（GHSカテゴリー1と組み合わせた2）とラベル（GHSなしカテゴリ）を必要としないものとを区別することができます。

再構成ヒト角膜上皮様（RHCE）組織モデルを使用して眼刺激性化学物質の有害性の同定のための眼刺激性試験（EIT）

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and ...

eye-irritation-test-eit-for-hazard-identification-eye-irritating

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model

37.3K ビュー.  MatTek Corporation. 我々は、3次元再構成人間の角膜のような上皮（RHCE）組織モデルを利用した眼刺激性試験を開発しました。テストは、眼刺激性及び腐食性物質（GHSカテゴリー1と組み合わせた2）とラベル（GHSなしカテゴリ）を必要としないものとを区別することができます。 

ビデオ: Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

Evaluation of Polymeric Gene Delivery Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and High-throughput Flow Cytometry

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a technology for regenerative medicine2. Unlike viruses, which have significant safety issues, polymeric nanoparticles can be designed to be non-toxic, non-immunogenic, non-mutagenic, easier to synthesize, chemically versatile, capable of carrying larger nucleic acid cargo and biodegradable and/or environmentally responsive. Cationic polymers self-assemble with negatively charged DNA via electrostatic interaction to form complexes on the order of 100 nm that are commonly termed polymeric nanoparticles. Examples of biomaterials used to form nanoscale polycationic gene delivery nanoparticles include polylysine, polyphosphoesters, poly(amidoamines)s and polyethylenimine (PEI), which is a non-degradable off-the-shelf cationic polymer commonly used for nucleic acid delivery1,3 . Poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are a newer class of cationic polymers4 that are hydrolytically degradable5,6 and have been shown to be effective at gene delivery to hard-to-transfect cell types such as human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs)7, mouse mammary epithelial cells8, human brain cancer cells9 and macrovascular (human umbilical vein, HUVECs) endothelial cells10.
A new protocol to characterize polymeric nanoparticles utilizing nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is described. In this approach, both the particle size distribution and the distribution of the number of plasmids per particle are obtained11. In addition, a high-throughput 96-well plate transfection assay for rapid screening of the transfection efficacy of polymeric nanoparticles is presented. In this protocol, poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are used as model polymers and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) are used as model human cells. This protocol can be easily adapted to evaluate any polymeric nanoparticle and any cell type of interest in a multi-well plate format.

A protocol for nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and high-throughput flow cytometry to evaluate polymeric gene delivery nanoparticles is described. NTA is utilized to characterize the nanoparticle particle size distribution and the plasmid per particle distribution. High-throughput flow cytometry enables quantitative transfection efficacy evaluation for a library of gene delivery biomaterials.

ナノ粒子トラッキング分析とハイスループットフローサイトメトリーによる高分子遺伝子デリバリーナノ粒子の評価

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a ...

生物工学

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

人間の3次元の組織工学<em&gt; in vitroで</em&gt;腫瘍テストシステム

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology

Bioprinting, which is based on thermal inkjet printing, is one of the most attractive enabling technologies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. With digital control&#160;cells, scaffolds, and growth factors can be precisely deposited to the desired two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) locations rapidly. Therefore, this technology is an ideal approach to fabricate tissues mimicking their native anatomic structures. In order to engineer cartilage with native zonal organization, extracellular matrix composition (ECM), and mechanical properties, we developed a bioprinting platform using a commercial inkjet printer with simultaneous photopolymerization capable for 3D cartilage tissue engineering. Human chondrocytes suspended in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) were printed for 3D neocartilage construction via layer-by-layer assembly. The printed cells were fixed at their original deposited positions, supported by the surrounding scaffold in simultaneous photopolymerization. The mechanical properties of the printed tissue were similar to the native cartilage. Compared to conventional tissue fabrication, which requires longer UV exposure, the viability of the printed cells with simultaneous photopolymerization was significantly higher. Printed neocartilage demonstrated excellent glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type II production, which was consistent with gene expression. Therefore, this platform is ideal for accurate cell distribution and arrangement for anatomic tissue engineering.

The methods described in this paper show how to convert a commercial inkjet printer into a bioprinter with simultaneous UV polymerization. The printer is capable of constructing 3D tissue structure with cells and biomaterials. The study demonstrated here constructed a 3D neocartilage.

三次元インクジェット印刷技術を用いて、ヒト軟骨組織の作製

Bioprinting, which is based on thermal inkjet printing, is one of the most attractive enabling technologies in the field of tissue engineering and ...

Combination of Microstereolithography and Electrospinning to Produce Membranes Equipped with Niches for Corneal Regeneration

Corneal problems affect millions of people worldwide reducing their quality of life significantly. Corneal disease can be caused by illnesses such as Aniridia or Steven Johnson Syndrome as well as by external factors such as chemical burns or radiation. Current treatments are (i) the use of corneal grafts and (ii) the use of stem cell expanded in the laboratory and delivered on carriers (e.g., amniotic membrane); these treatments are relatively successful but unfortunately they can fail after 3-5 years. There is a need to design and manufacture new corneal biomaterial devices able to mimic in detail the physiological environment where stem cells reside in the cornea. Limbal stem cells are located in the limbus (circular area between cornea and sclera) in specific niches known as the Palisades of Vogt. In this work we have developed a new platform technology which combines two cutting-edge manufacturing techniques (microstereolithography and electrospinning) for the fabrication of corneal membranes that mimic to a certain extent the limbus. Our membranes contain artificial micropockets which aim to provide cells with protection as the Palisades of Vogt do in the eye.

We report a technique for the fabrication of micropockets within electrospun membranes in which to study cell behavior. Specifically, we describe a combination of microstereolithography and electrospinning for the production of PLGA (Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) corneal biomaterial devices equipped with microfeatures.

角膜再生のためのニッチを装備膜を製造するためのマイクロ光とエレクトロスピニングの組み合わせ

Corneal problems affect millions of people worldwide reducing their quality of life significantly. Corneal disease can be caused by illnesses such as ...

Assessing Leukocyte-endothelial Interactions Under Flow Conditions in an Ex Vivo Autoperfused Microflow Chamber Assay

Leukocyte-endothelial interactions are early and critical events in acute and chronic inflammation and can, when dysregulated, mediate tissue injury leading to permanent pathological damage. Existing conventional assays allow the analysis of leukocyte adhesion molecules only after the extraction of leukocytes from the blood. This requires the blood to undergo several steps before peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) can be ready for analysis, which in turn can stimulate PBLs influencing the research findings. The autoperfused micro flow chamber assay, however, allows scientists to study early leukocytes functional dysregulation using the systemic flow of a live mouse while having the freedom of manipulating a coated chamber. Through a disease model, the functional expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules can be assessed and quantified in a micro-glass chamber coated with immobilized endothelial adhesion molecules ex vivo. In this model, the blood flows between the right common carotid artery and left external jugular vein of a live mouse under anesthesia, allowing the interaction of native PBLs in the chamber. Real-time experimental analysis is achieved with the assistance of an intravital microscope as well as a Harvard Apparatus pressure device. The application of a flow regulator at the input point of the glass chamber allows comparable physiological flow conditions amongst the experiments. Leukocyte rolling velocity is the main outcome and is measured using the National Institutes of Health open-access software ImageJ. In summary, the autoperfused micro flow chamber assay provides an optimal physiological environment to study leukocytes endothelial interaction and allows researchers to draw accurate conclusions when studying inflammation.

Assessing Leukocyte-endothelial Interactions Under Flow Conditions in an Ex Vivo Autoperfused Microflow Chamber Assay

Here, we present a protocol that allows the investigator to assess leukocyte recruitment dynamics ex vivo by connecting a chamber coated with endothelial-derived adhesion molecules to the circulatory system of a mouse. This method offers significant advantages since it allows for leukocyte assessment under relative biological conditions.

におけるフローの状況の下で白血球 - 内皮相互作用を評価する<em&gt;エクスビボ</em&gt; Autoperfusedマイクロフローチャンバーアッセイ

Leukocyte-endothelial interactions are early and critical events in acute and chronic inflammation and can, when dysregulated, mediate tissue injury ...

Production, Characterization and Potential Uses of a 3D Tissue-engineered Human Esophageal Mucosal Model

The incidence of both esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, are rising rapidly in the western world. Furthermore esophageal adenocarcinoma generally has a poor prognosis, with little improvement in survival rates in recent years. These are difficult conditions to study and there has been a lack of suitable experimental platforms to investigate disorders of the esophageal mucosa.
A model of the human esophageal mucosa has been developed in the MacNeil laboratory which, unlike conventional 2D cell culture systems, recapitulates the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions present in vivo and produces a mature, stratified epithelium similar to that of the normal human esophagus. Briefly, the model utilizes non-transformed normal primary human esophageal fibroblasts and epithelial cells grown within a porcine-derived acellular esophageal scaffold. Immunohistochemical characterization of this model by CK4, CK14, Ki67 and involucrin staining demonstrates appropriate recapitulation of the histology of the normal human esophageal mucosa.
This model provides a robust, biologically relevant experimental model of the human esophageal mucosa. It can easily be manipulated to investigate a number of research questions including the effectiveness of pharmacological agents and the impact of exposure to environmental factors such as alcohol, toxins, high temperature or gastro-esophageal refluxate components. The model also facilitates extended culture periods not achievable with conventional 2D cell culture, enabling, inter alia, the study of the impact of repeated exposure of a mature epithelium to the agent of interest for up to 20 days. Furthermore, a variety of cell lines, such as those derived from esophageal tumors or Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, can be incorporated into the model to investigate processes such as tumor invasion and drug responsiveness in a more biologically relevant environment.

This manuscript describes the production, characterization and potential uses of a tissue engineered 3D esophageal construct prepared from normal primary human esophageal fibroblast and squamous epithelial cells seeded within a de-cellularized porcine scaffold. The results demonstrate the formation of a mature stratified epithelium similar to the normal human esophagus.

生産、特性評価および3D組織工学ヒト食道粘膜モデルの使用可能性

The incidence of both esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, are rising rapidly in the western world. Furthermore ...

Encapsulated Cell Technology for the Delivery of Biologics to the Mouse Eye

Many current therapeutics under development for diseases of the posterior pole of the eye are biologics. These drugs need to be administered frequently, typically via intravitreal injections. Encapsulated cells expressing the biologic of choice are becoming a tool for local protein production and release (e.g., via long-term drug delivery). In addition, encapsulation systems utilize permeable materials that allow diffusion of nutrients, waste, and therapeutic factors into and out of cells. This occurs while masking the cells from the host immune response, avoiding the need for suppression of the host immune system. This protocol describes the use of alginate as a polymer in microencapsulation coupled with the electrospray method as a microencapsulation technique. ARPE-19 cells, a spontaneously arising human RPE cell line, has been used in long-term cell therapy experiments due to its lifetime functionality, and it is used here for encapsulation and delivery of the capsules to mouse eyes. The manuscript summarizes the steps for cell microencapsulation, quality control, and ocular delivery.

Presented here is a protocol for the use of alginate as a polymer in microencapsulation of immortalized cells for long-term delivery of biologics to rodent eyes.

マウスアイへの生物学的製剤の送達のためのカプセル化された細胞技術

Many current therapeutics under development for diseases of the posterior pole of the eye are biologics. These drugs need to be administered frequently, ...

Growth of Human and Sheep Corneal Endothelial Cell Layers on Biomaterial Membranes

Corneal endothelial cell cultures have a tendency to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after loss of cell-to-cell contact. EMT is deleterious for the cells as it reduces their ability to form a mature and functional layer. Here, we present a method for establishing and subculturing human and sheep corneal endothelial cell cultures that minimizes the loss of cell-to-cell contact. Explants of corneal endothelium/Descemet&#39;s membrane are taken from donor corneas and placed into tissue culture under conditions that allow the cells to collectively migrate onto the culture surface. Once a culture has been established, the explants are transferred to fresh plates to initiate new cultures. Dispase II is used to gently lift clumps of cells off tissue culture plates for subculturing. Corneal endothelial cell cultures that have been established using this protocol are suitable for transferring to biomaterial membranes to produce tissue-engineered cell layers for transplantation in animal trials. A custom-made device for supporting biomaterial membranes during tissue culture is described and an example of a tissue-engineered graft composed of a layer of corneal endothelial cells and a layer of corneal stromal cells on either side of a collagen type I membrane is presented.

This protocol describes the critical steps required to establish and grow corneal endothelial cell cultures from explants of human or sheep tissue. A method for subculturing corneal endothelial cells on membranous biomaterials is also presented.

生体物質膜上におけるヒトおよび羊角膜内皮細胞層の増殖

Corneal endothelial cell cultures have a tendency to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after loss of cell-to-cell contact. EMT is ...

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

A three-dimensional human epidermis model reconstructed from neonatal primary keratinocytes is presented. Herein, a protocol for the cultivation process and the characterization of the model is described. Neonatal primary keratinocytes are grown submerged on permeable polycarbonate inserts and lifted to the air-liquid interface three days after seeding. After fourteen days of stimulation with defined growth factors and ascorbic acid in high calcium culture medium, the model is fully differentiated. Histological analysis revealed a completely stratified epidermis, mimicking the morphology of native human skin. To characterize the model and its barrier functions, protein levels and localization specific for early-stage keratinocyte differentiation (i.e., keratin 10), late-stage differentiation (i.e., involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin) and tissue adhesion (i.e., desmoglein 1), were assessed by immunofluorescence. The tissue barrier integrity was further evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance. Reconstructed human epidermis was responsive to proinflammatory stimuli (i.e., lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha), leading to increased cytokine release (i.e., interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 8). This protocol represents a straightforward and reproducible in vitro method to cultivate reconstructed human epidermis as a tool to assess environmental effects and a broad range of skin-related studies.

This protocol describes a straightforward method to cultivate three-dimensional reconstituted human epidermis in a reproducible and robust manner. Additionally, it characterizes the structure-function relationship of the epidermal barrier model. The biological responses of the reconstituted human epidermis upon proinflammatory stimuli are also presented.

3次元の再構築されたヒト表皮を大規模に育成

A three-dimensional human epidermis model reconstructed from neonatal primary keratinocytes is presented. Herein, a protocol for the cultivation process ...

Quantifying Fibrillar Collagen Organization with Curvelet Transform-Based Tools

Fibrillar collagens are prominent extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and their topology changes have been shown to be associated with the progression of a wide range of diseases including breast, ovarian, kidney, and pancreatic cancers. Freely available fiber quantification software tools are mainly focused on the calculation of fiber alignment or orientation, and they are subject to limitations such as the requirement of manual steps, inaccuracy in detection of the fiber edge in noisy background, or lack of localized feature characterization. The collagen fiber quantitation tool described in this protocol is characterized by using an optimal multiscale image representation enabled by curvelet transform (CT). This algorithmic approach allows for the removal of noise from fibrillar collagen images and the enhancement of fiber edges to provide location and orientation information directly from a fiber, rather than using the indirect pixel-wise or window-wise information obtained from other tools. This CT-based framework contains two separate, but linked, packages named &#8220;CT-FIRE&#8221; and &#8220;CurveAlign&#8221; that can quantify fiber organization on a global, region of interest (ROI), or individual fiber basis. This quantification framework has been developed for more than ten years and has now evolved into a comprehensive and user-driven collagen quantification platform. Using this platform, one can measure up to about thirty fiber features including individual fiber properties such as length, angle, width, and straightness, as well as bulk measurements such as density and alignment. Additionally, the user can measure fiber angle relative to manually or automatically segmented boundaries. This platform also provides several additional modules including ones for ROI analysis, automatic boundary creation, and post-processing. Using this platform does not require prior experience of programming or image processing, and it can handle large datasets including hundreds or thousands of images, enabling efficient quantification of collagen fiber organization for biological or biomedical applications.

Here, we present a protocol to use a curvelet transform-based, open-source MATLAB software tool for quantifying fibrillar collagen organization in the extracellular matrix of both normal and diseased tissues. This tool can be applied to images with collagen fibers or other types of line-like structures.

カーブレット変換ベースのツールを使用したフィブリラーコラーゲンの定量化

Fibrillar collagens are prominent extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and their topology changes have been shown to be associated with the progression ...

再構成ヒト角膜上皮様（RHCE）組織モデルを使用して眼刺激性化学物質の有害性の同定のための眼刺激性試験（EIT）

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章