著者らは、高度な眼科材料の開発のための資金調達源NSERC 20/20ネットワークを承認したいと思います。

すべての実験は、大学のウォータールーの動物実験倫理委員会によって概説関連するすべてのガイドラインに従っやコンプライアンスに完成しました。ウシ目が寛大に地元の食肉処理場から寄贈されています。 1.アイモデル<ol><li>金型13の設計と製作<ol><li>ヒト成人の目の平均生理寸法に従って目のモデルを設計します。13 </li><li>眼球と眼球モデルのまぶた片間250μmのギャップを残します。コンピュータ支援設計（CAD）ソフトウェアを使用して、それぞれの金型を設計します。 </li><li> AutoCADのか、SolidWorksの持つ新しい.CADファイルまたは.sldprtファイルを作成します。人間の眼球/まぶたの3Dモデルを作成します。モデルの金型を作成し、.STLファイルとして金型を保存します。 </li><li> 3Dプリンタソフトウェアにインポート.STLファイル（replicator2用など、makeware）。印刷のパラメータ（位置、まばら、スケール、向き、滑らかさ、 などを指定します </em&gt;の）13。 </li><li>読むために3Dプリンタ用のGコードファイルとしてファイルを保存します。このようなPLA（ポリ乳酸）、ABS（アクリロニトリルブタジエンスチレン）、PC（ポリカーボネート）、またはそれらの組み合わせのような選択の材料は、金型13を印刷します。 </li><li>選択の材料の所望のフィラメントをインストールします。読むために3DプリンタにGコードファイルをインポートします。金型を印刷します。 注：眼モデルに滑らかな表面が望ましい場合あるいは、コンピュータ制御の数値（CNC）マシンを使用して目の型を作り出します。 CNC金型製造のために、金型の材料は、もはや熱プラスチックに限定されないが、金属、セラミックス、およびポリテトラフルオロエチレンなどの化学的抵抗性ポリマーに延びています。 </li><li>切削ドリルに接続されたCNCソフトウェアのインターフェイスを開きます。前面、上面、側面、および制御ソフトウェアインターフェイスで以前に構成された眼球/瞼モデル金型の斜視図に従って3次元金型を構築します。以下のための適切なパラメータを選択します加工（ビットサイズ、基板材料、材料の厚さ）と、金型を切断するために進みます。 </li></ol></li><li> PDMSを用いた接眼レンズの合成<ol><li>注射器を使用して、PDMS（ポリジメチルシロキサン）ベースの10ミリリットル体積を測定し、15〜50ミリリットルの遠心管にそれを埋めます。 PDMSの全重量のエラストマー溶液のw / vの10％を追加します。攪拌棒を使用して、よく溶液を混合。 </li><li>眼球とまぶたの型にPDMSソリューションを注ぎます。 PDMSは、重合を開始し、気泡がポリマーの外に溶解することを可能にするRT O / N（または少なくとも12時間）で安定することを可能にします。 注：上昇または展開されますPDMSに残って気泡がないことを確認します。 </li><li>その後、1時間、または5分間150°C（302°F）、75℃（167°F）のオーブンに型を入れました。より柔らかいゲルについては、PDMSが完全に重合するために、少なくとも48時間室温で放置します。 </li><li>数分間冷凍庫にサンプルを置きます。これは、PDMSを縮小し、簡素化されます金型からのサンプルを除去します。薄いへらを使って型から接眼レンズを抽出します。 </li><li>眼球とまぶた片の間の空間への溶液の送達のために、1月16日「同等の脚カプラチューブコネクタと1/16 &quot;×1/8&quot;ポリテトラフルオロエチレンチューブを接続し、チューブの穴でまぶた片にそれを添付。 </li></ol></li><li>アガロースを使用した眼球ピースの合成 注：眼球片は、アガロースのような他のポリマーを用いて合成することができます。以下の手順は、例えば、PDA（ポテトデキストロース寒天）またはSDA（サブローデキストロース寒天）寒天タイプの様々な眼の部分を生成するように改変することができます。 <ol><li> 2％（2グラム/ 100ミリリットル）ゲル、メジャーアガロースの2グラムを生成し、超純水100mlと混合します。アガロースが完全に溶解するように沸騰（100ºC）に対する解決策をもたらします。溶液を5分間クールダウンしてみましょう。 </li><li>眼球の金型への溶液を注ぎ、溶液を3のために冷却することができますRTで0分。スパチュラで眼球の部分を削除します。 -20で眼球寒天を保存 後で使用するために℃の冷凍庫。微生物学研究のために、オートクレーブ処理および/またはUV照射による眼球型を滅菌します。 </li></ol></li><li> PDMS眼球上のウシ角膜の取り込み 注：このプロトコルは、Parekh らから適応されています14。 <ol><li>層流フードの下で無菌状態のウシ角膜の解剖と取り込みを実行します。目を取得し、同じ日に、それらを分析。 </li><li>使用前に10分間のフローフードを回して、70％エタノールアルコールで消毒します。すべての材料と器具が273°F / 45分間133℃でオートクレーブで滅菌され、および流フードの入り口から無未満4インチを位置付けていることを確認してください。 </li><li> 2分間の希釈ポビドンヨード溶液の入ったビーカーに牛の目を浸し。リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）Pを含有するビーカー中に眼をすすぎますH 7.4。鉗子を使用すると、静かにガラスシャーレ、角膜顔アップに目を配置します。 </li><li>平滑末端解剖ハサミで強膜付着点で切断することにより、過剰な筋肉と脂肪組織を削除します。動物の排泄物に指定された無菌ビーカーに過剰な組織を処分。 </li><li>マイクロはさみを使用して、眼から結膜を削除します。角膜輪部から1cm以上の距離を維持し、滅菌ガーゼで目を包みます。 </li><li>下にある脈絡膜および硝子体の侵入を避けるためにメスを用いて、強膜に表面的に縁領域とから約2mmの切開。慎重にその自然な湾曲から角膜を変形させることなく、メスや解剖ハサミを使用して360°だけ切開部を拡張します。 </li><li>細かい鉗子で、目から角膜を削除します。鉗子を使用して、慎重に任意の付着ブドウ膜組織を除去し、PBSで角膜をすすぎます。 </li><li>文化と滅菌容器に31ºCで角膜を保存培地（培地199など）組織の水分および細胞栄養を維持するために、3％ウシ胎児血清を含有します。 </li><li>実験に先立ち、PDMSの眼球の摘出した角膜を休ま、および特殊なクリップオンと一緒に2枚をクランプします。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.点滅プラットフォーム<ol><li>ブリンク・プラットフォームの設計と製作 注：眼（セクション1で説明した）モデル、ギアシステム、および電子システム：点滅プラットフォームは、3つの機能部品で構成されています。 <ol><li>眼モデル（セクション1.1）のために記載したのと同様のCADや3Dプリントを使用して、点滅プラットフォームを設計・製造しています。それは接眼レンズの横方向と回転運動にモータの単純な回転を変換するようなギアシステムを設計します。15 </li><li>ピニオンギア機構を用いて、瞼の部分に接続されたピニオンの横方向の運動にステッピングモータの回転運動に変換します。 </li><li>使い方共役ギアシステム、三つの異なる眼球片のための3つ（またはそれ以上）の回転運動にステッピングモータから一方の回転運動を増幅します。 </li><li> 2間の距離が一定になるように、2ギアシステム、まぶた用と眼球のための1つを合わせます。マイクロコントローラ、モーターシールド、および二つのモータと電子システムを組み立てます。 注：点滅運動にギアシステムによって翻訳された回転モータを、提供するために、2つのステッピングモータを使用してください。 </li><li>マイクロコントローラ上に積層モーターシールドからなるシステムを持つ2つのステッピングモータを接続します。オープンソースソフトウェア製品で動作するように電子部品を接続して設定します。 </li><li>このような毎分ラウンド（RPM）、前方ラウンド数、後方ラウンド数、および旋回スタイルとしてモータパラメータを制御するためのシステムをプログラム。 注：詳細については、補足「Arduinoのコードファイル」を参照してください。 </li><li>ミリアン​​ペアからシステムソフトウェアをダウンロードnufacturersのウェブサイト。 </li><li>ソフトウェアをインストールし、それを開きます。所望の形状にステッピングモータを制御するためのコードを記述します。研究者によって定義されるようにモータが所望の方法で移動するように電子システムに電力を供給するために、ソースをシステムに接続します。 注：補足「Arduinoのコードファイル」を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>マイクロフルイディクス（人工涙液）との組立<ol><li>合成された眼球とまぶたのピースを取ると目をモデルに、それらに対応するクリップオンにそれらをスリップ。注射器で参加し、まぶたピース（セクション1.2.5）を持つマイクロ流体ポンプ上に配置されたチューブを接続します。テストは、プラットフォームを実行し、一貫性のある動きをチェック。 </li><li>プライムチューブと人工涙液（ATS）の安定した流れを確認してください。 ATSのレシピは、以前に報告されている。16 </li><li>手動で、水平面上で一緒に目をモデル部品を移動させるように眼球と目蓋は接触しています。所望の値にマイクロ流体ポンプの流量を設定します。 1〜1.5μL/ minに生理的な流量を設定します。17 </li><li>実験を開始するために、ポンプとアクチュエータを起動します。薬物送達実験のために、眼球片に薬剤を含有するコ​​ンタクトレンズを置きます。 </li><li>フロースルー液を12ウェルプレートに滴下することを可能にします。所望の設定時間間隔で、例えば、紫外可視分光法または蛍光などの一般的な検出方法を使用して、分析物または薬物濃度を定量する。1,4,18 </li><li>コンタクトレンズ上の涙成分の沈着を評価する研究については、「眼球」片にコンタクトレンズを配置します。廃棄することができるフロースルー液を、収集します。 </li><li>所望の時間間隔の後、眼球片からコンタクトレンズを除去し、そのような共焦点顕微鏡などのさらなる分析のためのレンズを準備します。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Phan, C. M., Subbaraman, L. N., Jones, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+drug+release+of+natamycin+from+beta-cyclodextrin+and+2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin-functionalized+contact+lens+materials.">In vitro drug release of natamycin from beta-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin-functionalized contact lens materials.</a> J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 25, 1907-1919 (2014).</li><li>Peng, C. C., Kim, J., Chauhan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extended+delivery+of+hydrophilic+drugs+from+silicone-hydrogel+contact+lenses+containing+vitamin+E+diffusion+barriers.">Extended delivery of hydrophilic drugs from silicone-hydrogel contact lenses containing vitamin E diffusion barriers.</a> Biomaterials. 31, 4032-4047 (2010).</li><li>Hui, A., Willcox, M., Jones, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+and+in+vivo+evaluation+of+novel+ciprofloxacin-releasing+silicone+hydrogel+contact+lenses.">In vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel ciprofloxacin-releasing silicone hydrogel contact lenses.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 55, 4896-4904 (2014).</li><li>Boone, A., Hui, A., Jones, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uptake+and+release+of+dexamethasone+phosphate+from+silicone+hydrogel+and+group+I,+II,+and+IV+hydrogel+contact+lenses.">Uptake and release of dexamethasone phosphate from silicone hydrogel and group I, II, and IV hydrogel contact lenses.</a> Eye Contact Lens. 35, 260-267 (2009).</li><li>Lorentz, H., Heynen, M., Trieu, D., Hagedorn, S. J., Jones, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+tear+film+components+on+in+vitro+lipid+uptake.">The impact of tear film components on in vitro lipid uptake.</a> Optom Vis Sci. 89, 856-867 (2012).</li><li>Hall, B., Phan, C. M., Subbaraman, L., Jones, L. W., Forrest, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+versus+in+situ+techniques+for+measuring+surface-adsorbed+lysozyme.">Extraction versus in situ techniques for measuring surface-adsorbed lysozyme.</a> Optom Vis Sci. 91, 1062-1070 (2014).</li><li>Mishima, S., Gasset, A., Klyce, S. D., Baum, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+tear+volume+and+tear+flow.">Determination of tear volume and tear flow.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 5, 264-276 (1966).</li><li>Nichols, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+TFOS+international+workshop+on+contact+lens+discomfort:+executive+summary.">The TFOS international workshop on contact lens discomfort: executive summary.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 54, 7-13 (2013).</li><li>Peng, C. C., Burke, M. T., Carbia, B. E., Plummer, C., Chauhan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extended+drug+delivery+by+contact+lenses+for+glaucoma+therapy.">Extended drug delivery by contact lenses for glaucoma therapy.</a> J Control Release. 162, 152-158 (2012).</li><li>Faschinger, C., Mossbock, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+24+h+monitoring+of+changes+in+intraocular+pressure+with+the+wireless+contact+lens+sensor+Triggerfish.+First+results+in+patients.">Continuous 24 h monitoring of changes in intraocular pressure with the wireless contact lens sensor Triggerfish. First results in patients.</a> Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft. 107, 918-922 (2010).</li><li>Shaw, A. J., Davis, B. A., Collins, M. J., Carney, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+to+measure+eyelid+pressure+using+piezoresistive+sensors.">A technique to measure eyelid pressure using piezoresistive sensors.</a> IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering. 56, 2512-2517 (2009).</li><li>Liao, Y. T., Yao, H. F., Lingley, A., Parviz, B., Otis, B. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+3-mu+W+CMOS+glucose+sensor+for+wireless+contact-lens+tear+glucose+monitoring.">A 3-mu W CMOS glucose sensor for wireless contact-lens tear glucose monitoring.</a> Ieee J Solid-St Circ. 47, 335-344 (2012).</li><li>Coster, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cornea. , (2002).</li><li>Parekh, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+technique+for+in+situ+excision+of+cornea+and+evisceration+of+retinal+tissue+from+human+ocular+globe.">A simplified technique for in situ excision of cornea and evisceration of retinal tissue from human ocular globe.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , e3765 (2012).</li><li>Way, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gear+and+pinion.">Gear and pinion.</a> US patent. , (1942).</li><li>Lorentz, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contact+lens+physical+properties+and+lipid+deposition+in+a+novel+characterized+artificial+tear+solution.">Contact lens physical properties and lipid deposition in a novel characterized artificial tear solution.</a> Molecular vision. 17, 3392-3405 (2011).</li><li>Furukawa, R. E., Polse, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+tear+flow+accompanying+aging.">Changes in tear flow accompanying aging.</a> American journal of optometry and physiological optics. 55, 69-74 (1978).</li><li>Bajgrowicz, M., Phan, C. M., Subbaraman, L., Jones, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Release+of+ciprofloxacin+and+moxifloxacin+from+daily+disposable+contact+lenses+from+an+in+vitro+eye+model.">Release of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin from daily disposable contact lenses from an in vitro eye model.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. , (2015).</li><li>Luensmann, D., Zhang, F., Subbaraman, L., Sheardown, H., Jones, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+lysozyme+sorption+to+conventional+and+silicone+hydrogel+contact+lenses+using+confocal+microscopy.">Localization of lysozyme sorption to conventional and silicone hydrogel contact lenses using confocal microscopy.</a> Current eye research. 34, 683-697 (2009).</li><li>Tieppo, A., Pate, K. M., Byrne, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+controlled+release+of+an+anti-inflammatory+from+daily+disposable+therapeutic+contact+lenses+under+physiological+ocular+tear+flow.">In vitro controlled release of an anti-inflammatory from daily disposable therapeutic contact lenses under physiological ocular tear flow.</a> Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 81, 170-177 (2012).</li><li>Ali, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zero-order+therapeutic+release+from+imprinted+hydrogel+contact+lenses+within+in+vitro+physiological+ocular+tear+flow.">Zero-order therapeutic release from imprinted hydrogel contact lenses within in vitro physiological ocular tear flow.</a> J Control Release. 124, 154-162 (2007).</li><li>White, C. J., McBride, M. K., Pate, K. M., Tieppo, A., Byrne, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extended+release+of+high+molecular+weight+hydroxypropyl+methylcellulose+from+molecularly+imprinted,+extended+wear+silicone+hydrogel+contact+lenses.">Extended release of high molecular weight hydroxypropyl methylcellulose from molecularly imprinted, extended wear silicone hydrogel contact lenses.</a> Biomaterials. 32, 5698-5705 (2011).</li><li>Kaczmarek, J. C., Tieppo, A., White, C. J., Byrne, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjusting+biomaterial+composition+to+achieve+controlled+multiple-day+release+of+dexamethasone+from+an+extended-wear+silicone+hydrogel+contact+lens.">Adjusting biomaterial composition to achieve controlled multiple-day release of dexamethasone from an extended-wear silicone hydrogel contact lens.</a> J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 25, 88-100 (2014).</li><li>Mohammadi, S., Postnikoff, C., Wright, A. M., Gorbet, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+development+of+an+in+vitro+tear+replenishment+system.">Design and development of an in vitro tear replenishment system.</a> Ann Biomed Eng. 42, 1923-1931 (2014).</li><li>Lorentz, H., Heynen, M., Khan, W., Trieu, D., Jones, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+intermittent+air+exposure+on+lipid+deposition.">The impact of intermittent air exposure on lipid deposition.</a> Optom Vis Sci. 89, 1574-1581 (2012).</li><li>Peng, C. C., Fajardo, N. P., Razunguzwa, T., Radke, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+spoilation+of+silicone-hydrogel+soft+contact+lenses+in+a+model-blink+cell.">In vitro spoilation of silicone-hydrogel soft contact lenses in a model-blink cell.</a> Optom Vis Sci. 92, 768-780 (2015).</li><li>Liu, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissolution+studies+of+poorly+soluble+drug+nanosuspensions+in+non-sink+conditions.">Dissolution studies of poorly soluble drug nanosuspensions in non-sink conditions.</a> AAPS PharmSciTech. 14, 748-756 (2013).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

設計と製造の金型（1.1節）、プラットフォームアセンブリ（セクション2.2.1-2.2.3）、および実験操作を監視する（セクション2.2.4-2.2.7：特別な注意を必要とするプロトコル内の3つの重要なステップがあります。 ）。カビ（セクション1.1）の設計と生産の面では、眼球の作品は、人間の角膜の寸法に応じて設計されるべきです。眼球片が完全に商業コンタクトレンズ（CL）に収まるように作成?...

コンタクトレンズ（CL）アリーナ内の関心のある二つの重要な領域は、不快感や小説CLアプリケーションの開発が含まれています。 CLの不快感を根底にあるメカニズムを解明することは、新規の開発8。何十年もの間、フィールドの目を逃れている問題であるような薬物送達デバイス1,3,9およびバイオセンサーなどの機能のCL、10月12日には、関心の領域ですかなりの潜在的な市場と。両方の状況では、 インビトロモデルにおける高度な開発フェーズの間、適切なレンズ材料又は設計特性を選択することを支援するための関連情報を提供するであろう。残念ながら、のCLおよび他の眼関連のアプリケーションを評価するためのin vitroモデルの電流は比較的原油と洗練されていないです。伝統的に、涙液層の堆積または薬物送達を評価するin vitroでのCLの研究は、固定された流体体積を含む静的な、大容量のバイアル中で行われるのGreATLY生理量を超えています。さらに、この単純なモデルは、自然の涙流れ成分と点滅反射を欠いている眼の環境の要因を定義しているどちらも。 洗練されたの開発は、生理学的に関連の眼」モデルは、「学際的なアプローチを必要とし、実質的なin vivoでの検証が必要になります。これらの理由から、私たちのin vitro眼モデルのための基本的な枠組みは、モデルが継続的に将来のアップグレードおよび変調によって改善することができるように、汎用性の高いです。現在までに、モデルは、涙液量、涙液の流れ、機械的摩耗及び空気曝露をシミュレートすることが可能です。その目的は、in vivoおよびex vivo観察中に予測し、無料で意味のある結果を提供するin vitroモデルを作成することです。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1129">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">Arduino Uno R3 (Atmega328 - assembled)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Adafruit</td>
			<td style="width:451px;">50</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">Board</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Stepper motor</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Adafruit</td>
			<td style="width:451px;">324</td>
			<td>Motor and Motor shield</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Equal Leg Coupler 1.6mm 1/16&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:451px;">CA11009-280</td>
			<td>50 pcs of tube connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Tubing PT/SIL 1/16&#34;x1/8&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:451px;">16211-316</td>
			<td>Case of 50feet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">PDMS</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:451px;">Sylgard 184 Solar Cell Encapsulation</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Agarose, Type 1-A, low EEO</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:451px;">A0169-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">PHD UltraTM</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:451px;">703006</td>
			<td>MicroFluidic Pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">Bovine cornea</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Cargill, Guelph/ON</td>
			<td style="width:451px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">Soldidworks</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Dassault Systemes</td>
			<td style="width:451px;"></td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:281px;">3-D printing</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">University of Waterloo - 3D Print Centre</td>
			<td style="width:451px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">Dissection tools</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:451px;"></td>
			<td>General dissection tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Medium 199</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:451px;"></td>
			<td>Culture medium storage for cornea</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:451px;"></td>
			<td>Add to culture medium, 3% total volume</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of an in vitro ocular platform to test contact lenses

Currently, in vitro evaluations of contact lenses (CLs) for drug delivery are typically performed in large volume vials,1-6 which fail to mimic physiological tear volumes.7 The traditional model also lacks the natural tear flow component and the blinking reflex, both of which are defining factors of the ocular environment. The development of a novel model is described in this study, which consists of a unique 2-piece design, eyeball and eyelid piece, capable of mimicking physiological tear volume. The models are created from 3-D printed molds (Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon molds), which can be used to generate eye models from various polymers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and agar. Further modifications to the eye pieces, such as the integration of an explanted human or animal cornea or human corneal construct, will permit for more complex in vitro ocular studies. A commercial microfluidic syringe pump is integrated with the platform to emulate physiological tear secretion. Air exposure and mechanical wear are achieved using two mechanical actuators, of which one moves the eyelid piece laterally, and the other moves the eyeballeyepiece circularly. The model has been used to evaluate CLs for drug delivery and deposition of tear components on CLs.

機械工場から3-D印刷から得られる合成目の鋳型は、 図1に示されている。これらの型は、所望の特性を有する接眼レンズを製造するために、例えば、アガロースPDMSとのようなポリマーの様々な使用することができます。マイクロ流体シリンジポンプと眼モデルプラットフォームの合図アセンブリは、図2に示されている。プラットフォームは?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses at JoVE.com

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

コンタクトレンズ（のCL）および他の眼関連のアプリケーションを評価するための現在のin vitroモデルは厳しく制限されています。提示眼のプラットフォームは、生理的な涙の流れ、涙ボリューム、空気暴露と機械的摩耗をシミュレートします。このシステムは、非常に汎用性とのCLで分析インビトロで種々に適用することができます。

開発<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;眼プラットフォームはコンタクトレンズをテストします

Currently, in vitro evaluations of contact lenses (CLs) for drug delivery are typically performed in large volume vials,1-6 which fail to mimic ...

development-of-an-in-vitro-ocular-platform-to-test-contact-lenses

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

10.5K ビュー.  University of Waterloo. コンタクトレンズ（のCL）および他の眼関連のアプリケーションを評価するための現在のin vitroモデルは厳しく制限されています。提示眼のプラットフォームは、生理的な涙の流れ、涙ボリューム、空気暴露と機械的摩耗をシミュレートします。このシステムは、非常に汎用性とのCLで分析インビトロで種々に適用することができます。 

ビデオ: Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

人間の3次元の組織工学<em&gt; in vitroで</em&gt;腫瘍テストシステム

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

生物工学

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

Biomimetic enamel reconstruction is a significant topic in material science and dentistry as a novel approach for the treatment of dental caries or erosion. Amelogenin has been proven to be a critical protein for controlling the organized growth of apatite crystals. In this paper, we present a detailed protocol for superficial enamel reconstruction by using a novel amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel. Compared to other conventional treatments, such as topical fluoride and mouthwash, this method not only has the potential to prevent the development of dental caries but also promotes significant and durable enamel restoration. The organized enamel-like microstructure regulated by amelogenin assemblies can significantly improve the mechanical properties of etched enamel, while the dense enamel-restoration interface formed by an in situ regrowth of apatite crystals can improve the effectiveness and durability of restorations. Furthermore, chitosan hydrogel is easy to use and can suppress bacterial infection, which is the major risk factor for the occurrence of dental caries. Therefore, this biocompatible and biodegradable amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel shows promise as a biomaterial for the prevention, restoration, and treatment of defective enamel.

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

In this article, we describe a protocol for fabricating an amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel for superficial enamel reconstruction. Organized in situ growth of apatite crystals in the hydrogel formed a dense enamel-restoration interface, which will improve the effectiveness and durability of restorations.

用アメロゲニン - キトサンハイドロゲルの開発<em&gt;体外</em高密度インターフェイス付き&gt;エナメル再成長

Biomimetic enamel reconstruction is a significant topic in material science and dentistry as a novel approach for the treatment of dental caries or ...

Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and accurate assessment of ocular toxicity in man are needed. To address this need, we have developed an eye irritation test (EIT) which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model that is based on normal human cells. The EIT is able to separate ocular&#160;irritants and corrosives (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category). The test utilizes two separate protocols, one designed for liquid chemicals and a second, similar protocol for solid test articles. The EIT prediction model uses a single exposure period (30 min for liquids, 6 hr for solids) and a single tissue viability cut-off (60.0% as determined by the MTT assay). Based on the results for 83 chemicals (44 liquids and 39 solids) EIT achieved 95.5/68.2/ and 81.8% sensitivity/specificity and accuracy (SS&#38;A) for liquids, 100.0/68.4/ and 84.6% SS&#38;A for solids, and 97.6/68.3/ and 83.1% for overall SS&#38;A. The EIT will contribute significantly to classifying the ocular irritation potential of a wide range of liquid and solid chemicals without the use of animals to meet regulatory testing requirements. The EpiOcular EIT method was implemented in 2015 into the OECD Test Guidelines as TG 492.

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

We have developed an eye irritation test which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model. The test is able to discriminate between ocular irritant and corrosive materials (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category).

再構成ヒト角膜上皮様（RHCE）組織モデルを使用して眼刺激性化学物質の有害性の同定のための眼刺激性試験（EIT）

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and ...

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards vascular disease pathologies. Unhealthy arteries often present with wall stiffening, scarring, or partial stenosis which may all affect fluid flow rates, and the magnitude of pulsatile flow, or pulsatility index. Replication of various flow conditions is the result of tuning a flow pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump. Introduction of air within a closed flow system allows for a compressible medium to absorb pulsatile pressure from the pump, and therefore vary the pulsatility index. The method described herein is simply reproduced, with highly controllable input, and easily measurable results. Some limitations are recreation of the complex physiological pulse waveform, which is only approximated by the system. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts are affected by the blood flow through the artery. The dynamic component of blood flow is determined by the cardiac output and arterial wall compliance. Vascular cell mechano-transduction of flow dynamics may trigger cytokine release and cross-talk between cell types within the artery. Co-culture of vascular cells is a more accurate picture reflecting cell-cell interaction on the blood vessel wall and vascular response to mechanical signaling. Contribution of flow dynamics, including the cell response to the dynamic and mean (or steady) components of flow, is therefore an important metric in determining disease pathology and treatment efficacy. Through introducing an in vitro co-culture model and pressure damping downstream of blood pump which produces simulated cardiac output, various arterial disease pathologies may be investigated.

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

This protocol replicates physiological or pathological blood flow in vitro to aid in determining cell response in disease pathologies. By introducing a pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump, blood flow across the vasculature can be recapitulated and imposed on a monolayer of vascular endothelium or a mimetic co-culture.

血管細胞リモデリングの研究への応用生理学的および病理学的血流のインビトロモデル

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards ...

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and dampen loads in the spine. The IVD consists of a proteoglycan-rich nucleus pulposus (NP) and a collagen-rich annulus fibrosis (AF) sandwiched by cartilaginous end-plates. Together with the adjacent vertebrae, the vertebrae-IVD structure forms a functional spine unit (FSU). These microstructures contain unique cell types as well as unique extracellular matrices. Whole organ culture of the FSU preserves the native extracellular matrix, cell differentiation phenotypes, and cellular-matrix interactions. Thus, organ culture techniques are particularly useful for investigating the complex biological mechanisms of the IVD. Here, we describe a high-throughput approach for culturing whole lumbar mouse FSUs that provides an ideal platform for studying disease mechanisms and therapies for the IVD. Furthermore, we describe several applications that utilize this organ culture method to conduct further studies including contrast-enhanced microCT imaging and three-dimensional high-resolution finite element modeling of the IVD.

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Whole organ culture of the intervertebral disc (IVD) preserves the native extracellular matrix, cell phenotypes, and cellular-matrix interactions. Here we describe an IVD culture system using mouse lumbar and caudal IVDs in their functional spinal units and several applications utilizing this system.

アン<em&gt;インビトロ</emマウス椎間板の&gt;器官培養モデル

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and ...

Assembly and Tracking of Microbial Community Development within a Microwell Array Platform

The development of microbial communities depends on a combination of complex deterministic and stochastic factors that can dramatically alter the spatial distribution and activities of community members. We have developed a microwell array platform that can be used to rapidly assemble and track thousands of bacterial communities in parallel. This protocol highlights the utility of the platform and describes its use for optically monitoring the development of simple, two-member communities within an ensemble of arrays within the platform. This demonstration uses two mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, part of a series of mutants developed to study Type VI secretion pathogenicity. Chromosomal inserts of either mCherry or GFP genes facilitate the constitutive expression of fluorescent proteins with distinct emission wavelengths that can be used to monitor community member abundance and location within each microwell. This protocol describes a detailed method for assembling mixtures of bacteria into the wells of the array and using time-lapse fluorescence imaging and quantitative image analysis to measure the relative growth of each member population over time. The seeding and assembly of the microwell platform, the imaging procedures necessary for the quantitative analysis of microbial communities within the array, and the methods that can be used to reveal interactions between microbial species area all discussed.

The development of microbial communities depends on a combination of factors, including environmental architecture, member abundance, traits, and interactions. This protocol describes a synthetic, microfabricated environment for the simultaneous tracking of thousands of communities contained in femtoliter wells, where key factors such as niche size and confinement can be approximated.

マイクロウェルアレイプラットフォーム内での微生物コミュニティ開発の組み立てと追跡

The development of microbial communities depends on a combination of complex deterministic and stochastic factors that can dramatically alter the spatial ...

Development of an Electrochemical DNA Biosensor to Detect a Foodborne Pathogen

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, significantly affecting the rate of human mortality and morbidity. Conventional methods for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus such as culture-based methods, immunological assays, and molecular-based methods require complicated sample handling and are time-consuming, tedious, and costly. Recently, biosensors have proven to be a promising and comprehensive detection method with the advantages of fast detection, cost-effectiveness, and practicality. This research focuses on developing a rapid method of detecting V. parahaemolyticus with high selectivity and sensitivity using the principles of DNA hybridization. In the work, characterization of synthesized polylactic acid-stabilized gold nanoparticles (PLA-AuNPs) was achieved using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). We also carried out further testing of stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of the PLA-AuNPs. We found that the PLA-AuNPs formed a sound structure of stabilized nanoparticles in aqueous solution. We also observed that the sensitivity improved as a result of the smaller charge transfer resistance (Rct) value and an increase of active surface area (0.41 cm2). The development of our DNA biosensor was based on modification of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with PLA-AuNPs and using methylene blue (MB) as the redox indicator. We assessed the immobilization and hybridization events by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). We found that complementary, non-complementary, and mismatched oligonucleotides were specifically distinguished by the fabricated biosensor. It also showed reliably sensitive detection in cross-reactivity studies against various food-borne pathogens and in the identification of V. parahaemolyticus in fresh cockles.

A protocol for the development of an electrochemical DNA biosensor comprising a polylactic acid-stabilized, gold nanoparticles-modified, screen-printed carbon electrode to detect Vibrio parahaemolyticus is presented.

食品由来病原体を検出する電気化学的 DNA のバイオ センサーの開発

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, ...

An Ultrahigh-throughput Microfluidic Platform for Single-cell Genome Sequencing

Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of cellular heterogeneity in biological systems. However, single-cell sequencing of large populations has been hampered by limitations in processing genomes for sequencing. In this paper, we describe a method for single-cell genome sequencing (SiC-seq) which uses droplet microfluidics to isolate, amplify, and barcode the genomes of single cells. Cell encapsulation in microgels allows the compartmentalized purification and tagmentation of DNA, while a microfluidic merger efficiently pairs each genome with a unique single-cell oligonucleotide barcode, allowing &gt;50,000 single cells to be sequenced per run. The sequencing data is demultiplexed by barcode, generating groups of reads originating from single cells. As a high-throughput and low-bias method of single-cell sequencing, SiC-seq will enable a broader range of genomic studies targeted at diverse cell populations.

Single-cell sequencing reveals genotypic heterogeneity in biological systems, but current technologies lack the throughput necessary for the deep profiling of community composition and function. Here, we describe a microfluidic workflow for sequencing &gt;50,000 single-cell genomes from diverse cell populations.

単一細胞のゲノムの配列のための超高スループット マイクロ流体プラットフォーム

Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of ...

Rodent Behavioral Testing to Assess Functional Deficits Caused by Microelectrode Implantation in the Rat Motor Cortex

Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes demonstrate the ability to record action potentials from individual or small groups of neurons. Such recorded signals have successfully been used to allow patients to interface with or control&#160;computers, robotic limbs, and their own limbs. However, previous animal studies have shown that a microelectrode implantation in the brain not only damages the surrounding tissue but can also result in functional deficits. Here, we discuss a series of behavioral tests to quantify potential motor impairments following the implantation of intracortical microelectrodes into the motor cortex of a rat. The methods for open field grid, ladder crossing, and grip strength testing provide valuable information regarding the potential complications resulting from a microelectrode implantation. The results of the behavioral testing are correlated with endpoint histology, providing additional information on the pathological outcomes and impacts of this procedure on the adjacent tissue.

We have shown that a microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex of rats causes immediate and lasting motor deficits. The methods proposed herein outline a microelectrode implantation surgery and three rodent behavioral tasks to elucidate potential changes in the fine or gross motor function due to implantation-caused damage to the motor cortex.

ラット皮質運動野の微小電極注入による機能的障害を評価するためにテスト行動の齧歯動物

Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes ...

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Due to the rapid development and implementation of a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), exposure to ENM is inevitable and the development of robust, predictive in vitro test systems is essential. Hepatic toxicology is key when considering ENM exposure, as the liver serves a vital role in metabolic homeostasis and detoxification as well as being a major site of ENM accumulation post exposure. Based upon this and the accepted understanding that 2D hepatocyte models do not accurately mimic the complexities of intricate multi-cellular interactions and metabolic activity observed in vivo, there is a greater focus on the development of physiologically relevant 3D liver models tailored for ENM hazard assessment purposes in vitro. In line with the principles of the 3Rs to replace, reduce and refine animal experimentation, a 3D HepG2 cell-line based liver model has been developed, which is a user friendly, cost effective system that can support both extended and repeated ENM exposure regimes (&#8804;14 days). These spheroid models (&#8805;500 &#181;m in diameter) retain their proliferative capacity (i.e., dividing cell models) allowing them to be coupled with the &#8216;gold standard&#8217; micronucleus assay to effectively assess genotoxicity in vitro. Their ability to report on a range of toxicological endpoints (e.g., liver function, (pro-)inflammatory response, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity) has been characterized using several ENMs across both acute (24 h) and long-term (120 h) exposure regimes. This 3D in vitro hepatic model has the capacity to be utilized for evaluating more realistic ENM exposures, thereby providing a future in vitro approach to better support ENM hazard assessment in a routine and easily accessible manner.

This procedure was established to be used for developing advanced 3D hepatic cultures in vitro, which can provide a more physiologically relevant assessment of the genotoxic hazards associated with nanomaterial exposures over both an acute or long-term, repeated dose regimes.

長期ナノ材料暴露後のインビトロ遺伝子毒性試験のための高度な3D肝モデル

Due to the rapid development and implementation of a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), exposure to ENM is inevitable and the development of ...