We thank Dr. Jordi Ochando from the Flow Cytometry Shared Resources at the Mount Sinai Medical Center for their assistance in flow cytometry analysis. We thank Dr. Rumana Huq from the Microscopy Shared Resource Facility at the Mount Sinai Medical Center for their imaging assistance. The authors thank the TJ Martell Foundation for its support in this project.

このプロトコルは、制度の研究倫理委員会から承認を得て、私たちの施設で行われ、人間の福祉のためにすべての、機関、国、国際的なガイドラインに準拠しているされています。 進行前立腺癌患者からの末梢血の1コレクション注：転移性前立腺癌患者を選択します。書面による患者の同意を得て、分離時の年齢と前化学療法とホルモン治療など、患者の臨床的特徴を、記録します。転移性疾患を有する患者は、潜在的に、末梢血中のCTCの最高濃度を持っています。 <ol><li>インフォームドコンセントの後、適切な治験審査委員会は、プロトコルを承認の下に血液サンプルを収集します。作業中のラテックス手袋、白衣を着用してください。 </li><li> 25のG翼状針とチューブは、針ホルダに接続します。の面積をきれいにアルコール綿を使用して上腕と前腕の間の肘正中静脈は、その後、患者の上腕に止血帯を適用します。 </li><li>肘前静脈に翼状針を挿入し、収集を開始するために、ニードルホルダーに採血管を押してください。凝固を防ぐために、エチレンジアミン四酢酸（EDTA）を含有する回収チューブ内の血液の約10 mlのを集めます。 </li><li>患者から翼状針を外し、1分間静脈穿刺部位の上に滅菌ガーゼパッドで圧力をかけます。滅菌包帯でカバーサイト。 </li></ol>単核細胞の単離2。 注：ステップ1から採取した血液は、単核のCTCに加えて、末梢血単核細胞（PBMC）（例えば、リンパ球および単球）が含まれています。 <ol><li> 5ミリリットル血清学的ピペットで50mlポリスチレンコニカルチューブにピペットの全血を1にハンクス平衡塩溶液（HBSS）を追加：1の比率。静かにピペット混合物を均質化します。 </li><li>空の50 mlのポリスチレンコニカルチューブに低速密度勾配遠心分離により、血液成分を分離するために、商業的に調製した溶液（フィコール - パック）を15mlを加えます。 </li><li>静かに明確なトップ層を形成するために、ステップ2.2からポリスチレンチューブに、ステップ2.1から、全血およびHBSS混合物をピペット。溶液の混合を最小限にするために、最も低い設定に設定ピペット、これは、効率的な分離を確実にします。 </li><li> RT（25℃）で30分間、400×gで遠心分離します。分離後の溶液の混合を防止するために、最も低い設定に設定減速度。加速度を任意の速度に設定してもよいです。 </li><li>遠心分離した後、チューブの底の上部と分離ソリューションにプラズマとの間の層に挟まPBMCおよびCTCの薄い白灰色のストライプを識別します。 </li><li>プラスチック製トランスファーピペットを用いて50mLのポリスチレンチューブにステップ2.5でホワイトグレーストライプから細胞を収集します。 </li><li> PBMCおよびCTCをとCで50mlポリスチレンコニカルチューブにHBSSを追加10分RTは洗浄するために、400×gで再びentrifuge。 </li><li>洗浄するために、室温で3分間400×gで再びHBSSと遠心50mlの液体再懸濁ペレットをデカントします。 </li><li>上清を捨て、赤血球溶解緩衝液5mlで残ったペレットを再懸濁し、室温で5分間この溶液をインキュベートします。 </li><li> RTで3分間、400×gでの遠心分離によって赤血球溶解緩衝液を除去します。 </li><li>上清を捨て、1mlのPBS 1Xでペレットを再懸濁前に抗体染色にブロックするために、10％ウシ胎児血清（FBS）を補充しました。 </li></ol>蛍光活性化細胞選別（FACS）のためのCD45-FITC抗体で染色3.単核細胞<ol><li>血球計数器または自動細胞カウンターを用いて（ステップ2.11）から実行可能（トリパンブルー陰性）細胞の数を定量化します。 （10％FBSを含むPBS 1Xで）1×10 6細胞 / mlの懸濁液を調製し、1時間氷の上に置きます。 </li><li>定量化を配布2つのチューブに前のステップからの細胞懸濁液。制御およびCD45染色などのラベルチューブ。 </li><li> 250：コントロールチューブでは、1の希釈でIgG1κ型-FITC（2.5μgの/ ml）を追加します。 CD45染色チューブでは、1の希釈でCD45 FITC（2.5 / mlの）結合一次抗体を追加します。250、30分間氷上で細胞懸濁液をインキュベートします。 CD45抗原の標識は、造血細胞を排除するために使用されます。 </li><li> 4℃で3分間400×gで細胞を遠心分離し、上清を捨てます。 </li><li>滅菌1×PBSで各ペレットを懸濁させることによって、細胞を2回洗浄し、4℃で3分間、400×gで遠心分離し、10％FBSを補充しました。 </li><li> 10μg/ mlの濃度の4 &#39;、6-ジアミジノ-2-フェニルインドール（DAPI）を含むPBS 1×1mlの溶液中に細胞を再懸濁。 </li><li> 12ミリメートル×75ミリメートルのポリスチレン管に35μmのストレーナーキャップを通して最終的なソリューションをフィルタリングします。 </li></ol>前立腺CTCの4単離することによってFACS 注：ライブCD45負のCTCを収集するために、フローサイトメーターを利用しています。 <ol><li> 「コントロールを。」と表示されたチューブからの細胞を使用して補償制御を設定</li><li>破片や、適切な前方散乱および側方散乱パラメータを使用して、細胞のクラスターを除外ゲートを作成します。 </li><li>ラベルされたチューブから、細胞懸濁液を用いて、FITCゲートを確立する「CD45-FITC。」 </li><li>パシフィックブルーチャンネルを用いたゲート実行可能（DAPI陰性）細胞。 </li><li>ロズウェルパーク記念研究所（RPMI）1640の2ミリリットルを含む滅菌15ミリリットルポリスチレンコニカルチューブにCD45陰性集団を収集し、10％FBSを補充しました。 </li><li> 10％FBSを補充したRPMI500μlの - 遠心3分間400×gでソートされた前立腺腫瘍細胞懸濁液は、その後、200でペレットを再懸濁します。 </li></ol>マウスおよび異種移植片の成長のモニタリングにCTCの5インジェクション注意：制度的動物管理委員会により承認されたプロトコルに準拠したすべての動物の手順を実施します。このプロトコルは、すべての関連する規制や制度機関、規制やガイドラインに従ってやコンプライアンスに私たちの動物ケア委員会によって承認された特定の動物を使用する議定書の下で私たちの施設で行われています。 <ol><li>氷上で1比と場所：1で、細胞外マトリックスとソートされた前立腺腫瘍細胞懸濁液を混ぜます。 </li><li>酸素を1L /分で5％（v / v）の吸入イソフルランを供給するチャンバで皮下移植する前に、マウスを麻酔。マウスでは、角膜やつま先反射の消失を確認することにより、適切な麻酔を確認してください。 </li><li> 25 G針および1mlシリンジを用いて、8~10週齢の雄の免疫不全マウスの両方の上部側面に前立腺腫瘍細胞および細胞外マトリックスの細胞懸濁液を皮下の250μLを注入します。注入量をiとして関係なく、CTCの濃度の250μLを注入mportant値。マウスの最大のSQ投与はわずか1 mlです。 &#160;</li><li>皮下結節性密度の成長のためのマウスの注射部位の毎週触診を行うことによって、および週2回、マウスの体重を測定することにより、マウスを監視します。 </li><li>腫瘍の大きさは、分子分析および連続継代のために十分な腫瘍組織を確実にするために、以上0.5 cmであり、最大直径が1cm未満である場合に頸椎脱臼および収穫皮下ヒト前立腺癌異種移植片に続く二酸化炭素窒息によりマウスを安楽死させます。無腫瘍にもかかわらず、苦痛または15％の体重減少の徴候を有するマウスを安楽死さが触知可能です。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

この原稿は、CTCのから前立腺癌PDXモデルを生成するための方法を説明します。 PDXを生成するためのCTCの使用 既存の方法と比較した場合のモデルはいくつかの潜在的な重要な利点を有します。まず、末梢血からのCTCのアクセスコレクションは、異なる疾患段階で同じ患者からの実験モデルを生成することができます。第二に、血液採取は、腫瘍細胞の収集のための外科的処置を必...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/53182">Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells</a>. There was a spelling error in one of the authors' surname. The author's name was corrected from:
Veronica Rodriquez-Bravo
to:
Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo

A correction was made to Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells.

Erratum: Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells

患者由来の異種移植片は、癌の研究のために使用ますます人気の実験モデルです。彼らは、バイオマーカーおよび生物学的経路の特性、薬効の前臨床評価、およびパーソナライズされた癌治療のための1,2のアバターを作成するために使用することができます。以前は、他の研究グループは、免疫不全マウス1に単一の腫瘍細胞懸濁液または全腫瘍外植片を移植または注入のいずれかによってPDXモデルを開発しました。これらのPDX モデルは高価でもあると医原性罹患のリスク増加に患者を公開し、外科的処置を受けている患者からの新鮮な固形腫瘍、悪性腹水や胸水の外科的コレクションを必要とします。 癌研究における重要な最近の開発は、循環腫瘍細胞の検出、単離および特徴付けされています。これらの腫瘍細胞は、原発腫瘍塊から脱出し、循環に入ります彼らは転移や再発に重要な役割を果たしている場合には、癌の最も一般的な原因は、死亡率3を関連します。いくつかの固形腫瘍タイプからCTCの評価および特徴付けは、診断、予後、および残留疾患3を監視するための臨床情報を提供しています。物理的特性は、バイオマーカーの発現、またはCTCの機能的特徴のいずれかに依存する現在使用されている様々なアプローチは、効率的に4のCTC を単離することができます 。既存のマクロスケールCTCの単離方法は、密度勾配遠心分離、フィルター孔と表面分子に対する物理的な分離と濾過を含みます。最も広く使用されているCTCの分離方法は、CTCの抗体ベースのキャプチャに基づいています。細胞表面マーカーの正と負の両方の選択は、末梢血からのCTCを単離するために使用することができます。末梢循環中のCTCのための正の選択は、一般的に上皮マーカー （例えば、EpCAMを）を使用しますCTCのではなく、造血細胞上に発現再度。この方法の欠点は、転移の可能性を持つのCTCは、多くの場合、上皮-間葉3上皮表面マーカーを下方制御の移行（EMT）、受けているということです。白血球の正常な細胞集団を枯渇させる、転移の可能性、造血表面マーカー、CD45を用いた負の選択方法でのCTCを単離するために5を使用することができます。 前立腺癌は、最も一般的に診断される癌、男性6における癌関連死の主要な原因です。腫瘍進行及び攻撃性のメカニズムは完全には理解されていないので、発生および前立腺癌の分子不均一性を再現実験モデルの特徴は、かなりの関心があります。前立腺癌のPDXモデルがされています immunocomにヒト前立腺癌細胞の移植によって以前に生成されましたマウス7,8を約束しました。しかし、このようなモデルの生成は、主に疾患の無痛の性質に起因する免疫不全マウスへの前立腺癌の低い生着率によって妨げられてきました。最近、のCTCは、乳癌9、肺がん10および前立腺癌11 PDXモデルを生成するために使用されてきました。これらの概念実証研究では、外科的なサンプル収集の必要性とは無関係に、PDXモデルを生成する可能性を紹介しました。この記事では、具体的にこの新規実験モデルを生成するための方法について説明します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Corning Cell Gro</td>
			<td>21-031-CM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 &#181;m Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml polystyrene conical tube</td>
			<td>Crystalgen</td>
			<td>23-2263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red blood cell lysing buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R7757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>d3571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll-Paque Plus</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1440</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 mm x 75 mm Polystyrene tubes with cell strainer cap</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer Lavender Blood Collection Tubes with EDTA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Winged Blood Collection Set with Push Button Retract Needle 23 gauge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer One Use Needle Holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Latex Tourniquet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Latex or non-latex gloves</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alcohol swabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x2 cotton gauze pads</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive bandage</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 gauge needle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of prostate cancer patient derived xenograft models from circulating tumor cells

Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models are gaining popularity in cancer research and are used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, biologic studies, and personalized medicine strategies. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) play a critical role in tumor metastasis and have been isolated from patients with several tumor types. Recently, CTCs have been used to generate PDX experimental models of breast and prostate cancer. This manuscript details the method for the generation of prostate cancer PDX models from CTCs developed by our group. Advantages of this method over conventional PDX models include independence from surgical sample collection and generating experimental models at various disease stages. Density gradient centrifugation followed by red blood cell lysis and flow cytometry depletion of CD45 positive mononuclear cells is used to enrich CTCs from peripheral blood samples collected from patients with metastatic disease. The CTCs are then injected into immunocompromised mice; subsequently generated xenografts can be used for functional studies or harvested for molecular characterization. The primary limitation of this method is the negative selection method used for CTC enrichment. Despite this limitation, the generation of PDX models from CTCs provides a novel experimental model to be applied to prostate cancer research.

このプロトコルは、単離されたCD45陰性の前立腺癌のCTCからPDXモデルの生成につながります。我々のプロトコルで使用されるネガティブ選択法に基づいて、それはDAPI染色を用いて死細胞を排除することが必要です。フローサイトメトリーにより検出されたCD45陰性細胞の割合は可変であり、患者（ 図1A）の腫瘍量に依存します。白い矢印（ 図1B）に示されるように、CD4...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells

This manuscript details a method used to generate prostate cancer patient derived xenografts (PDXs) from circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The generation of PDX models from CTCs provides an alternative experimental model to study prostate cancer; the most commonly diagnosed tumor and a frequent cause of death from cancer in men.

前立腺癌患者の発生は、循環腫瘍細胞からの異種移植モデルを派生します

Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models are gaining popularity in cancer research and are used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, ...

generation-prostate-cancer-patient-derived-xenograft-models-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.0K ビュー.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. This manuscript details a method used to generate prostate cancer patient derived xenografts (PDXs) from circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The generation of PDX models from CTCs provides an alternative experimental model to study prostate cancer; the most commonly diagnosed tumor and a frequent cause of death from cancer in men.

ビデオ: Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

乳がんの遺伝子改変マウスモデル由来の初代前癌乳腺上皮細胞のタイムラプスイメージング

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

医学

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

CD133の患者由来の細胞培養および分離<sup&gt; +</supメラノーマから&gt;推定されるがん幹細胞

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

The majority of cancer-related deaths occur subsequent to the development of metastatic disease. This highly lethal disease stage is associated with the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). These rare cells have been demonstrated to be of clinical significance in metastatic breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The current gold standard in clinical CTC detection and enumeration is the FDA-cleared CellSearch system (CSS). This manuscript outlines the standard protocol utilized by this platform as well as two&#160;additional adapted protocols that describe the detailed process of user-defined marker optimization for protein characterization of patient CTCs and a comparable protocol for CTC capture in very low volumes of blood, using standard CSS reagents, for studying in vivo preclinical mouse models of metastasis. In addition, differences in CTC quality between healthy donor blood spiked with cells from tissue culture versus patient blood samples are highlighted. Finally, several commonly discrepant items that can lead to CTC misclassification errors are outlined. Taken together, these protocols will provide a useful resource for users of this platform interested in preclinical and clinical research pertaining to metastasis and CTCs.

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell CTC Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are prognostic in several metastatic cancers. This manuscript describes the gold standard CellSearch system (CSS) CTC enumeration platform and highlights common misclassification errors. In addition, two&#160;adapted protocols are described for user-defined marker characterization of CTCs and CTC enumeration in preclinical mouse models of metastasis using this technology.

臨床および前臨床研究用途のための半自動循環腫瘍細胞（CTC）アッセイの適応

The majority of cancer-related deaths occur subsequent to the development of metastatic disease. This highly lethal disease stage is associated with the ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

ヒト前立腺癌サンプルからがん幹細胞の単離

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

Metastasis is a process in which tumor cells shed from the primary tumor intravasate blood vascular and lymphatic system, thereby, gaining access to extravasate and form a secondary niche.&#160;The extravasation of tumor cells from the blood vascular system can be studied using endothelial cells (ECs) and tumor cells obtained from different cell lines.&#160;Initial studies were conducted using static conditions but it has been well documented that ECs behave differently under physiological flow conditions.&#160;Therefore, different flow chamber assemblies are currently being used to studying cancer cell interactions with ECs.&#160;Current flow chamber assemblies offer reproducible results using either different cell lines or fluid at different shear stress conditions.&#160;However, to observe and study interactions with rare cells such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), certain changes are required to be made to the conventional flow chamber assembly.&#160;CTCs are a rare cell population among millions of blood cells. Consequently, it is difficult to obtain a pure population of CTCs.&#160;Contamination of CTCs with different types of cells normally found in the circulation is inevitable using present enrichment or depletion techniques.&#160;In the present report, we describe a unique method to fluorescently label circulating prostate cancer cells and study their interactions with ECs in a self-assembled flow chamber system.&#160;This technique can be further applied to observe interactions between prostate CTCs and any protein of interest.

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

Our report describes a unique method to visualize and analyze CTC/EC interactions in prostate cancer under physiological flow conditions.

患者とヒト内皮細胞に由来する前立腺循環腫瘍細胞との間のE-セレクチン介在性の相互作用を観察するin vitro法での

Metastasis is a process in which tumor cells shed from the primary tumor intravasate blood vascular and lymphatic system, thereby, gaining access to ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Muscular Dystrophy Patients: Efficient Integration-free Reprogramming of Urine Derived Cells

Dystrophic cardiomyopathy is a poorly understood consequence of muscular dystrophy. Generating induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from patients with muscular dystrophy is an invaluable cellular source for in&#160;vitro disease model systems and can be used for drug screening studies. Patient-derived urine cells have been used in successful reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells in order to model dystrophic cardiomyopathy1. Addressing the safety concerns of integrating vector systems, we present a protocol using a non-integrating Sendai virus vector for transduction of Yamanaka factors into urine cells collected from patients with muscular dystrophy. This protocol generates fully reprogrammed clones within 2&#8211;3 weeks. The pluripotent cells are vector-free by passage-13. These dystrophic iPSCs can be differentiated into cardiomyocytes and used either to study disease mechanisms or for drug screening.

This protocol entails detailed procedures for isolation of urine derived cells from muscular dystrophy patients; their efficient and rapid reprogramming through Sendai virus transduction.

筋ジストロフィー患者から人工多能性幹細胞の生成：尿由来細胞の効率的な統合·フリーリプログラミング

Dystrophic cardiomyopathy is a poorly understood consequence of muscular dystrophy. Generating induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from patients with ...

Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling

The generation of patient-specific cell lines represents an invaluable tool for diagnostic or translational research, and these cells can be collected from skin or muscle biopsy tissue available during the patient&#8217;s diagnostic workup. In this protocol, we describe a technique for live cell isolation from small amounts of muscle or skin tissue for primary cell culture. Additionally, we provide a technique for the immortalization of myogenic cell lines and fibroblast cell lines from primary cells. Once cell lines are immortalized, substantial expansion of patient-derived cells can be achieved. Immortalized cells are amenable to many downstream applications, including drug screening and in vitro correction of the genetic mutation. Altogether, these protocols provide a reliable tool to generate and preserve patient-derived cells for downstream applications.

This protocol describes techniques for live cell isolation and primary culture of myogenic and fibroblast cell lines from muscle or skin tissue. A technique for the immortalization of these cell lines is also described. Altogether, these protocols provide a reliable tool to generate and preserve patient-derived cells for downstream applications.

病気のモデリングのための筋生検からの患者由来の細胞株の単離と不死

The generation of patient-specific cell lines represents an invaluable tool for diagnostic or translational research, and these cells can be collected ...

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor initiation and/or relapse. Clarifying the mechanisms by which these tumor-initiating cells (TICs) support tumor formation and progression could lead to the development of clinically favorable therapies. Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous and highly recurrent disease. Recent studies suggest TICs may play an important role in disease biology. We have identified culture conditions that enrich for TICs from ovarian cancer cell lines. Growing either adherent cells or non-adherent &#8216;floater&#8217; cells in a low attachment plate with serum free media in the presence of growth factors supports the propagation of ovarian cancer TICs with stem cell markers (CD133 and ALDH activity) and increased tumorigenicity without the need to physically separate the TICs from other cell types within the culture. Although the presence of floater cells is not common for all cell lines, this population of cells with innate low adherence may have high tumorigenic potential.Compared to adherent cells grown in the presence of serum, TICs readily form spheres, are significantly more tumorigenic in mice, and express putative stem cell markers. The conditions are easy to establish in a timely manner and can be used to study signaling pathways important for maintaining stem characteristics, and to identify drugs or combinations of drugs targeting TICs. The culture conditions described herein are applicable for a variety of ovarian cancer cells of epithelial origin and will be critical in providing new information about the role of TICs in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse.

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) may represent a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer, a highly recurrent and fatal disease. We present a protocol for culture conditions that enrich for this highly tumorigenic population of cells.

卵巣がんの腫瘍開始細胞の体外富化

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor ...

Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the lack of the bone microenvironment and auto/paracrine growth factors human MM cells are difficult to cultivate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish proper in vitro and in vivo culture systems to study the action of novel therapeutics on human MM cells. Here we present a model to grow human multiple myeloma cells in a complex 3D environment in vitro and in vivo. MM cell lines OPM-2 and RPMI-8226 were transfected to express the transgene GFP and were cultivated in the presence of human mesenchymal cells and collagen type-I matrix as three-dimensional spheroids. In addition, spheroids were grafted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos and tumor growth was monitored by stereo fluorescence microscopy. Both models allow the study of novel therapeutic drugs in a complex 3D environment and the quantification of the tumor cell mass after homogenization of grafts in a transgene-specific GFP-ELISA. Moreover, angiogenic responses of the host and invasion of tumor cells into the subjacent host tissue can be monitored daily by a stereo microscope and analyzed by immunohistochemical staining against human tumor cells (Ki-67, CD138, Vimentin) or host mural cells covering blood vessels (desmin/ASMA).
In conclusion, the onplant system allows studying MM cell growth and angiogenesis in a complex 3D environment and enables screening for novel therapeutic compounds targeting survival and proliferation of MM cells.

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cells require the supportive microenvironment of mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix components for survival and proliferation. We established an in vivo chicken embryo model with engrafted human myeloma and mesenchymal cells to study effects of cancer drugs on tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis.

腫瘍の増殖、浸潤及び血管新生を研究するために、ニワトリでのヒト多発性骨髄腫異種移植モデルの確立

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.