The authors thank Dr. Yoav Barak from the Chemistry Faculty, Weizmann Institute, for support and advice. This study was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant # 913/12), and by the Minerva Foundation with funding from the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research.

<ol>
	<li>Lodge, J. P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis. , (1988).</li><li>Costa, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+carbonaceous+aerosols+in+Emilia-Romagna+(Northern+Italy)+based+on+two+fall/winter+field+campaigns.">Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in Emilia-Romagna (Northern Italy) based on two fall/winter field campaigns.</a> Atmos. Res. , (2015).</li><li>Brent, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Development, enhancement, and evaluation of aircraft measurement techniques for national ambient air quality standard criteria pollutants [dissertation]. , (2014).</li><li>Okuda, T., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+methods+for+elemental+analysis+of+atmospheric+aerosols+for+evaluating+human+health+impacts+of+aerosols+in+East+Asia.">Improved methods for elemental analysis of atmospheric aerosols for evaluating human health impacts of aerosols in East Asia.</a> Atmos. Environ. 97, 552-555 (2014).</li><li>Hospodsky, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+airborne+fungal+and+bacterial+concentrations+and+emission+rates+in+six+occupied+children's+classrooms.">Characterizing airborne fungal and bacterial concentrations and emission rates in six occupied children's classrooms.</a> Indoor air. , (2014).</li><li>Bottos, E., Woo, A., Zawar-Reza, P., Pointing, S., Cary, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airborne+Bacterial+Populations+Above+Desert+Soils+of+the+McMurdo+Dry+Valleys,+Antarctica.">Airborne Bacterial Populations Above Desert Soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.</a> Microb. Ecol. 67, 120-128 (2014).</li><li>Ovadnevaite, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Submicron+NE+Atlantic+marine+aerosol+chemical+composition+and+abundance:+Seasonal+trends+and+air+mass+categorization.">Submicron NE Atlantic marine aerosol chemical composition and abundance: Seasonal trends and air mass categorization.</a> J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, (2014).</li><li>Lodge, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ES&amp;T+Books:+Methods+of+Air+Sampling+and+Analysis,+3rd+ed.">ES&amp;T Books: Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 3rd ed.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 938 (1989).</li><li>Pramod, K., Baron, P. A., Willeke, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications. , (2011).</li><li>Vincent, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Aerosol Sampling: Science, Standards, Instrumentation and Applications. , (2007).</li><li>Duquenne, P., Marchand, G., Duchaine, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+Endotoxins+in+Bioaerosols+at+Workplace:+A+Critical+Review+of+Literature+and+a+Standardization+Issue.">Measurement of Endotoxins in Bioaerosols at Workplace: A Critical Review of Literature and a Standardization Issue.</a> Ann. Occup. Hyg. 57, 137-172 (2013).</li><li>Okuda, T., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+methods+for+elemental+analysis+of+atmospheric+aerosols+for+evaluating+human+health+impacts+of+aerosols+in+East+Asia.">Improved methods for elemental analysis of atmospheric aerosols for evaluating human health impacts of aerosols in East Asia.</a> Atmos. Environ. 97, 552-555 (2014).</li><li>Lewtas, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Air+pollution+combustion+emissions:+Characterization+of+causative+agents+and+mechanisms+associated+with+cancer,+reproductive,+and+cardiovascular+effects.">Air pollution combustion emissions: Characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects.</a> Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. 636, 95-133 (2007).</li><li>Lang-Yona, N., Lehahn, Y., Herut, B., Burshtein, N., Rudich, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+aerosol+as+a+possible+source+for+endotoxins+in+coastal+areas.">Marine aerosol as a possible source for endotoxins in coastal areas.</a> Sci. Total. Environ. 499, 311-318 (2014).</li><li>Levin, J., Bang, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clottable+protein+in+Limulus:+its+localization+and+kinetics+of+its+coagulation+by+endotoxin.">Clottable protein in Limulus: its localization and kinetics of its coagulation by endotoxin.</a> Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 19, 186-197 (1968).</li><li>Heid, C. A., Stevens, J., Livak, K. J., Williams, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real+time+quantitative+PCR.">Real time quantitative PCR.</a> Genome Res. 6, 986-994 (1996).</li><li>O'Dowd, C. D., de Leeuw, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+aerosol+production:+a+review+of+the+current+knowledge.">Marine aerosol production: a review of the current knowledge.</a> Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 365, 1753-1774 (2007).</li><li>O'Dowd, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogenically+driven+organic+contribution+to+marine+aerosol.">Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol.</a> Nature. 431, 676-680 (2004).</li><li>Yang, R., Paparini, A., Monis, P., Ryan, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+next-generation+droplet+digital+PCR+(ddPCR)+with+quantitative+PCR+(qPCR)+for+enumeration+of+Cryptosporidium+oocysts+in+faecal+samples.">Comparison of next-generation droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with quantitative PCR (qPCR) for enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal samples.</a> Int. J. Parasitol. 44, 1105-1113 (2014).</li><li>Stetzenbach, L. D., Buttner, M. P., Cruz, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+enumeration+of+airborne+biocontaminants.">Detection and enumeration of airborne biocontaminants.</a> Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15, 170-174 (2004).</li><li>Dannemiller, K. C., Gent, J. F., Leaderer, B. P., Peccia, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+housing+characteristics+on+bacterial+and+fungal+communities+in+homes+of+asthmatic+children.">Influence of housing characteristics on bacterial and fungal communities in homes of asthmatic children.</a> Indoor air. , (2015).</li><li>Yamamoto, N., Hospodsky, D., Dannemiller, K. C., Nazaroff, W. W., Peccia, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indoor+emissions+as+a+primary+source+of+airborne+allergenic+fungal+particles+in+classrooms.">Indoor emissions as a primary source of airborne allergenic fungal particles in classrooms.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 5098-5106 (2015).</li><li>Yamamoto, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particle-size+distributions+and+seasonal+diversity+of+allergenic+and+pathogenic+fungi+in+outdoor+air.">Particle-size distributions and seasonal diversity of allergenic and pathogenic fungi in outdoor air.</a> ISME J. 6, 1801-1811 (2012).</li><li>Karottki, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+and+lung+function+in+relation+to+outdoor+and+indoor+exposure+to+fine+and+ultrafine+particulate+matter+in+middle-aged+subjects.">Cardiovascular and lung function in relation to outdoor and indoor exposure to fine and ultrafine particulate matter in middle-aged subjects.</a> Environ Int. 73, 372-381 (2014).</li><li>Guy, D., Hodges, N., Hanlon, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endotoxins+and+Depyrogenation.">Endotoxins and Depyrogenation.</a> Industrial Pharmaceutical Microbiology: Standards and Controls. , 12.1-12.15 (2003).</li><li>Thorne, P. S., Bartlett, K. H., Phipps, J., Kulhankova, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Five+Extraction+Protocols+for+Quantification+of+Endotoxin+in+Metalworking+Fluid+Aerosol.">Evaluation of Five Extraction Protocols for Quantification of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosol.</a> Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47, 31-36 (2003).</li><li>Thornton, B., Basu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+PCR+(qPCR)+primer+design+using+free+online+software.">Real-time PCR (qPCR) primer design using free online software.</a> Biochem. Mol. Biol. Educ. 39, 145-154 (2011).</li><li>Madigan, M. T., Clark, D. P., Stahl, D., Martinko, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Brock Biology of Microorganisms. , (2011).</li><li>Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Aerosol Measurement: Principles and Techniques. , 591-613 (2011).</li><li>Mueller-Anneling, L., Avol, E., Peters, J. M., Thorne, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ambient+endotoxin+concentrations+in+PM10+from+Southern+California.">Ambient endotoxin concentrations in PM10 from Southern California.</a> Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 583-588 (2004).</li><li>Hospodsky, D., Yamamoto, N., Peccia, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy,+Precision,+and+Method+Detection+Limits+of+Quantitative+PCR+for+Airborne+Bacteria+and+Fungi.">Accuracy, Precision, and Method Detection Limits of Quantitative PCR for Airborne Bacteria and Fungi.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 7004-7012 (2010).</li><li>Kutyavin, I. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3&#8242;-Minor+groove+binder-DNA+probes+increase+sequence+specificity+at+PCR+extension+temperatures.">3&#8242;-Minor groove binder-DNA probes increase sequence specificity at PCR extension temperatures.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 655-661 (2000).</li><li>Brankatschk, R., Bodenhausen, N., Zeyer, J., B&#252;rgmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+absolute+quantification+method+correcting+for+quantitative+PCR+efficiency+variations+for+microbial+community+samples.">Simple absolute quantification method correcting for quantitative PCR efficiency variations for microbial community samples.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 4481-4489 (2012).</li><li>Strober, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Appendix+3B,+Trypan+Blue+Exclusion+Test+of+Cell+Viability.">Appendix 3B, Trypan Blue Exclusion Test of Cell Viability.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Hollander, A., Heederik, D., Versloot, P., Douwes, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+and+enhancement+in+the+analysis+of+airborne+endotoxin+levels+in+various+occupational+environments.">Inhibition and enhancement in the analysis of airborne endotoxin levels in various occupational environments.</a> Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 54, 647-653 (1993).</li><li>Kennedy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> PCR troubleshooting and optimization : the essential guide. , (2011).</li><li>Joiner, T. J., Kraus, P. F., Kupiec, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Endotoxin+Testing+Methods+for+Pharmaceutical+Products.">Comparison of Endotoxin Testing Methods for Pharmaceutical Products.</a> Int J Pharm Compd. 6, 408-409 (2002).</li><li>Ebentier, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+repeatability+and+reproducibility+of+a+suite+of+qPCR-based+microbial+source+tracking+methods.">Evaluation of the repeatability and reproducibility of a suite of qPCR-based microbial source tracking methods.</a> Water Res. 47, 6839-6848 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

この作品は、フィルター上に採取したエアロゾル試料中のエンドトキシンおよび存在するDNAの両方を定量化するための抽出および検出方法について説明します。方法は、正確なルーチンを必要とし、限り実験者は、ここで説明するいくつかの本質的で重要なポイントに付着するように容易に行うことができます。 エンドトキシン検出ステップでは、ライセート溶液は非?...

フィルター上の空気サンプリングは、大気エアロゾル研究の基本的なツールである。1サンプリングフィルタは、様々な化学的、物理的、および収集した周囲の粒子の生物学的特徴付けのための出発点です。2-11このアプローチの利点は、様々な分析ができることです同じサンプルでオフラインで実行。たとえば、12,13は大気科学に複雑な問題を解決するために集められた粒子と助剤の特性を十分に理解を得るために、研究者を可能にするすべての異なる分析からのデータをコンパイル、同じ時に撮影した海洋と内陸空気サンプル期間がこの研究のためにサンプリングされた粒子の毒性及び生物学的組成物。14に対して比較することができる、リポ多糖（LPS）、また内毒素としても知られているグラム陰性細菌の細胞壁の構成要素は、海岸オンとでサンプリングフィルタから抽出しました。内陸部位、および使用して評価しました。カブトガニアメーバ様細胞溶解液（LAL）試験。並行して、ゲノム細菌のコンテンツの評価（総細菌、グラム陰性、およびシアノバクテリア）が、定量的ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応（Q-PCR）を使用して同じサンプルについて行きました。 LAL試験はエンドトキシンを含有する水溶液に、カブトガニ、 カブトガニからのアメーバ様細胞の水性抽出物の添加後に形成された濁度の測定値に基づいています。試料中のエンドトキシン濃度を、高速濁度が発生高い。15、Q-PCR分析は、特定のDNA断片が増幅されるように放出された蛍光信号に基づいている。16個の信号のリアルタイムモニタリングによりPCRの対数期の間の反応および標準曲線を用いて較正し、初期DNA量を定量することができます。これら二つの組み合わせは、他の場所で詳述されるように、14は、エンドトキシンとのレベルの良好な推定を提供することができ、他の人と一緒に分析しますサンプルソースの細菌の量。 ここで提示された方法の目的は、フィルターから抽出したバイオエアロゾルのエンドトキシンとDNA含有量の高精度で信頼性の高い分析を得ることです。エアロゾルの物理的および無機化学的特性をサンプリングするための方法はよく知られており、最近では、方法は、その有機物成分を調査するために開発されてきたが、17エアロゾルの生物学的成分に乏しい研究があった。18根拠電流のこの方法は、具体的に、抽出分析、及び空気中のエアロゾルの生物学的部分を同定するための強力な方法を提示することによって、このギャップを解決することである。14 ここでの詳細な方法は、フィルタの分析を含む生物学的な屋内と屋外のエアロゾル研究プロジェクトに広範な用途を見出すことが期待される。20-24

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="631">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">Filter sampling</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">HiVol 3000 - High Air Volume Sampler</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ecotech</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Quartz Microfiber Filters</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">1851-865</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">203mm X 254mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">ELF - Laboratory Chamber Furnaces</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Carbolite</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">ELF 11series</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">Aluminum foil</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Opal</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:187px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">Endotoxin</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">16368&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Laboratory Reagent, 96%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">Airstream Class II Biological Safety Cabinet AC-4E1</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ESCO</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">10011712</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">Pyrotell -T</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Associates of Cape Cod, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">T0051</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">Control Standard Endotoxin</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Associates of Cape Cod, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">E0005-1</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Escherichia coli&#160;O113:H10, 0.5 &#181;g/vial 1 Pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">LAL Reagent Water</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Associates of Cape Cod, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">W0051</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">10 mL sterile syringe with Luer-Lok Tip</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Becton-Dickinson &#38; Co.</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">309605</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">BD Precisionglide syringe needle</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Becton-Dickinson &#38; Co.</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">305129</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sterile&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Parafilm-M sealing tape</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">P7543</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma catalog number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Microtubes</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Axigen</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">MCT-200-C</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">2ml, pyrogen free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">1.12 cm diameter Cork Borer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Boekel Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">1601 BD Series - Steel</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Part of a cork borer set containing borers with various diameters.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">50 mm Petri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Miniplast Ein-Shemer</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">72050-01</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Aseptic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">Vortex Genie 2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Scientific Industries, inc.</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">SI-0297</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">Microcentrifuge 5415 D</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">22621408</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:187px;">TC MicroWell 96 F SI w/lid</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Nunc</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">167008</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Flat bottom wells (with lid (individually wrapped)), sterile, pyrogen free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:187px;">Synergy HT Multi-Detection Microplate Reader</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Biotek</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">7091000</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:187px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">DNA</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">DNA away</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">7010</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:187px;">Standard DNA of the microbial species of interest</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ATCC or other culture collection</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Either the appropriate microbial strain for DNA extraction or the extracted DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Neubauer-improved</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Marienfeld</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">640030</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">hemocytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">TE buffer, Low EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">12090-015</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)&#160;0.1 mM EDTA&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">Nuclease-free PCR-grade water&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">3315959001</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">PCR primers</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Targets the microbial species of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">Dual-Labeled Probes</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Targets the microbial species of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">Screw cap tubes</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Axigen</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">ST-200-SS</td>
			<td>2 mL&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">PowerSoil DNA extraction kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Mo Bio Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">12888-100</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">Glass beads, acid-washed 425-600 Microns</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">G8772-100G</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">Glass beads, acid-washed &#60;106 microns</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">G4649-100G</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">PowerSoil Solution C1</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Mo Bio Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">12888-100-1</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Cell lysis buffer , Power soil Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Magic Touch ice bucket</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Bel-Art</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">18848-4001</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Mini-Beadbeater-16</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BioSpec</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">607EUR</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">4376600</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">Fast SYBR Green Master Mix</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">4385612</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">4370048</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:187px;">MicroAmp Fast Optical 96-Well Reaction Plate with Barcode, 0.1 mL</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">4346906</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">MicroAmp Splash-Free 96-Well Base</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">4312063</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:187px;">MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">4311971</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">Centrifuge 5810 R</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">5811 000.010</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Rotor A-4-62 with MTP buckets&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

air-sampled filter analysis for endotoxins and dna content

屋外のエアロゾル研究は、一般的にフィルターにサンプリングされた粒子状物質を使用しています。この手順では、収集された粒子の様々な特徴付けは、並列に実行されることを可能にします。ここで提示された方法の目的は、フィルターから抽出したバイオエアロゾルのエンドトキシンとDNA含有量の高精度で信頼性の高い分析を得ることです。サンプリングされたフィルタのようなリポ多糖類のような高分子量の有機分子の抽出は、発熱物質を含まない水ベースの培地中で試料を振盪することを含みます。その後の分析は、濁度測定を用いて検出することができる酵素反応に基づいています。サンプリングされたフィルタの高い有機含有量の結果として、試料からのDNAの抽出は、元々の土壌のために設計され、DNAの収量を改善するために変更された市販のDNA抽出キットを用いて行われます。定量的ポリメラーゼ連鎖をReactiを使用して、特定の微生物種の検出および定量（Q-PCR）分析に説明し、他の利用可能な方法と比較されます。

それは、「オフライン」サンプリングフィルタの解析を用いた大気エアロゾルを勉強するのが一般的である（ 図2を参照）。32化学をサンプリング問題、有機（ 例えば、タンパク質、炭化水素分子、糖類）と無機（ 例えば 、金属、塩）を含むコンテンツの分析。生物学的分析は、生存および非生存微生物コンテンツ、DNAのアプロー?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Air-sampled Filter Analysis for Endotoxins and DNA Content at JoVE.com

Air-sampled Filter Analysis for Endotoxins and DNA Content

Two complementary analyses of atmospheric biological particles from air sampled filters are described herein: the extraction and detection of endotoxin, and of DNA.

エンドトキシンとDNAコンテンツのエアサンプリングフィルタ解析

Outdoor aerosol research commonly uses particulate matter sampled on filters. This procedure enables various characterizations of the collected particles ...

air-sampled-filter-analysis-for-endotoxins-and-dna-content

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.6K ビュー.  Weizmann Institute of Science. Two complementary analyses of atmospheric biological particles from air sampled filters are described herein: the extraction and detection of endotoxin, and of DNA.

ビデオ: Air-sampled Filter Analysis for Endotoxins and DNA Content

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of microalgal biomass. These fatty acids can be present in different acyl-lipid classes. Especially the fatty acids present in triacylglycerol (TAG) are of commercial interest, because they can be used for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (&omega;-3 fatty acids), and food commodities. To develop commercial applications, reliable analytical methods for quantification of fatty acid content and composition are needed. Microalgae are single cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A fatty acid analysis method should provide sufficient cell disruption to liberate all acyl lipids and the extraction procedure used should be able to extract all acyl lipid classes.
With the method presented here all fatty acids present in microalgae can be accurately and reproducibly identified and quantified using small amounts of sample (5 mg) independent of their chain length, degree of unsaturation, or the lipid class they are part of.
This method does not provide information about the relative abundance of different lipid classes, but can be extended to separate lipid classes from each other.
The method is based on a sequence of mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification and identification of FAMEs using gas chromatography (GC-FID). A TAG internal standard (tripentadecanoin) is added prior to the analytical procedure to correct for losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

A method for the determination of fatty acid content and composition in microalgae based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification, and quantification and identification of fatty acids using gas chromatography is described. A tripentadecanoin internal standard is used to compensate for the possible losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

微細藻類中の脂肪酸含量および組成の分析

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

環境学

Use of Chironomidae (Diptera) Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. Unfortunately, traditional benthic larval sampling methods, such as the dip-net, can be time-consuming and expensive. An alternative protocol involves collection of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Chironomidae is a species-rich family of flies (Diptera) whose immature stages typically occur in aquatic habitats. Adult chironomids emerge from the water, leaving their pupal skins, or exuviae, floating on the water&#8217;s surface. Exuviae often accumulate along banks or behind obstructions by action of the wind or water current, where they can be collected to assess chironomid diversity and richness. Chironomids can be used as important biological indicators, since some species are more tolerant to pollution than others. Therefore, the relative abundance and species composition of collected SFPE reflect changes in water quality. Here, methods associated with field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of chironomid SFPE are described in detail. Advantages of the SFPE method include minimal disturbance at a sampling area, efficient and economical sample collection and laboratory processing, ease of identification, applicability in nearly all aquatic environments, and a potentially more sensitive measure of ecosystem stress. Limitations include the inability to determine larval microhabitat use and inability to identify pupal exuviae to species if they have not been associated with adult males.

Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to monitor and assess water quality. An efficient protocol involves collections of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Here, techniques for field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of Chironomidae SFPE are described.

水域のためのユスリカ（双翅目）簡易生物調査プロトコルとして表面フローティング蛹脱皮殻の使用

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropod populations in rice. When used in combination with an enclosure, application of this sampling device provides absolute estimates of the populations of arthropods as numbers per standardized sampling area. The sampling efficiency depends critically on the sampling duration. In a mature rice crop, a two-minute sampling in an enclosure of 0.13 m2 yields more than 90% of the arthropod population. The device also allows sampling of arthropods dwelling on the water surface or the soil in rice paddies, but it is not suitable for sampling fast flying insects, such as predatory Odonata or larger hymenopterous parasitoids. The modified blower-vac is simple to construct, and cheaper and easier to handle than traditional suction sampling devices, such as D-vac. The low cost makes the modified blower-vac also accessible to researchers in developing countries.

Assessment of arthropod abundance in crops is critical for investigating population dynamics and species interactions. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropods in rice.

節足動物のフィールドサンプリングのためのリーフブロワー-VACの変更と応用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Use of a Filter Cartridge for Filtration of Water Samples and Extraction of Environmental DNA

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies employed disk fiber filters to collect eDNA from water samples, although a number of microbial studies in aquatic environments have employed filter cartridges, because the cartridge has the advantage of accommodating large water volumes and of overall ease of use. Here we provide a protocol for filtration of water samples using the filter cartridge and extraction of eDNA from the filter without having to cut open the housing. The main portions of this protocol consists of 1) filtration of water samples (water volumes &#8804;4 L or &gt;4 L); (2) extraction of DNA on the filter using a roller shaker placed in a preheated incubator; and (3) purification of DNA using a commercial kit. With the use of this and previously-used protocols, we perform metabarcoding analysis of eDNA taken from a huge aquarium tank (7,500 m3) with known species composition, and show the number of detected species per library from the two protocols as the representative results. This protocol has been developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

We describe a protocol for filtration of water samples with a filter cartridge and extraction of environmental DNA (eDNA) without having to cut open the housing to remove the filter. This protocol is developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

ろ過水のサンプルおよび環境DNAの抽出のためのフィルターカートリッジの使用

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

海面とサンプル分析にMicroplasticsサンプリングのためのプロトコル

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

プラスチックペレットからの有機塩素系農薬の抽出と塑性解析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis

This article describes the steps for construction of a DNA library from soil, preparation and use of the nanopore flow cell, and analysis of the DNA sequences identified using computer software. Nanopore DNA sequencing is a flexible technique that allows for rapid microbial genome sequencing to identify bacterial and viral species, to characterize bacterial strains, and to detect genetic mutations that confer resistance to antibiotics. The advantages of nanopore sequencing (NS) for life sciences include its low complexity, reduced cost, and rapid real-time sequencing of purified genomic DNA, PCR amplicons, cDNA samples, or RNA. NS is an example of "strand sequencing" which involves sequencing DNA by guiding a single stranded DNA molecule through a nanopore that is inserted into a synthetic polymer membrane. The membrane has an electrical current applied across it, so as the individual bases pass through the nanopore the electrical current is disrupted to varying degrees by the four nucleotide bases. The identification of each nucleotide occurs by detecting the characteristic modulation of the electrical current by the different bases as they pass through the nanopore. The NS system consists of a handheld, USB powered portable device and a disposable flow cell that contains a nanopore array. The portable device plugs into a standard laptop computer that reads and records the DNA sequence using computer software.

Nanopore technology for sequencing biomolecules has wide applications in the life sciences, including identification of pathogens, food safety monitoring, genomic analysis, metagenomic environmental monitoring, and characterization of bacterial antibiotic resistance. In this article, the procedure for metagenomic soil DNA sequencing for species identification using the nanopore sequencing technology is demonstrated.

ナノポア DNA シーケンス メタゲノム土壌分析用

This article describes the steps for construction of a DNA library from soil, preparation and use of the nanopore flow cell, and analysis of the DNA ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

コレクションと真菌 DNA の分析のための産業大気サンプルの抽出

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Quantifying Plant Soluble Protein and Digestible Carbohydrate Content, Using Corn (Zea mays) As an Exemplar

Elemental data are commonly used to infer plant quality as a resource to herbivores. However, the ubiquity of carbon in biomolecules, the presence of nitrogen-containing plant defensive compounds, and variation in species-specific correlations between nitrogen and plant protein content all limit the accuracy of these inferences. Additionally, research focused on plant and/or herbivore physiology require a level of accuracy that is not achieved using generalized correlations. The methods presented here offer researchers a clear and rapid protocol for directly measuring plant soluble proteins and digestible carbohydrates, the two plant macronutrients most closely tied to animal physiological performance. The protocols combine well characterized colorimetric assays with optimized plant-specific digestion steps to provide precise and reproducible results. Our analyses of different sweet corn tissues show that these assays have the sensitivity to detect variation in plant soluble protein and digestible carbohydrate content across multiple spatial scales. These include between-plant differences across growing regions and plant species or varieties, as well as within-plant differences in tissue type and even positional differences within the same tissue. Combining soluble protein and digestible carbohydrate content with elemental data also has the potential to provide new opportunities in plant biology to connect plant mineral nutrition with plant physiological processes. These analyses also help generate the soluble protein and digestible carbohydrate data needed to study nutritional ecology, plant-herbivore interactions and food-web dynamics, which will in turn enhance physiology and ecological research.

Quantifying Plant Soluble Protein and Digestible Carbohydrate Content, Using Corn Zea mays As an Exemplar

The protocols described herein provide a clear and approachable methodology for measuring soluble protein and digestible (non-structural) carbohydrate content in plant tissues. The ability to quantify these two plant macronutrients has significant implications for advancing the fields of plant physiology, nutritional ecology, plant-herbivore interactions and food-web ecology.

植物性の水溶性タンパク質と消化性炭水化物含量の手本として使用してトウモロコシ (トウモロコシ) の定量化

Elemental data are commonly used to infer plant quality as a resource to herbivores. However, the ubiquity of carbon in biomolecules, the presence of ...

Combining Eye-tracking Data with an Analysis of Video Content from Free-viewing a Video of a Walk in an Urban Park Environment

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. Eye-tracking informatics are known to connect to a range of feelings, health conditions, mental states and actions. But because vision is the result of constant eye-movements, teasing out what is important from what is noise is complex and data intensive. Furthermore, a significant challenge is controlling for what people look at compared to what is presented to them.
The following presents a methodology for combining and analyzing eye-tracking on a video of a natural and complex scene with a machine learning technique for analyzing the content of the video. In the protocol we focus on analyzing data from filmed videos, how a video can be best used to record participants&#39; eye-tracking data, and importantly how the content of the video can be analyzed and combined with the eye-tracking data. We present a brief summary of the results and a discussion of the potential of the method for further studies in complex environments.

The objective of the protocol is to detail how to collect video data for use in the laboratory; how to record eye-tracking data of participants looking at the data and how to efficiently analyze the content of the videos that they were looking at using a machine learning technique.

都市公園環境における歩行の映像を自由に視聴する映像コンテンツの分析とアイトラッキングデータを組み合わせる

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. ...

エンドトキシンとDNAコンテンツのエアサンプリングフィルタ解析

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

微細藻類中の脂肪酸含量および組成の分析

水域のためのユスリカ（双翅目）簡易生物調査プロトコルとして表面フローティング蛹脱皮殻の使用

節足動物のフィールドサンプリングのためのリーフブロワー-VACの変更と応用

ろ過水のサンプルおよび環境DNAの抽出のためのフィルターカートリッジの使用

海面とサンプル分析にMicroplasticsサンプリングのためのプロトコル

プラスチックペレットからの有機塩素系農薬の抽出と塑性解析

ナノポア DNA シーケンスメタゲノム土壌分析用

コレクションと真菌 DNA の分析のための産業大気サンプルの抽出

植物性の水溶性タンパク質と消化性炭水化物含量の手本として使用してトウモロコシ (トウモロコシ) の定量化

都市公園環境における歩行の映像を自由に視聴する映像コンテンツの分析とアイトラッキングデータを組み合わせる

エンドトキシンとDNAコンテンツのエアサンプリングフィルタ解析

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

微細藻類中の脂肪酸含量および組成の分析

水域のためのユスリカ（双翅目）簡易生物調査プロトコルとして表面フローティング蛹脱皮殻の使用

節足動物のフィールドサンプリングのためのリーフブロワー-VACの変更と応用

ろ過水のサンプルおよび環境DNAの抽出のためのフィルターカートリッジの使用

海面とサンプル分析にMicroplasticsサンプリングのためのプロトコル

プラスチックペレットからの有機塩素系農薬の抽出と塑性解析

ナノポア DNA シーケンス メタゲノム土壌分析用

コレクションと真菌 DNA の分析のための産業大気サンプルの抽出

植物性の水溶性タンパク質と消化性炭水化物含量の手本として使用してトウモロコシ (トウモロコシ) の定量化

都市公園環境における歩行の映像を自由に視聴する映像コンテンツの分析とアイトラッキングデータを組み合わせる

ナノポア DNA シーケンスメタゲノム土壌分析用