著者はマシュー・ケリー、ティツィアーナCogliati、ジェシカGumerson、ウーヴェウォルフルム、Rivkaルブロン、ヴィオラクレッチマーとゾーイマンに感謝し、原稿の彼らの重要な評価のためにしたいと思います。この作品は、Sofjaコワレフスカヤ賞（Humbodlt財団）とヨハネス・グーテンベルク大学マインツ、ドイツによって賄われていました。

<ol>
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The author declares no competing financial interests.

分析のための蝸牛組織を調製する場合、心に留めするためのいくつかの重要なポイントがあります。まず、遺伝的背景の違いは、それが必要なだけ同腹のコントロールを分析し、比較すること、蝸牛の表現型を変更することができます。第二に、被蓋膜の完全な除去は、免疫組織化学で最高の画像を得るために必要とSEMのために必須です。被蓋膜は不透明構造であり、イメージングがより困?...

一次繊毛は、ほとんどの哺乳動物細胞の表面から延びる長い微小管ベースの付属しています。一次繊毛常にセルごとに複数存在し、そのうちの多くの場合、運動性繊毛と混同しており、その目的は、膜の表面を横切って流体を移動させることです。一次繊毛は、対照的に、感覚的役割を採用し、その結果、また感覚繊毛と呼ばれます。いったん長い忘れて、この細胞小器官は、最近、ヒト遺伝病1の多数との会合の結果として「再発見」されました。理想的には、シグナリングオルガネラとして位置付け、一次繊毛は、組織の恒常性と疾患ではなく、開発の2の間だけでなく、重要であるそれらの多くは、多数のシグナル伝達経路を調節することが示されています。 繊毛機能不全に関連することが示され、最初のシグナル伝達経路の一つは、平面内細胞極性（PCP）経路としても知られている非標準Wntシグナル伝達経路、ました<sup<html> &gt; 3。最初にショウジョウバエで同定され、このシグナル伝達カスケードは、胚形成のために重要です。特に収束と拡張のプロセスのために上皮4の平面内での細胞の正しい向きのため。調節タンパク質のコアセットのシーケンシャルシグナル伝達は、最終的に細胞骨格の再編成につながると平面5における上皮細胞の協調分極が生じる方向性の手がかりを変換します。収束と拡張のプロセスは絶対に細長くする蝸 ​​牛管のために、正しい携帯パターニング6のために必要とされます。これはPCP経路の活性化を介して調節されるように、蝸牛のPCP変異体の最も印象的な表現型の一つが無秩序な感覚上皮7に短縮蝸牛管です。正確にこれを調節する方法が解明されないままでも同様に、繊毛を欠くマウス変異体は、また、そのような収束と拡張表現型8,9を示します 。 ve_content &quot;&gt;収束と拡張のプロセスは蝸牛管の伸長、および蝸牛管の中の感覚上皮の細胞パターニングのために重要であるため、開発蝸牛は脊椎動物の開発中にPCPシグナル伝達を検討する中で理想的な器官である。器官コルティ、その行蝸牛管を特殊な感覚上皮に与えられた用語は、一様に10を機能させるには蝸牛のために配向させる必要があり、非感覚支持細胞と機械刺激有毛細胞から構成されている。機械刺激有毛細胞がそのように理由で呼ばれていますクチクラ板から延びるstereociliary束それぞれの感覚有毛細胞11の（先端面）。mechanosensationのと不動としての命名法にもかかわらず、一次トランスデューサとしてこれらの行為は、実際に変更されたアクチンフィラメントベースの微絨毛で構成されている。各山形の髪の中でバンドルは、不動の3行は非常に注文し、定期的なPAで構成されています階段のケース状にttern。実微小管ベースの繊毛、kinociliaは、stereociliary 束 12の開発と方向のために必要とされていると呼ばれます。各有毛細胞の際に、一つの運動毛は、物理的に不動の一番高い行に中央に隣接して位置する、不動毛束に取り付けられています。運動毛の正確な機能は不明である、と1の仮説は、彼らが微絨毛12から成熟するにつれて運動毛が形に不動を「引っ張る」ということです。脊椎動物では、蝸牛内kinociliaは一過性のみ存在し、11,13,14を聞くの開始前にマウスでの有毛細胞から退避。 深刻な短縮蝸牛管、誤形成され、誤指向stereociliaryバンドルだけでなく、誤位置付け基礎体8,9の途上蝸牛結果の繊毛の完全な損失。機能的な繊毛はちょうど繊毛軸糸で構成されていません。繊毛に関連した多くのタンパク質機能は、基礎体温、移行帯、または繊毛軸糸15として繊毛関連のサブドメインに局在する複合体で起こります。中心体の母中心小体由来基礎体温は、また、細胞体に繊毛から離れて延びている微小管のための微小管組織化の中心であり、細胞内輸送、ならびに繊毛輸送を調節することができます。毛様体遷移ゾーンは、繊毛機能が毛様体化合物16のインポートおよびエクスポートを整理するのが規制されている別の領域です。 正確なメカニズムは、17不明であるものの、複数の研究は、繊毛および非標準Wnt（PCPシグナリング）との間の接続を確認しています。毛様体およびPCP遺伝子の冗長性と一般化された細胞異常に細胞極性の感度は、それが困難な直接PCP-特定の赤字に変異をリンクすることを可能にします。 PCPシグナル伝達の読み取りアウトの一つは、基礎体温とprimarの位置付けでありますしたがって、2次欠陥から、主なものを分離するのy繊毛は、困難です。ゼブラフィッシュとマウスの変異体におけるいくつかの研究は、18-20シグナリング繊毛およびWnt間の接続を示唆していません。データの矛盾は、種、組織、またはWntシグナル伝達に向かって毛様体の貢献の時間依存性の違いを反映しているのかもしれません。基礎体が機能している場合はさらに、正常なWnt応答性が保持されることがあります。細胞シグナル伝達経路中の毛様体タンパク質の役割をより深く理解し、他の生物学的現象は、細胞および発生生物学の我々の理解のためだけでなく、標的治療戦略の開発のために重要です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Tools/Equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone elastomere - Sylgard 184</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>761028-5EA</td><td>See Note 2</td></tr><tr><td>Micro dissecting scissors-straight blade</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps (no. 5 and 55) and blunt forceps</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope.</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Uncoated glass microscope slides</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope cover slips (22 mm &amp;times; 40 mm &amp;times; 0.15 mm)</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transfer pipettes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minutien pins</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Fine Science Tools</td><td>26002-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SEM sample holder</td><td>tousimis</td><td>8762</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scanning electron microscopy studs</td><td>TED PELLA</td><td>16111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PELCO Tabs: Carbon adhesive</td><td>TED PELLA</td><td>16084-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent Microscope</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Critical Point Dryer</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass microscope slides</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslips</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipe Tissue&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine Paint Brush</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reagents</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1&amp;times; Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td><td>10010023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp; (PFA) (EM Grade Required for EM)</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td>Prepare a 4% solution in 1&amp;times; PBS made fresh each time. EM Grade Required for EM.</td></tr><tr><td>2.5% Glutaraldehyde Grade1</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G5882</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl 2</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Normal Goat Serum</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AffiniPure Fab Fragment Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>715-007-003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluoromount-G Mounting media</td><td>SouthernBiotech</td><td>0100-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10&amp;times; Hanks&amp;rsquo; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td><td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td><td>14065</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hepes</td><td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td><td>15630-080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Osmium tetroxide (OsO4 )</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich/Fluka Analytical</td><td>75632</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tannic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>403040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol 200 proof</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibodies</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti Arl13b</td><td>Protein Tech</td><td>17711-1-AP</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>anti acetylated tubulin (611-B1)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T6793</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:800</td></tr><tr><td>anti gamma tubulin (GTU-88)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T6557</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:200</td></tr><tr><td>anti Zo_1&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>40-2300</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:500</td></tr><tr><td>Myosin VI</td><td>Proteus Biosciences</td><td>25-6791</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:1000</td></tr><tr><td>Myosin VIIa</td><td>Proteus Biosciences</td><td>25-6790</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>anti Vangl2</td><td>Merk Millipore</td><td>ABN373</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:250</td></tr><tr><td>anti G&amp;alpha;i3</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G4040</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:250</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor&amp;reg; 488 Phalloidin</td><td>Invitrogen/Life Technologies</td><td>A12379</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:300 - 1,000</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor&amp;reg; 568 Phalloidin</td><td>Invitrogen/Life Technologies</td><td>A12380</td><td>Suggested concentration 1:300 - 1,000</td></tr></tbody></table>

evaluation of planar-cell-polarity phenotypes in ciliopathy mouse mutant cochlea

In recent years, primary cilia have emerged as key regulators in development and disease by influencing numerous signaling pathways. One of the earliest signaling pathways shown to be associated with ciliary function was the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway, also referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. One of the best places in which to study the effects of planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling during vertebrate development is the mammalian cochlea. PCP signaling disruption in the mouse cochlea disrupts cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning and hair cell orientation, all of which are affected by cilia dysfunction. The goal of this protocol is to describe the analysis of PCP signaling in the developing mammalian cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. Defects in convergence and extension are manifested as a shortening of the cochlear duct and/or changes in cellular patterning, which can be quantified following dissection from developing mouse mutants. Changes in stereociliary bundle orientation and kinocilia length or positioning can be observed and quantitated using either immunofluorescence or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A deeper insight into the role of ciliary proteins in cellular signaling pathways and other biological phenomena is crucial for our understanding of cellular and developmental biology, as well as for the development of targeted treatment strategies.

蝸牛解剖と組織調製 脳を除去した後、P0マウスヘッドの後正中線矢状切開、後ろから見骨迷路は、（ 図1A、白矢印）可視化し、除去することができる。 図1Bは、蝸牛有毛を有する単離骨迷路を示しています、腹、上向き（左）と後ろから、背側（右）。 1は、外側の軟骨の除去を開始...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea at JoVE.com

Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

繊毛病マウス変異蝸牛における平面セル・-極性表現型の評価

Primary cilia influence various signaling pathways. The mammalian cochlea is ideal for examining planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Cilia dysfunction affects cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning and hair cell orientation, readouts of PCP. Our goal is to analyze PCP signaling in mouse cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy.

In recent years, primary cilia have emerged as key regulators in development and disease by influencing numerous signaling pathways. One of the earliest ...

evaluation-planar-cell-polarity-phenotypes-ciliopathy-mouse-mutant

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.4K ビュー.  Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Primary cilia influence various signaling pathways. The mammalian cochlea is ideal for examining planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Cilia dysfunction affects cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning and hair cell orientation, readouts of PCP. Our goal is to analyze PCP signaling in mouse cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy.

ビデオ: Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

エレクトロポレーションによりマウス胎児蝸牛外植の文化と遺伝子導入

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

発生生物学

Isolating LacZ-expressing Cells from Mouse Inner Ear Tissues using Flow Cytometry

Isolation of specific cell types allows one to analyze rare cell populations such as stem/progenitor cells. Such an approach to studying inner ear tissues presents a unique challenge because of the paucity of cells of interest and few transgenic reporter mouse models. Here, we describe a protocol using fluorescence-conjugated probes to selectively label LacZ-positive cells from the neonatal cochleae.
The most common underlying pathology of sensorineural hearing loss is the irreversible damage and loss of cochlear sensory hair cells, which are required to transduce sound waves to neural impulses. Recent evidence suggests that the murine auditory and vestibular organs harbor stem/progenitor cells that may have regenerative potential1,2. These findings warrant further investigation, including identifying specific cell types with stem/progenitor cell characteristics. The Wnt signaling pathway has been demonstrated to play a critical role in maintaining stem/progenitor cell populations in several organ systems3-7. We have recently identified Wnt-responsive Axin2-expressing cells in the neonatal cochlea, but their function is largely unknown8.
To better understand the behavior of these Wnt-responsive cells in vitro, we have developed a method of isolating Axin2-expressing cells from cochleae of Axin2-LacZ reporter mice9. Using flow cytometry to isolate Axin2-LacZ positive cells from the neonatal cochleae, we could in turn execute a variety of experiments on live cells to interrogate their behavior as stem/progenitor cells. Here, we describe in detail the steps for the microdissection of neonatal cochlea, dissociation of these tissues, labeling of the LacZ-positive cells using a fluorogenic substrate, and cell sorting. Techniques for dissociating cochleae into single cells and isolating cochlear cells via flow cytometry have been described2,10-12. We have made modifications to these techniques to establish a novel protocol to isolate LacZ-expressing cells from the neonatal cochlea.

Flow cytometry is a powerful tool allowing for the isolation and study of specific cell populations. This protocol describes steps for isolating LacZ-expressing cells from cochlear tissues from neonatal transgenic mice. Dissociated cochlear cells were labeled using fluorescent-conjugated substrates of &#946;-galactosidase prior to separation via flow cytometry.

フローサイトメトリーを用いてマウスの内耳の組織からのLacZの発現細胞を単離する

Isolation of specific cell types allows one to analyze rare cell populations such as stem/progenitor cells. Such an approach to studying inner ear tissues ...

神経科学

Three-dimensional Organotypic Cultures of Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. Moreover, although existing culture techniques allow biochemical perturbations, these methods do not provide a means to study the effects of mechanical force and tissue stiffness during development of the inner ear sensory organs. Here we describe a method for three-dimensional organotypic culture of the intact murine utricle and cochlea that overcomes these limitations. The technique for adjustment of a three-dimensional matrix stiffness described here permits manipulation of the elastic force opposing tissue growth. This method can therefore be used to study the role of mechanical forces during inner ear development. Additionally, the cultures permit virus-mediated gene delivery, which can be used for gain- and loss-of-function experiments. This culture method preserves innate hair cells and supporting cells and serves as a potentially superior alternative to the traditional two-dimensional culture of vestibular and auditory sensory organs.

Three-dimensional organotypic cultures of the murine utricle and cochlea in optically clear collagen I gels preserve innate tissue morphology, allow for mechanical stimulation through adjustment of matrix stiffness, and permit virus-mediated gene delivery.

前庭と聴覚の感覚器官の三次元切片培養

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. ...

Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a spiral shape and have a tonotopic gradient for sound detection. The mouse cochlea is approximately 6 mm long and often divided into three turns (apex, middle, and base) for analysis. To investigate cell loss, cell division, or mosaic gene expression, the whole mount or surface preparation of the cochlea is useful. This dissection method allows visualization of all cells within the organ of Corti when combined with immunostaining and confocal microscopy to image cells at different planes in the z-axis. Multiple optical cross-sections can also be obtained from these z-stack images. In addition, the whole mount dissection method can be used for scanning electron microscopy, although a different fixation method is needed. Here, we present a method to isolate the organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). This method can be used for mice ranging from one week of age through adulthood and differs from the technique used for neonatal samples where calcification of the cochlea is incomplete. A slightly modified version can be used for dissection of the rat cochlea. We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies.

We present a method to isolate the adult organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together these techniques allow the study of hair cells, supporting cells, and other cell types found in the cochlea.

成体マウス蝸牛のホールマウント解剖および免疫蛍光

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a ...

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages

This protocol details general histology methods for preparing inner ear samples from embryonic, neonatal, and adult mice. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a straightforward and standardized method for inner ear tissue processing for researchers, possibly new to the field, interested in working with the mouse cochlea. Included here are protocols for dissection, fixation, embedding, cryosectioning, and immunostaining. Section immunostaining is one of the best methods for examining individual cells within the context of the entire cochlea.
Key steps include dissecting the inner ear away from the skull, fixing the tissue using 4% paraformaldehyde, embedding with Optimal Cutting Temperature compound, cryosectioning, and immunostaining with antibodies targeting specific proteins expressed by the cochlea.
Included in our methods are special considerations made for the cochlea given its 
shape and structure.&#160;Reasonably good focus and dissection skills are needed, as tissue damage can affect the quality of immunostaining and consistency among samples. However, with the procedures we outline, most users can be trained in a few weeks to make beautiful preparations. Overall, this protocol offers a valuable way to promote research to understand auditory development, function, and disease in mouse models.

This protocol, intended for novice users of mouse inner ear tissue, comprehensively details steps for processing mouse inner ears at different developmental stages for section immunostaining.

マウス内耳組織の凍結切片および免疫染色:胚期から成虫期まで

This protocol details general histology methods for preparing inner ear samples from embryonic, neonatal, and adult mice. The purpose of this protocol is ...

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea

Cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) transmit acoustic signals to spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) through ribbon synapses. Several experimental studies have indicated that hair cell synapses may be the initial targets in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Such studies have proposed the concept of cochlear &#34;synaptopathy&#34;, which refers to alterations in ribbon synapse number, structure, or function that result in abnormal synaptic transmission between IHCs and SGNs. While cochlear synaptopathy is irreversible, it does not affect the hearing threshold. In noise-induced experimental models, restricted damage to IHC synapses in select frequency regions is employed to identify the environmental factors that specifically cause synaptopathy, as well as the physiological consequences of disturbing this inner ear circuit. Here, we present a protocol for analyzing cochlear synaptic morphology and function at a specific frequency region in adult mice. In this protocol, cochlear localization of specific frequency regions is performed using place-frequency maps in conjunction with cochleogram data, following which the morphological characteristics of ribbon synapses are evaluated via synaptic immunostaining. The functional status of ribbon synapses is then determined based on the amplitudes of auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave I. The present report demonstrates that this approach can be used to deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis and mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction in the cochlea, which may aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

This manuscript describes an experimental protocol for evaluating the morphological characteristics and functional status of ribbon synapses in normal mice. The present model is also suitable for noise-induced and age-related cochlear synaptopathy-restricted models. The correlative results of previous mouse studies are also discussed.

マウスコクレアの特定周波数領域におけるリボンシナプスの形態学的および機能的評価

Cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) transmit acoustic signals to spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) through ribbon synapses. Several experimental studies have ...

Cochlear Surface Preparation in the Adult Mouse

Auditory processing in the cochlea depends on the integrity of the mechanosensory hair cells. Over a lifetime, hearing loss can be acquired from numerous etiologies such as exposure to excessive noise, the use of ototoxic medications, bacterial or viral ear infections, head injuries, and the aging process. Loss of sensory hair cells is a common pathological feature of the varieties of acquired hearing loss. Additionally, the inner hair cell synapse can be damaged by mild insults. Therefore, surface preparations of cochlear epithelia, in combination with immunolabeling techniques and confocal imagery, are a very useful tool for the investigation of cochlear pathologies, including losses of ribbon synapses and sensory hair cells, changes in protein levels in hair cells and supporting cells, hair cell regeneration, and determination of report gene expression (i.e., GFP) for verification of successful transduction and identification of transduced cell types. The cochlea, a bony spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear, holds the auditory sensory end organ, the organ of Corti (OC). Sensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells in the OC are contained in the cochlear duct and rest on the basilar membrane, organized in a tonotopic fashion with high-frequency detection occurring in the base and low-frequency in the apex. With the availability of molecular and genetic information and the ability to manipulate genes by knockout and knock-in techniques, mice have been widely used in biological research, including in hearing science. However, the adult mouse cochlea is miniscule, and the cochlear epithelium is encapsulated in a bony labyrinth, making microdissection difficult. Although dissection techniques have been developed and used in many laboratories, this modified microdissection method using cell and tissue adhesive is easier and more convenient. It can be used in all types of adult mouse cochleae following decalcification.

This article presents a modified cochlear surface preparation method that requires decalcification and use of a cell and tissue adhesive to adhere the pieces of cochlear epithelia to 10 mm round cover slips for immunohistochemistry in adult mouse cochleae.

大人のマウスにおける人工内耳表面製剤

Auditory processing in the cochlea depends on the integrity of the mechanosensory hair cells. Over a lifetime, hearing loss can be acquired from numerous ...

Whole Neonatal Cochlear Explants as an In vitro Model

Untreated hearing loss imposes significant costs on the global healthcare system and impairs individuals' quality of life. Sensorineural hearing loss is characterized by the cumulative and irreversible loss of sensory hair cells and auditory nerves in the cochlea. Entire and vital cochlear explants are one of the fundamental tools in hearing research to detect hair cell loss and to characterize the molecular mechanisms of the inner ear cells. Many years ago, a protocol for neonatal cochlear isolation was developed, and although it has been modified over time, it still holds potential for improvement. 
This paper presents an optimized protocol for isolating and culturing whole neonatal cochlear explants in multi-well culture chambers that enables the study of hair cells and spiral ganglion neuron cells along the entire length of the cochlea. The protocol was tested using cochlear explants from mice and rats. Healthy cochlear explants were obtained to study the interaction between hair cells, spiral ganglion neuron cells, and the surrounding supporting cells. 
One of the main advantages of this method is that it simplifies the organ culture steps without compromising the quality of the explants. All three turns of the organ of Corti are attached to the bottom of the chamber, which facilitates in vitro experiments and the comprehensive analysis of the explants. We provide some examples of cochlear images from different experiments with live and fixed explants, demonstrating that the explants retain their structure despite exposure to ototoxic drugs. This optimized protocol can be widely used for the integrative analysis of the mammalian cochlea.

Whole Neonatal Cochlear Explants as an In vitro Model

The current protocol updates previous protocols and incorporates relatively straightforward approaches for culturing high-quality cochlear explants. This provides reliable data acquisition and high-resolution imaging in live and fixed cells. This protocol supports the ongoing trend of studying inner ear cells.

In vitroモデルとしての新生児蝸牛外植片全体

Untreated hearing loss imposes significant costs on the global healthcare system and impairs individuals' quality of life. Sensorineural hearing loss is ...

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called the auditory bulla houses the ossicles, whereas the auditory capsule encloses the inner ear, namely the cochlea and semicircular canals. Murine ossicles are essential for hearing and thus of great interest to researchers in the field of otolaryngology, but their metabolism, development, and evolution are highly relevant to other fields. Altered bone metabolism can affect hearing function in adult mice, and various gene-deficient mice show changes in morphogenesis of auditory ossicles in utero. Although murine auditory ossicles are tiny, their manipulation is feasible if one understands their anatomical orientation and 3D structure. Here, we describe how to dissect the auditory bulla and capsule of postnatal mice and then isolate individual ossicles by removing part of the bulla. We also discuss how to embed the bulla and capsule in different orientations to generate paraffin or frozen sections suitable for preparation of longitudinal, horizontal, or frontal sections of the malleus. Finally, we enumerate anatomical differences between mouse and human auditory ossicles. These methods would be useful in analyzing pathological, developmental and evolutionary aspects of auditory ossicles and the middle ear in mice.

We present a protocol to isolate the auditory bulla, capsule, and ossicles from postnatal mice for whole mount and histological analysis.

生後マウスにおける聴覚ブラの解剖：中耳の骨の単離および組織学的解析

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called ...

生物学

Dissection of the Endolymphatic Sac from Mice

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the human phenotypes. Although important progress has been done in the understanding of the development and function of the neurosensory epithelia of the cochlea and vestibula, limited knowledge is available regarding the development, cellular composition, molecular pathways and functional characteristics of the endolymphatic sac. This is, in large part, due to the difficulty of visualizing and microdissecting this tissue, which is an epithelium comprised of only one cell layer. The study presented here describes an approach to access and microdissect the endolymphatic sac from the wild-type mouse inner ear at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in a pendrin-deficient mouse model of enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent endolymphatic sac is presented. This reporter mouse can be used to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac with limited dissection and determine its size. It can also be used as an educational tool to teach how to dissect the endolymphatic sac. These dissection procedures should facilitate further characterization of this understudied part of the inner ear.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>マウスの内リンパ嚢の解剖

This study describes how to dissect the endolymphatic sac from the inner ear of the mouse at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in an Slc26a4-null mouse model of enlargement of the endolymphatic sac. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent reporter expressed in the endolymphatic sac is presented as a model to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac, and educational tool.

マウスの内リンパ嚢の解剖

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the ...