この研究は、ノーステキサス大学の研究と経済開発のための副社長の研究開始グラント（RIG）（UNT）から支援を受けました。著者らはまた、部分的に、この研究を支援するためのKCIS株式会社に感謝します。本書の成功にUNTでPACCAR技術研究所からのサポートが大幅に高く評価されています。

実験1.計画<ol><li> 図1に示すように、コンピュータ支援設計（CAD）ソフトウェアを使用して犠牲パターン（スプルーシステムとのオクテットトラス構造）を描き、STLファイル形式としてCADモデルを保存します。 注：犠牲パターンは、最終的に鋳造するために溶融されるスプルーシステムとオクテットトラス構造の統合されたパターンです。犠牲パターンは、オクテットトラス構造とスプルーシステムの両方が含まれているため、それは正確にオクテットトラス自体を表すものではありません。犠牲パターンのSTLファイルが提供されます。金属「質量を計算するために使用されるCADソフトウェアによって提供される犠牲パターンの体積を記録します。 </li><li>パターンを印刷するための3Dプリンタに接続された3D印刷ソフトウェア上の犠牲パターンのCAD図面を開きます。 </li><li> 3Dプリンタは十分なUV硬化型/キャスタブルアクリルプラスチックとワックスからなる支持材料を持っていることを確認してくださいプリンタのカートリッジインチ</li></ol>犠牲パターンの2製作<ol><li>オクテットトラス構造と3Dプリンタ（ - C図2A）を使用して、湯口システムからなる犠牲パターンを製造しています。 注意：2.1.3でのプロセス - サポート資料を生成しない3Dプリンタが使用されている場合2.1.7は必要ありません。 <ol><li>犠牲パターン（ 図2A）を印刷するために3Dプリンタに犠牲パターンのSTLファイルを送信します。 </li><li> 2時間（ 図2B）のために- （70 C 60）支持体材料の溶融温度以上のオーブンで犠牲パターンの支持材を融解します。 注：支持材料を除去するための温度が高すぎてはなりません。それ以外の場合は、犠牲パターンに損傷を与える可能性があります。犠牲パターンは、この研究では、約80℃に傷つく開始します。 注：supporの溶融温度をTの材料は、異なる支持体材料を使用することができる3Dプリンタによって変化します。 </li><li> 2.5 Lにベビーオイルを上にして、デジタル超音波洗浄器に必要事項を記入し、掃除機に格納できる最大容量（ 図2C）。 注：これは、ワックス状担体材料の残留物を溶解するベビーオイルを使用する3次元プリンタの供給業者によって推奨されました。 </li><li>デジタル超音波洗浄器に犠牲パターンを入れて、クリーナー（ 図2C）の電源をオンにしてください。犠牲パターンが完全に油に沈めていることを確認します。 </li><li> 40分（ 図2C）のために65℃の油に犠牲パターンを浸漬することによって、支持体材料の残留物を取り除きます。 </li><li>支持材料が完全に削除されている場合は掃除機から犠牲パターンを取り出します。 </li><li> RT（〜20℃）（ 図2C）でファンを犠牲パターンの乾燥を持っています。 注：これは、約2時間かかります犠牲パターンの表面にオイルが完全に乾燥するまで。表面が粘着性でない場合、完全に乾燥する犠牲パターンを考えてみましょう。 </li></ol></li></ol>金型の3製作<ol><li> パターンアセンブリ <ol><li>犠牲パターン（スプルーシステムとのオクテットトラス）にゴムパッキンを取り付け、6.35センチメートルの高さと6.35センチメートル（ 図2D）の直径を有する円筒形のフラスコの底の上に置きます。 注：各金属を鋳造するための2つのフラスコを準備します。 AlとCuの合金。 </li><li>ダブルチェック犠牲パターンを有するゴムガスケットを完全にフラスコの底部に取り付けられています。 </li><li>その手順を、次のセクションで説明される投資粉末 - 水混合物は、フラスコから漏れないように、ダクトテープでフラスコを包みます。 </li></ol></li><li> 投資金型の製造 <ol><li>投資粉末を準備します（たCaSO 4 </sUB&gt;、ρ= 1019キロ/ m 3）で87.16ミリリットルで89グラム、の。投資粉末を計量のスケールを使用してください。 注：投資粉末の物性を表1に示します。 </li><li>ミキシングボウル（1 L）に投資粉末を注ぎます。 </li><li>ミキシングボウルに水（114ミリリットル）を注ぎます。水の量を測定するために、ビーカーを使用してください。 </li><li> 3分間ボウルに水と投資の粉を混ぜます。投資粉末 - 水混合物中の塊が存在しなくなるまでよく混ぜます。それ以外の場合は、投資型の貧弱な表面品質を引き起こし得ます。 図3に示すように、作業の流れに従ってください。 </li><li>気泡が裸目（ 図3）との混合物に見られなくなるまで、混合物内の気泡を除去するために、90秒間真空チャンバ内にボウルを置きます。 </li><li>犠牲パターンとゴムパッキン（ 図2E）を埋め込 ​​むフラスコに混合物を注ぎます。 </li><li> FLAを配置混合物（図3）の内部に気泡の残留物を除去するために90秒間再び真空チャンバー中のK。 </li><li>それはRT（ 図3）で硬化されるまで、フラスコ内の混合物を乾燥させます。 注意：通常は、約10かかり - RTで硬化される混合物のための15分。 </li><li>混合物を（ 図3）硬化された後、フラスコ内の混合物の底でフラスコとゴムパッキンを取り外します。この製品は、石膏型と呼ばれてもよいです。 </li></ol></li><li> 燃え尽きる <ol><li> 2.1℃/分で150℃まで23から（ 図4）加熱の加熱を、以下のスケジュールを冷却しながら炉内でバーンアウト時間を設定します。 3.7℃/分で150〜370℃; 1.85℃/分で370〜480℃; 4.17℃/分で480〜730℃; 1時間730℃; -4.17℃/分で480℃に730を冷却します。 注：バーンアウトvarに時間をフラスコの大きさに居住。本研究では、6時間にバーンアウト時間を設定します。 </li><li>炉（ 図2F）に石膏型を置きます。 </li><li>炉の電源をオンにし、石膏型の内側に犠牲パターンを除去するために、炉内の温度を上昇させます。 図4の温度条件に従ってください。 注：UV硬化性/キャスタブルアクリルプラスチック、犠牲パターンの材料は、熱硬化性アクリルポリマープラスチックであるため、それは流れないが、炉内の気相に分離されます。 </li></ol></li><li> 遠心鋳造 （ 図2G） <ol><li>遠心鋳造機のアームが遠心鋳造機の電源投入後タコメーターを使用して、425回転の角速度で回転することを確認してください。 </li><li> 150グラム合金が溶融するために保持することができる2つのセラミックるつぼを準備します。電子で汚染されてからそれらを保つためにAlおよびCuの合金の別々のるつぼを使用他のACH。 </li><li>遠心鋳造機の電源をオンにします。 </li><li>長さが20ミリメートル - 金属カッターを使用して、10と片に合金を切ります。完全にそのボリューム犠牲パターンと同じにする必要があり、金型キャビティを満たすのに十分なそれらを準備します。 注：金型キャビティの同じ体積を記入するために必要な金属の質量は、各金属のための様々な密度を考慮して変化します。 </li><li>難燃性布や手袋、ゴーグルを着用してください。 RTでバケツの水（30 L）を準備します。 </li><li> 、3.3節で一時的に出て炉からの石膏型を取るフラスコクレードルにそれをインストールし、遠心鋳造機（ 図5）の腕のバランスをとります。 </li><li>キャスティングの前に戻って482℃まで炉予熱までの石膏型を置きます。 </li><li>るつぼホルダ（ 図5）に坩堝を置きます。 </li><li>るつぼに刻んだ合金を入れてください。 </li><li>酸素のバルブを開き、タンクは、酸素アセチレントーチに接続し、96.5キロパスカル（​​14 PSI）のタンク内の圧力レベルを維持します。 </li><li>軽量化と酸素 - アセチレントーチを点火し、ガスのミックスを調整することにより、炎の強さを制御します。 注：酸素 - アセチレントーチを使用する場合は注意が必要です。トーチのその最高温度は約1200℃です。 </li><li>合金が完全に液体になるまでるつぼ中にトーチでみじん切り合金（Al合金またはCu合金）を溶かします。 </li><li>みじん切り合金が完全に溶融されるまで、炭素棒でるつぼ内の合金をかき混ぜます。 </li><li>バック次の溶融合金（ 図5）を含むるつぼにフラスコクレードルに石膏型を置きます。 </li><li>遠心鋳造機のカバーを閉じ、遠心アームを聞かせて回転させると、少なくとも3分間待ちます。 注：遠心鋳造機とすぐ鋳造機のカバーが閉じているように動作を開始します。遠心アーム犠牲パターンのモールドキャビティに流入速度に対応する425回転の速度で回転し、入口速度は角度から巨視的粒子のダイナミクスを使用して計算され、図5でのV R = 8.03メートル/秒28,29遠心鋳造アーム28,29の速度。 </li><li>アームの3分の回転後の遠心鋳造機の電源をオフにします。 </li><li>鋳造機のカバーを開けます。 </li><li>トングを用いてフラスコクレードルのうち、石膏型を取ります。 </li><li>溶融合金の色は固相で元の1になるまで20分 - 15 RTで金型を保管してください。 </li><li>トングを使用して、約5分間RTでバケット（30 L）に入れ、水に石膏型を急冷。石膏型の温度は、焼入れ後のRTに近いことを確認してください。 </li><li>金型内部の格子金属を得るためには、溶解水にカビ。石膏製の型は、水に溶けやすいです。 </li></ol></li></ol>オクテットトラス金属の最終製品の4ポスト処理<ol><li>サンドブラスターの電源をオンにします。 </li><li>サンドブラスター内側プラットフォームにオクテットトラス金属を配置し、機械のドアを閉じます。 </li><li>手袋を着用してくださいとサンドブラスターピストルをつかみます。 </li><li>金属製品の湯口部分をつかみ、2時​​間サンドブラスターとの格子金属から残留石膏を吹き消します。 注意：サンドブラスターの強度は、自動的に550キロパスカルで約固定されています。サンドブラスターを作動されると、その後、空気はピストルから自動的に出てきます。 </li><li>肉眼で確認しながら、オクテットトラス、金属内部の投資石膏残留物が完全に除去されるまで、サンドブラスターを実行したまま。 注：石膏残留物の除去に関する微視的な基準はありません。これは、本研究の範囲を超えています。 T彼石膏残留物の除去が容易に肉眼で判断されます。オクテットトラスは、オープンセル構造であるため、透けて見えると石膏残基が完全に除去されているかどうかどうかを確認することが可能です。 注意：注意は、高圧（550キロパスカル）で薄い壁の厚さ（0.5ミリメートル）で、オクテットトラス金属を損傷しないようにサンドブラスターのために必要とされます。 </li><li>オクテットトラス、金属内部の投資石膏残留物が完全にサンドブラスターで除去されていない場合は、追加の後処理方法を使用し、 例えば 、超音波洗浄または一日のために水の中に製品を残します。 </li><li>超音波洗浄器を用いた場合には、超音波洗浄器に0.7 Lの水を充填し、超音波洗浄器に石膏残基にオクテットトラス金属を配置します。 <ol><li>超音波洗浄機の電源をオンにします。 </li><li> 例えば、70℃で3時間、運転条件を設定します。 </li><li>一回目の超音波洗浄機のうち、オクテットトラス金属を取りますE動作を終了します。 </li><li>金属表面の水が完全に除去されるまでRTでオクテットトラス金属を乾燥させます。 </li></ol></li><li>代替後処理方法としては、水中でのオクテットトラス金属を残します。これは、石膏残留物を水に溶解させます。 <ol><li>水中での石膏残基とオクテットトラス金属を置き、投資石膏と金属表面との結合力が水に弱めるとなるように一日のためにそれを残します。 </li><li>水のうち、オクテットトラス金属を取ります。 </li><li>金属表面の水が完全に除去されるまでRTでオクテットトラス金属を乾燥させます。 </li></ol></li><li>鋸または他の適切なツールを用いて、金属製品のうち、湯口系部品の空洞を充填した金属を切断し、 図1（b）に示すように 25ミリメートル×25mm×25mmの寸法を有する最終的なオクテットトラス金属を得ます。 </li></ol>

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Build+Geometry+on+the+&#946;-grain+Structure+and+Texture+in+Additive+Manufacture+of+Ti-6Al-4V+by+Selective+Election+Beam+Melting.">Effect of Build Geometry on the &#946;-grain Structure and Texture in Additive Manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V by Selective Election Beam Melting.</a> J. of Mat. Charact. 84, 153-168 (2013).</li><li>Ladani, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+and+Global+Mechanical+Behavior+and+Microstructure+of+Ti6Al4V+Parts+Built+Using+Electron+Beam+Melting+Technology.">Local and Global Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure of Ti6Al4V Parts Built Using Electron Beam Melting Technology.</a> J. of Metalllur. &amp; Mater. Trans. 46, (2015).</li><li>Chiras, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Structural+Performance+of+Near-Optimized+Truss+Core+Panels.">The Structural Performance of Near-Optimized Truss Core Panels.</a> Solids Struct. 39, 4093-4115 (2002).</li><li>Meisel, N. A., Williams, C. B., Druschitz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lightweight+Metal+Celluar+Structures+via+in+Direct+3D+Printing+and+Casting.">Lightweight Metal Celluar Structures via in Direct 3D Printing and Casting.</a> Proceedings of the 24th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. , (2013).</li><li>Mun, J., Ju, J., Yun, B. -. G., Chang, B. -. M., Kim, D. -. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Numerical+Study+of+Molten+Aluminum+for+Investment+Casting+of+3D+Cellular+Metals.">A Numerical Study of Molten Aluminum for Investment Casting of 3D Cellular Metals.</a> Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. , (2013).</li><li>Mun, J., Yun, B. -. G., Ju, J., Chang, B. -. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indirect+Additive+Manufacturing+Based+Casting+of+a+Periodic+3D+Cellular+Metal+-+Flow+Simulation+of+Molten+Aluminum+Alloy.">Indirect Additive Manufacturing Based Casting of a Periodic 3D Cellular Metal - Flow Simulation of Molten Aluminum Alloy.</a> Manufact. Process. 17, 28-40 (2015).</li><li>Challapalli, A., Ju, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuum+Model+for+Effective+Properties+of+Orthotropic+Octet-Truss+Lattice+Materials.">Continuum Model for Effective Properties of Orthotropic Octet-Truss Lattice Materials.</a> Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. , (2014).</li><li>Taylor, H. F., Flemings, M. C., Wulff, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Foundry Engineering. , (1959).</li><li>Mun, J., Ju, J., Thurman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indirect+Additive+Manufacturing+Based+Casting+(I+AM+Casting)+of+a+Lattice+Structure.">Indirect Additive Manufacturing Based Casting (I AM Casting) of a Lattice Structure.</a> Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. , (2014).</li><li>Mun, J., Ju, J., Thurman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indirect+Additive+Manufacturing+of+a+Copper+Alloy+Cubic+Lattice+Structure.">Indirect Additive Manufacturing of a Copper Alloy Cubic Lattice Structure.</a> Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. , (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Volume+2+Properties+and+Selection:+Nonferrous+Alloys+and+Pure+Metals.">Volume 2 Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals.</a> Metals Handbook Ninth Edition. , (1979).</li><li>Romano, J., Ladani, L., Razmi, J., Sadowski, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+Distribution+and+Melt+Geometry+in+Laser+and+Electron-beam+Melting+Processes+-+A+Comparison+Among+Common+Materials.">Temperature Distribution and Melt Geometry in Laser and Electron-beam Melting Processes - A Comparison Among Common Materials.</a> J. of Additive Manuf. 8, 1-11 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

従来の金属鋳造のためには、金型キャビティの「層流」でスムーズかつ合理化溶融金属の流れを維持し、むしろ一般的に乱流27で観察された不規則な攪拌流を回避することが重要です。したがって、適切に格子モールドキャビティ「層状」内部の溶融金属の流れを維持するために遠心アームの回転速度に関連した湯口システムの注入口を設計することが重要です。 <p class="jove_content...

携帯金属が固体ストラットまたはプレートの相互接続されたネットワークで構成された金属であるとボイドとの複雑なマイクロアーキテクチャを有する1。例としては、I）ランダム構造確率フォームの両方を含む、およびii）周期的に2次元ハニカム三次元（3D）の格子トラス構造を命じました。彼らは、その高い比剛性と強度1-3と高い特定の弾力4-5、衝撃荷重6、防音7、熱放散と熱交換器8の可能な設計のための優れたエネルギー吸収に注目を集めています。特に、定期的に規則格子構造は、内部多孔性ネットワークの形状を制御する能力を有する優れた特性を設計する可能性を秘めています。 それらの複雑な内部多孔性ネットワークの形状には、従来のサブトラクティブmachininを用いた携帯金属を製造することは困難ですグラム。このように、研究者らは、細胞の金属を製造するための代替方法を探し始めている：液体金属中のガスを形成するか、発泡剤と金属粉末を混合確率的金属形態9を製造するために調べました。細胞のトポロジーの制御の欠如のため、機械的特性を調整することは困難です。また、定期的に注文した携帯金属の製造方法が模索された：周期構造10を作成するためにそれらを接合することにより、その後の波形形状に金属の薄いシートを打ち抜き、接合は繊維製品13を製造するために金属板11、押出12、織りや燃える金属フィラメントをスロット。これらの製造方法は、反復パターンを提供していても、パターンが依然として平面方向に制限されています。 3Dパターンの繰り返しを生成するための努力では、研究者は、添加剤製造（AM）を使用して開始し、 例えば 、選択的レーザ溶融（SLM）14、電子ビーム溶融（EBM） <sup&gt; 15、およびダイレクトメタルレーザー焼結（DMLS）16。 3Dは、複雑な格子形状を注文製作する能力にもかかわらず、まだいくつかの制限が存在する：レーザー又は電子溶融中「ボーリング」現象と難易度の高い熱伝導性と高い光反射率17と金属を使用して、高い熱残留応力18、貧弱な表面仕上げを積層製造の複合効果による部品19、異方性20-21、粒子、粉末の大きさ、レーザまたは電子ビーム15のパワー及び走査速度、高いエネルギー消費などの異方性形成。 金属鋳造でポリマーベースのAMを組み合わせることで格子金属を製造する代替方法を提供することができます。一つは、この「間接AM」を呼び出すことができます。間接的なAMは、上記金属の直接AMの技術的問題を克服するための解決策を提供することができます。いくつかの努力がミリアンペアされていますデ22-25をキャストベースの重力を有するポリマーの3Dプリントを組み合わせた間接的なAMを使用して、格子の金属を製造する; 例えば 、熱溶解積層法（FDM）と組み合わせインベストメント鋳造法を砂の粉と合わせ格子合金22-25または砂型鋳造を製造するためにAM 23ベース。彼らは、格子構造の金型25から26の鋭い角を持つネットワーク構造を満たしたときに溶融金属の突然の凝固によって引き起こさ湯回り不良及び多孔性-重力系鋳造を克服するための技術的な課題を残っているように見えますが。格子構造の金型の比較的大きな表面積はまた、早期の凝固25-26に生じる、急激な冷却に寄与するように見えます。 3Dプリント格子犠牲ポリマーパターンによって作られた格子金型キャビティへの遠心鋳造 - 本研究では、格子金属の製造中湯回り不良を克服することができる代替間接AMを提案します。私たちは、デジタルを使います光処理（DLP）は、AlおよびCu合金の遠心鋳造に続いて格子構造犠牲パターンを構築するためのベースの3D印刷方法。本研究の目的は、複雑な形状と薄い壁厚を有する3次元格子金属の製造に関する詳細なプロトコルを提供することです。このプロセスの主な寄与は、格子金属を製造するための低コストで材料の選択範囲を拡張する機会を提供することです。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized centrifugal casting machine</td>
			<td>Rey Motorized Centrifugal Casting Machine, Rey Industries Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Made in U.S.A. by Rey industries, Inc. Dallas, TX 75220</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gypsum powder</td>
			<td>Satin Cast 20, FindingKing Kerr</td>
			<td>7960</td>
			<td>Gypsum powder is used to make the investment mixture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ployjet 3D printer</td>
			<td>Projet HD3500 Plus, 3D Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This polymer based 3D printer to print out sacrificial pattern for casting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cartridge materials - UV curable and castable acrylic plastic</td>
			<td>VisiJet Procast, 3D Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is castable material that is going to be burn out before casting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cartridge materials- support material</td>
			<td>VijiJet S300, 3D Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is support material that is going to be removed before pattern assemble</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ancient Bronze Casting Grain</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>706051</td>
			<td>This true bronze grain contains no zinc. Highly fluid, it melts quickly, casts cleanly and provides a good balance between strength and durability. The warm, deep-bronze color has rich red undertones, and the alloy takes a good patina. 
			Composition is 90% copper with an amount of tin; fits into the CDA#90700 category. This grain is sold in 1-lb. packages.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum Round Wire, 1/8&#34;, 1-Lb. Spool, Dead Soft</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>134700</td>
			<td>Lightweight and strong, aluminum wire is an economical and versatile choice. Not as bright-white as silver, aluminum offers a warmer tone much like that of platinum. Solder ONLY with low-temp solders such as Stay-Brite; suitable for both pulse-arc and laser welding. This quality aluminum wire is packaged on 1-lb. spools.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer aided design software (Pro-e)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This software can be replaced with the others such as Auto CAD, Catia, and so on.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProJet Finisher 1-A</td>
			<td>3D Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This machine is used to melt the support material.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>160 Watt 2.5 Liters Digital Ultrasonic Cleaner with Timer Heater Rings Tools</td>
			<td>Chicago, Electric, Power Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>85 oz. capacity, Five cleaning cycles: 90, 180, 280, 380 and 480 seconds, Clean with or without heat, Easy-to-read LED digital timer, Clear-view window</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fan&#160;</td>
			<td>Honeywell Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>HT-800</td>
			<td>120V A.C., 60Hz., 0.85A. TP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin wax for wax sheet - Modeler&#39;s Pink Wax Sheet, 3&#34; by 6&#34;, 24-Ga.</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>700075</td>
			<td>Sheet wax is flexible and can be cut or formed into any shape. It&#8217;s ideal for designing since you can draw or trace directly onto the sheet; choose green or pink depending on which will best show your designs. High manufacturing standards ensure exceptional consistency and significant price savings. Value is enhanced by larger package quantities at the same price as the smaller packages available elsewhere. Each 8-oz. package contains approximately 30 sheets.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin wax for wax stick - Modeler&#39;s Medium Red Sprue Wax, 8-Ga</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>700741</td>
			<td>A pliable, softer sprue wax than the firm blue. Good for forming gates and sprues and burns out cleanly with no residue.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol Lamp</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>700008</td>
			<td>Use this lamp to heat wax-working tools or as a flame polisher. The heavy glass reservoir has faceted sides to allow it to be tipped for angling the flame. A screw adjustment for the 7&#34; x 3/16&#34; wick controls the height of the flame. A safety cap snuffs the flame and prevents fuel evaporation. For the best flame, use methyl alcohol fuel. Replacement wicks available. Reservoir holds 5 oz. (150ml) of fuel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wax carving tool set - Soft Grip Wax Carvers, Set of 10</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>700329</td>
			<td>This boxed set offers the best in cutting and shaping technology. Each of these ten high-quality steel wax-carving tools features a 5/16&#34; PVC covered handle that ensures a sure, comfortable grip through hours of work and all have sharp edges for shaping and fine detailing. Sharpen or custom-shape each tool to fit your needs. These tools provide exceptional tool strength and deliver excellent results. This set comes in a hinged, foam-lined wood box.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber Mixing Bowl, 1-1/2 Qt.</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>702131</td>
			<td>This highly-flexible vulcanized rubber bowl is easy to grip, will not be marred by a spatula and cleans with ease.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyrex Beaker, 1,000ml</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>335040</td>
			<td>Ideal for holding and heating bath plating solutions, this genuine Pyrex glass beaker is sturdy and durable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rio Premium Stainless Steel Flask, 2-1/2&#34; dia.</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>70201514</td>
			<td>This solid, #304-quality stainless steel flask is corrosion-resistant, durable for a long service life and performs under extreme temperature without distortion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CAST/T Ceramic Casting Crucible, 450g</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>705047</td>
			<td>Made exclusively for the CAST/T centrifugal casting machine, this crucible is designed with an angled base that slides into the hinged bracket on top of the casting machine. This brings the crucible into perfect alignment with the center of the flask ring to ensure an error-free pour.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MyWeigh iBalance 300 Digital Scale</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>116850</td>
			<td>This scale is used to measure the weight of the sacrificial and sprue system for metal which is going to be used for centrifugal casting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber bottom - CAST/T Flask Ring Base</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>705025</td>
			<td>Specially made for the CAST/T centrifugal casting machine, this rubber base accommodates all Table King flask ring styles, creating a secure, airtight seal throughout the investment process. The center post fits either of the wax disc styles for complete versatility.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scotch&#174; Colored Duct Tape, 1 7/8&#34; x 20 Yd., Blue</td>
			<td>OfficeMax&#160;</td>
			<td>22353766</td>
			<td>This scotch tape is used to make sure that the gypsum-water mixture fully covers the assembled sacrificial pattern inside the flask by allowing for extra material above the flask height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum casting machine - V.I.C. 12 Tabletop Solid- and Perforated-Flask Casting Machine with The Rio Assistant, 110-Volt</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>70511814</td>
			<td>The V.I.C. 12 casting machine offers all the latest technical innovations for efficient, productive vacuum investing and casting. Designed to meet the demands of medium-sized casting operations, this machine includes a powerful 1/2hp, 5cfm vacuum pump for effective vacuuming and outstanding casting results. The V.I.C. 12 casts small or large flasks. Includes an adapter table that accepts standard solid flasks up to 5&#34; x 7&#34; high and is mounted on rubber feet for stability.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Furnace for burn out sacrificial pattern -Rio Model 1000 Enameling Kiln with Nine Program Controller</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>703121</td>
			<td>The Rio enameling kiln features three pre-set firing temperatures for enamels and six that you can define. Use the exclusive Rio controller to set and maintain firing temperatures. Perfect for all types of enameling, including tall pieces. Includes ample space for firing and an easy-latch door that will not jar your enamels when opening and closing. Also suitable for metal clay, glass and ceramics. Galvanized steel case with high-temperature insulating firebrick keeps them cool. Element protected in recessed groove. Includes user instructions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smith Complete Little Torch Acetylene and Oxygen System</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>500030</td>
			<td>Get everything you need to equip your shop for soldering and brazing. Use Little Torch systems for gold 
			or silver soldering, brazing and casting applications. Complete every soldering and melting job with confidence and ease! This system accepts all Little Torch accessory tips for melting, brazing and large soldering jobs and is a staple for every jeweler.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat-Resistant Safety Apron</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>750160</td>
			<td>The specially designed apron has an 800&#176;F (427&#176;C) temperature resistance. Its reflective finish repels hot metal splashes and helps insulate the wearer from heat.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Radnor Heat-Resistant Gloves</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>350050</td>
			<td>These flexible, heat-resistant gloves are ideal for enameling projects, allowing you to grip even small tongs securely. Blue, shoulder-split leather gloves are made of tough cowhide and lined with cotton and foam, and have reinforced thumb wings.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum Soldering Glasses, #7</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>113914</td>
			<td>Protect yourself and your employees when soldering platinum. Comfortable glasses feature adjustable earpieces and 52mm IR green polycarbonate #7 lenses. The #7 lens is approved by The Platinum Guild.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Economy Light-Duty Flask Tongs</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>704026</td>
			<td>Constructed of bent steel, these tongs are designed to handle flasks 3-1/2&#34; or less in diameter. The small-angle notches grip smaller flask sizes and the larger, rounded contour area securely holds larger flasks.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Separating Screen Bucket</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
			<td>201360</td>
			<td>15&#34;-diameter, 11-1/2&#34;-deep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sand blaster - Econoline - 101701CB-A - Free-Standing Cabinets Workspace Width (Inch): 60 Workspace Depth (Inch): 48</td>
			<td>MSC industrial supply Co.&#160;</td>
			<td>223818</td>
			<td>Ree-Standing Cabinets; Workspace Width (Inch): 60; Workspace Depth (Inch): 48; Workspace Height (Inch): 40; Air Requirement: 12 CFM @ 80 psi; Overall Cabinet Width (Inch): 65; Maximum Cabinet Depth (Inch): 86</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Johnson&#39;s Baby Oil Shea &#38; Cocoa Butter&#160;</td>
			<td>Wal-Mart</td>
			<td>260074132</td>
			<td>This baby&#160; oil is used for removing the residue of the support material for the castable sacrificial pattern using Digital Ultrasonic Cleaner.</td>
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			<td>German 4&#34; Saw Frame and Saw Blade Kit</td>
			<td>Rio Grande</td>
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			<td>Quality, German-made frames are our most popular saw frames, and this frame includes a sampler pack of Rio German saw blades! The adjustable saw frame allows you to achieve the blade tension you want. Throat depth is 102mm (4&#34;). Saw blades have rounded backs that make cutting curves and corners easy and are made from hardened, tempered steel.</td>
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</table>

indirect fabrication of lattice metals with thin sections using centrifugal casting

3D格子金属を製造する典型的な方法の1つは、選択的レーザ溶融（SLM）及び電子ビーム（EBM）溶融として直接金属添加物の製造（AM）プロセスです。その潜在的な処理能力にもかかわらず、直接AM方式は、高コスト、最終製品の貧弱な表面仕上げ、制限材料選択において、高い熱応力、および部品の異方性の性質のようないくつかの欠点があります。我々は、3次元格子金属を製造するためのコスト効果的な方法を提案します。本研究の目的は、複雑な形状と薄い壁厚を有する3次元格子金属の製造に関する詳細なプロトコルを提供することである5mmの単位セル長さとセル壁の厚さを有するAlとCuの合金で作られ、例えば 、オクテットトラス0.5mmの。 （a）は犠牲パターンの3D印刷（b）は、支持材料の溶融アウト（C）支持材料の残留物の除去（d）のパターンassembl：全体的な実験手順は、8つのセクションに分割されY（e）の投資（f）は、最終製品の犠牲パターン（g）の遠心鋳造（h）の後処理のバーンアウト。提案した間接的なAM技術は、超軽量の格子金属を製造する可能性を提供する。 例えば 、格子構造をAl合金で。間接的なAM技術によりオクテットトラス金属の最終生成物を観察し、プロセスパラメータを適切な材料及び格子形状に応じて制御する必要があると思われます。

プロトコルセクションで説明した間接的な添加剤の製造を使用して、Al及びCuの合金は、図1に示すように、製造オクテットトラス金属のために使用された全体の鋳造手順は図2に要約されている手順では、8つのセクションで構成されています。。（a）の犠牲支持材料の残留物のパターン印刷（b）は、支持材料の溶融アウト（c）の除去（D）パ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting at JoVE.com

Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting

遠心鋳造を有するポリマーの3D印刷を組み合わせた間接的な添加剤の製造方法は、0.5mmの壁の厚さ5mmの単位セル長さを有する3次元オクテットトラス金属（AlとCuの合金）を製造するために概説されています。

遠心鋳造を使用した薄い部分との格子金属の間接製作

One of the typical methods to manufacture 3D lattice metals is the direct-metal additive manufacturing (AM) process such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) ...

indirect-fabrication-lattice-metals-with-thin-sections-using

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12.4K ビュー.  University of North Texas. 遠心鋳造を有するポリマーの3D印刷を組み合わせた間接的な添加剤の製造方法は、0.5mmの壁の厚さ5mmの単位セル長さを有する3次元オクテットトラス金属（AlとCuの合金）を製造するために概説されています。 

ビデオ: Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

プラズモニック·強化されたライトトラップによる多結晶シリコン薄膜太陽電池

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

工学

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in industrialized countries. Here, the development of optical mesosensors/adsorbents (MSAs) for efficient recognition and selective recovery of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) from urban mine was achieved. A simple, general method for preparing MSAs based on using high-order mesoporous monolithic scaffolds was described. Hierarchical cubic Ia3d wagon-wheel-shaped MSAs were fabricated by anchoring chelating agents (colorants) into three-dimensional pores and micrometric particle surfaces of the mesoporous monolithic scaffolds. Findings show, for the first time, evidence of controlled optical recognition of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) ions and a highly selective system for recovery of Pd(II) ions (up to ~95%) in ores and industrial wastes. Furthermore, the controlled assessment processes described herein involve evaluation of intrinsic properties (e.g., visual signal change, long-term stability, adsorption efficiency, extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and reusability); thus, expensive, sophisticated instruments are not required. Results show evidence that MSAs will attract worldwide attention as a promising technological means of recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals.

Because of the importance and extensive use of palladium, gold and cobalt metals in high-technology equipment, their recovery and recycling constitute an important industrial challenge. The metal recovery system described herein is a simple, low-cost means for the effective detection, removal, and recovery of these metals from the urban mine.

検出とパラジウムの回収は、都市鉱山からの金やコバルト金属は、ナノスケールワゴンホイール形の細孔を有する指定小説センサ/吸着剤を使用しました

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films

The biological uptake of plutonium (Pu) in aquatic ecosystems is of particular concern since it is an alpha-particle emitter with long half-life which can potentially contribute to the exposure of biota and humans. The diffusive gradients in thin films technique is introduced here for in-situ measurements of Pu bioavailability and speciation. A diffusion cell constructed for laboratory experiments with Pu and the newly developed protocol make it possible to simulate the environmental behavior of Pu in model solutions of various chemical compositions. Adjustment of the oxidation states to Pu(IV) and Pu(V) described in this protocol is essential in order to investigate the complex redox chemistry of plutonium in the environment. The calibration of this technique and the results obtained in the laboratory experiments enable to develop a specific DGT device for in-situ Pu measurements in freshwaters. Accelerator-based mass-spectrometry measurements of Pu accumulated by DGTs in a karst spring allowed determining the bioavailability of Pu in a mineral freshwater environment. Application of this protocol for Pu measurements using DGT devices has a large potential to improve our understanding of the speciation and the biological transfer of Pu in aquatic ecosystems.

The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) is proposed for speciation studies of plutonium. This protocol describes diffusion experiments probing the behavior of Pu(IV) and Pu(V) in presence of organic matter. DGTs deployed in a karstic spring allow assessment of the bioavailability of Pu.

薄膜における拡散を用いた環境プルトニウムのスペシエーションと生物学的利用能の測定

The biological uptake of plutonium (Pu) in aquatic ecosystems is of particular concern since it is an alpha-particle emitter with long half-life which can ...

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive thin-films. Due to the low growth temperature, the process allows integration with modern low-&#954; dielectrics and some flexible substrates. The process is compatible with standard semiconductor fabrication, and a method for the fabrication of electrical 4-point probe test structures for vertical interconnect test structures is presented. Using scanning electron microscopy the morphology of the CNT bundles is investigated, which demonstrates vertical alignment of the CNT and can be used to tune the CNT growth time. With Raman spectroscopy the crystallinity of the CNT is investigated. It was found that the CNT have many defects, due to the low growth temperature. The electrical current-voltage measurements of the test vertical interconnects displays a linear response, indicating good ohmic contact was achieved between the CNT bundle and the top and bottom metal electrodes. The obtained resistivities of the CNT bundle are among the average values in the literature, while a record-low CNT growth temperature was used.

A method for the growth of low temperature vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes, and the subsequent fabrication of vertical interconnect electrical test structures using semiconductor fabrication is presented.

半導体技術との互換性低温カーボンナノチューブ垂直相互接続の作製

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive ...

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of stretchable electronic devices is the preparation of stretchable conductors with great mechanical stability. In this study, we developed a simple fabrication method to chemically solder the contact points between silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. AgNW nanomesh was first deposited on a glass slide via spray coating method. A reactive ink composed of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) precursors was applied over the spray coated AgNW thin films. After heating for 40 min, AgNPs were preferentially generated over the nanowire junctions to solder the AgNW nanomesh, and reinforced the conducting network. The chemically modified AgNW thin film was then transferred to polyurethane (PU) substrates by casting method. The soldered AgNW thin films on PU exhibited no obvious change in electrical conductivity under stretching or rolling process with elongation strains up to 120%.

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

シルバーナノワイヤーと伸縮性の高い導体の製造方法

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

Capillary-based Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Size-controllable Formation of Monodisperse Microdroplets

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal microfluidic device. W/O microdroplets have recently been used in powerful methods that enable miniaturized chemical experiments. Therefore, developing a versatile method to yield monodisperse W/O microdroplets is needed. We have developed a method for generating monodisperse W/O microdroplets based on a capillary-based centrifugal axisymmetric co-flowing microfluidic device. We succeeded in controlling the size of microdroplets by adjusting the capillary orifice. Our method requires equipment that is easier-to-use than with other microfluidic techniques, requires only a small volume (0.1-1 &#181;l) of sample solution for encapsulation, and enables the production of hundreds of thousands number of W/O microdroplets per second. We expect this method will assist biological studies that require precious biological samples by conserving the volume of the samples for rapid quantitative analysis biochemical and biological studies.

Here, we demonstrate a simple production method for size-controllable, monodisperse, water-in-oil (W/O) microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal microfluidic device. This method requires only a small sample volume and enables high-yield production. We expect this method will be useful for rapid biochemical and cellular analyses.

単分散微小液滴のサイズ制御可能な形成のためのキャピラリーベースの遠心マイクロ流体デバイス

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal ...

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active layer which consists of blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated triphenylamine molecules. This white light emission originates from exciplexes formed between PFD and amines in electronically excited states. A device containing PFD, 4,4&#39;,4&#39;&#39;-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(ethylene oxide) and K2CF3SO3 showed white light emission with Commission internationale de l&#39;&#233;clairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.43) and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of Ra = 73 at an applied voltage of 3.5 V. Constant voltage measurements showed that the CIE coordinates of (0.27, 0.37), Ra of 67, and the emission color observed immediately after application of a voltage of 5 V were nearly unchanged and stable after 300 sec.

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

エキシプレックスからの安定した発光と白色発光電気化学セルの作製

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

その場で太陽電池とモジュールの加速劣化のモニタリング: Cu (In, Ga) Se2太陽電池に関するケーススタディ

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Fabrication of Periodic Gold Nanocup Arrays Using Colloidal Lithography

Within recent years, the field of plasmonics has exploded as researchers have demonstrated exciting applications related to chemical and optical sensing in combination with new nanofabrication techniques. A plasmon is a quantum of charge density oscillation that lends nanoscale metals such as gold and silver unique optical properties. In particular, gold and silver nanoparticles exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances-collective charge density oscillations on the surface of the nanoparticle-in the visible spectrum. Here, we focus on the fabrication of periodic arrays of anisotropic plasmonic nanostructures. These half-shell (or nanocup) structures can exhibit additional unique light-bending and polarization-dependent optical properties that simple isotropic nanostructures cannot. Researchers are interested in the fabrication of periodic arrays of nanocups for a wide variety of applications such as low-cost optical devices, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and tamper indication. We present a scalable technique based on colloidal lithography in which it is possible to easily fabricate large periodic arrays of nanocups using spin-coating and self-assembled commercially available polymeric nanospheres. Electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy from the visible to near-infrared (near-IR) was performed to confirm successful nanocup fabrication. We conclude with a demonstration of the transfer of nanocups to a flexible, conformal adhesive film.

We demonstrate the fabrication of periodic gold nanocup arrays using colloidal lithographic techniques and discuss the importance of nanoplasmonic films.

コロイド リソグラフィーを用いた定期的な金 Nanocup アレイの試作

Within recent years, the field of plasmonics has exploded as researchers have demonstrated exciting applications related to chemical and optical sensing ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present an advanced method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics. The proposed process addresses several fabrication issues, including large area processing. Specifically, the protocol describes a process for fabricating ultra-thin color films using an electron beam evaporator for oblique angle deposition of germanium (Ge) and gold (Au) on silicon (Si) substrates.&#160; Film porosity produced by the oblique angle deposition induces color changes in the ultra-thin film. The degree of color change depends on factors such as deposition angle and film thickness. Fabricated samples of the ultra-thin color films showed improved color tunability and color purity. In addition, the measured reflectance of the fabricated samples was converted into chromatic values and analyzed in terms of color. Our ultra-thin film fabricating method is expected to be used for various ultra-thin film applications such as flexible color electrodes, thin film solar cells, and optical filters. Also, the process developed here for analyzing the color of the fabricated samples is broadly useful for studying various color structures.

We present a detailed method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics for optical coatings. The oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporator allows improved color tunability and purity. Fabricated films of Ge and Au on Si substrates were analyzed by reflectance measurements and color information conversion.

斜め蒸着を使用してメディアを高吸収極薄カラー フィルムの作製

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...