我々は、アミラと光学データの3DレンダリングのためにポールJLウェブスターを認める。フィル·ムニョスとベンジャミンFrantaは、その開発を通して原稿にフィードバックを提供しました。本稿で述べた研究は助成FA9550-09-1から0546とFA9550-10-1から0402の下で科学研究の空軍Officeによってサポートされていました。

1。金属イオンをドープしたポリマーフィルムを準備<ol><li>ビーカー内の水8mlを測定します。 </li><li>水にPVPの206 mgを追加します。溶液が透明になるまでマグネチックスターラーあるいはボルテックスミキサーを用いて混合します。 </li><li>ソリューションにAgNO 3の210 mgを追加します。溶液が透明になるまでマグネチックスターラーあるいはボルテックスミキサーを用いて混合します。 </li><li>ドロップキャスティングを通じた解決を持つコートスライドガラス。 </li><li> 100℃のオーブンセットに置きスライドガラス30分間サンプルを焼く。 </li><li>オーブンからサンプルを取り出し、30分間冷ます。 </li></ol> 2。切断された銀構造体の作製<ol><li>防振付き光学テーブルの上に、図1に示したセットアップの位置を合わせます。 </li><li>顕微鏡の対物レンズの後に50-FSECパルスを得るために、コンプレッサーを調整します。 </li><li>客観後3-NJパルスを得るために、NDフィルターを調整します。 </li><li>レーザスポットサイズは​​顕微鏡対物レンズの開口部背面よりも大きいことを確認します。 </li><li>試料に照射された時に、10マイクロ秒露光ウィンドウを生成する音響光学変調器を設定します。 </li><li>それは3軸移動ステージ上に顕微鏡と場所の試料に到達する前にブロックレーザービーム。フェムト秒レーザーパルスの光路は、イメージング顕微鏡対物レンズを通って試料に渡す必要があります。 </li><li> CCDカメラを用いたin-situでの試料を観察する顕微鏡照明源をオンにします。 </li><li>ガラス基板とポリマー膜との界面を見つけるために、ステージの z軸を翻訳します。次に、パターニング一番下の層にポリマー内の所望の深さに顕微鏡の焦点を再び合わせてください。パターニング中にZ-変換が製造される構造と散乱を避けるために、先にガラスポリマー界面からの方向でなければなりません。 </li><li> Y、 - - xでサンプルを翻訳するためにレーザービームとセットモーションコントローラソフトウェアのブロックを解除し 、z -は100μm/秒の速度と方向。 10μ秒のための単一のボクセルを照射明確なのin-situイメージングのために少なくとも数μmによるNd別隣接するボクセル。 25 Hzに音響光学変調器の繰返し速度を設定すると、4μmの間隔を生成します。レーザー露光された領域は、銀の構造が含まれます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>von Freymann, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+Nanostructures+for+Photonics.">Three-Dimensional Nanostructures for Photonics.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 20, 1038-1052 (2010).</li><li>LaFratta, C. N., Fourkas, J. T., Baldacchini, T., Farrer, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiphoton+Fabrication.">Multiphoton Fabrication.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 46, 6238-6258 (2007).</li><li>Gattass, R. R., Mazur, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+laser+micromachining+in+transparent+materials.">Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials.</a> Nat. Photon. 2, 219-225 (2008).</li><li>Li, L., Gattass, R. R., Gershgoren, E., Hwang, H., Fourkas, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Achieving+&#955;/20+Resolution+by+One-Color+Initiation+and+Deactivation+of+Polymerization.">Achieving &#955;/20 Resolution by One-Color Initiation and Deactivation of Polymerization.</a> Science. 324, 910-913 (2009).</li><li>Haske, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=65+nm+feature+sizes+using+visible+wavelength+3-D+multiphoton+lithography.">65 nm feature sizes using visible wavelength 3-D multiphoton lithography.</a> Opt. Express. 15, 3426-3436 (2007).</li><li>Xing, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+spatial+resolution+of+two-photon+microfabrication+by+using+photoinitiator+with+high+initiating+efficiency.">Improving spatial resolution of two-photon microfabrication by using photoinitiator with high initiating efficiency.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 131106 (2007).</li><li>Tan, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+in+feature+size+of+two-photon+polymerization+using+SCR500.">Reduction in feature size of two-photon polymerization using SCR500.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 071106 (2007).</li><li>Vora, K., Kang, S., Shukla, S., Mazur, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+disconnected+three-dimensional+silver+nanostructures+in+a+polymer+matrix.">Fabrication of disconnected three-dimensional silver nanostructures in a polymer matrix.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063120 (2012).</li><li>G&#252;ney, D. &. #. 2. 1. 4. ;., Koschny, T., Soukoulis, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-connected+three-dimensionally+isotropic+bulk+negative+index+photonic+metamaterial.">Intra-connected three-dimensionally isotropic bulk negative index photonic metamaterial.</a> Opt. Express. 18, 12348-12353 (2010).</li><li>Grigorenko, A. 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特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

プロセスの鍵は高解像度の製作を可能にドープされた誘電体マトリックスを取得されていますが、調製後すぐに劣化することはありません。 PVP、AgNO 3およびH 2 Oの単純な混合物は、支持マトリックス内部に埋め込 ​​まれている高解像度の銀ナノ構造体の作成 ​​を可能にします。 AgNO 3を比率にPVPを変化させると、製造に必要なレーザーエネルギーを変更し、この?...

a method to fabricate disconnected silver nanostructures in 3d

標準的なナノファブリケーション·ツールキットは、主に誘電体媒体で2Dパターンを作成することを目的と技術を含む。サブミクロンスケールでの金属パターンを作成すると、ナノファブリケーションツールといくつかの材料の処理ステップの組み合わせが必要です。例えば、紫外線、フォトリソグラフィ及び電子ビームリソグラフィを用いた平面金属製の構造物を作成する手順は、サンプル露出、サンプル開発、金属蒸着、金属リフトオフを含めることができます。 3D金属構造を作成するには、シーケンスが複数回繰り返される。複数の層を積層し、整列の複雑さと難しさは、標準的なナノファブリケーションツールを使用して、3Dの金属構造の実用的な実装を制限します。フェムト秒レーザー直接描画は3D微細加工のための卓越した技術として浮上している。1,2フェムト秒レーザーは頻繁にポリマーとメガネで3Dパターンを作成するために使用されます。3-7しかし、直接書き込み3D金属が課題として残されている。ここでは、800 nmでの中心とフェムト秒レーザーを用いた高分子マトリックス内に埋め込まれた銀ナノ構造を作製する方法を説明します。方法は、切断された銀のボクセルの3次元配列のような他の技術を用いて実現可能ではないパターンの製作が可能になります。8切断3D金属パターンがそのような結合された金属ドット10のようなユニットセルが互いに接触していないメタマテリアル、9に有用であり、 11または結合金属棒12,13共振器。潜在的なアプリケーションは負のインデックスメタマテリアル、不可視のマント、完璧なレンズを含む。 フェムト秒レーザー直接描画では、レーザー波長は、その光子は直線的にターゲット·メディアで吸収されない選ばれています。レーザーパルスの持続時間がフェムト秒の時間スケールにまで圧縮されており、放射線がしっかりターゲット内部フォーカスされている場合、非常に高い強度が非線形吸収を誘導する。複数の光子が同時に吸収される注目領域内の材料の変更につながる電子遷移を起こすLY。この手法を使うと、1は、材料のバルクではなく、その表面上の構造を形成することができる。 3Dダイレクト金属書き込みのほとんどの作業は自己担持金属構造を作成するに焦点を当ててきた14-16の方法は、ここで説明され、それらがマトリックス内に埋め込 ​​まれているので、セルフサポートする必要はありませんサブミクロン銀構造が得られます。ドープポリマーマトリックスは、硝酸銀との混合物（AgNO 3を ）、ポリビニルピロリドン（PVP）と水（H 2 O）を用いて調製される。次いで、試料を50 fsのパルスを生成する11 MHzのフェムト秒レーザーを照射してパターン化される。照射中は、銀イオンの光還元を震源域における銀ナノ粒子の集合体を作成し、非線形吸収を介して誘導される。このアプローチを使用して我々は、ドープされたPVPのマトリックス中に埋め込まれた銀のパターンを作成します。 sの3D変換の追加十分には3つの次元にパターニングを拡張します。

音響光学変調器とNDフィルター（ 図1）は、1は、サンプルの中に堆積されるエネルギーの量を制御することができます。ステージが100μm/秒で翻訳して、パルス当たりのボクセルと3 NJあたり110パルスの露光を用い、得られた銀の構造は、 その場での光学顕微鏡で容易に見ることができます。低いレーザ露光レベル（パルスエネルギーおよび/ ​​またはパルス数を減らすこ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D at JoVE.com

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

フェムト秒レーザー直接描画が頻繁ポリマーおよびガラス中の3次元（3D）のパターンを作成するために使用されます。しかし、3Dでパターニング金属が課題として残されている。我々は800nm​​を中心としたフェムト秒レーザーを用いた高分子マトリックス内に埋め込まれた銀ナノ構造体の製造方法を説明します。

3Dで切断された銀ナノ構造体を製造する方法

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

a-method-to-fabricate-disconnected-silver-nanostructures-in-3d

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

13.7K ビュー.  Harvard University. フェムト秒レーザー直接描画が頻繁ポリマーおよびガラス中の3次元（3D）のパターンを作成するために使用されます。しかし、3Dでパターニング金属が課題として残されている。我々は800nm​​を中心としたフェムト秒レーザーを用いた高分子マトリックス内に埋め込まれた銀ナノ構造体の製造方法を説明します。

ビデオ: A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

デジタル干渉縞投影技術と高分解能、高速、三次元ビデオ画像

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

工学

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions. Oxide interfaces exhibit a wide range of properties that can be controlled include conduction, piezoelectric behavior, ferromagnetism, superconductivity and nonlinear optical properties. Recently, methods for controlling these properties at extreme nanoscale dimensions have been discovered and developed. Here are described explicit step-by-step procedures for creating LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanostructures using a reversible conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The processing steps for creating electrical contacts to the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface are first described. Conductive nanostructures are created by applying voltages to a conductive atomic force microscope tip and locally switching the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface to a conductive state. A versatile nanolithography toolkit has been developed expressly for the purpose of controlling the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip path and voltage. Then, these nanostructures are placed in a cryostat and transport measurements are performed. The procedures described here should be useful to others wishing to conduct research in oxide nanoelectronics.

Oxide nanostructures provide new opportunities for science and technology. The interfacial conductivity between LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 can be controlled with near-atomic precision using a conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The protocol for creating and measuring conductive nanostructures at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces is demonstrated.

書き込みおよび酸化物ナノ構造の低温特性評価

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions.  Oxide ...

Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor performance, which suggest a new direction for the development of next-generation ultrathin and flexible photonic and electronic devices. Enhanced luminescence quantum efficiency has been widely observed in these atomically thin 2D crystals. However, dimension effects beyond quantum confinement thicknesses or even at the micrometer scale are not expected and have rarely been observed. In this study, molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) layer crystals with a thickness range of 6-2,700 nm were fabricated as two- or four-terminal devices. Ohmic contact formation was successfully achieved by the focused-ion beam (FIB) deposition method using platinum (Pt) as a contact metal. Layer crystals with various thicknesses were prepared through simple mechanical exfoliation by using dicing tape. Current-voltage curve measurements were performed to determine the conductivity value of the layer nanocrystals. In addition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffractometry, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize the interface of the metal&#8211;semiconductor contact of the FIB-fabricated MoSe2 devices. After applying the approaches, the substantial thickness-dependent electrical conductivity in a wide thickness range for the MoSe2-layer semiconductor was observed. The conductivity increased by over two orders of magnitude from 4.6 to 1,500 &#937;&#8722;1 cm&#8722;1, with a decrease in the thickness from 2,700 to 6 nm. In addition, the temperature-dependent conductivity indicated that the thin MoSe2 multilayers exhibited considerably weak semiconducting behavior with activation energies of 3.5-8.5 meV, which are considerably smaller than those (36-38 meV) of the bulk. Probable surface-dominant transport properties and the presence of a high surface electron concentration in MoSe2 are proposed. Similar results can be obtained for other layer semiconductor materials such as MoS2 and WS2.

We describe the approaches for the device fabrication and electrical characterization of molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) layer semiconductor nanostructures with different thicknesses. In addition, the fabrication of ohmic contacts for MoSe2-layer nanocrystals by the focused-ion beam deposition method using platinum (Pt) as a contact metal is described.

レイヤ半導体ナノ構造のための集束イオンビーム技術と電気的評価を使用したオーミックコンタクト製作

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

転写印刷により水素化微結晶シリコン太陽電池の光トラッピング銀ナノ構造の統合

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of stretchable electronic devices is the preparation of stretchable conductors with great mechanical stability. In this study, we developed a simple fabrication method to chemically solder the contact points between silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. AgNW nanomesh was first deposited on a glass slide via spray coating method. A reactive ink composed of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) precursors was applied over the spray coated AgNW thin films. After heating for 40 min, AgNPs were preferentially generated over the nanowire junctions to solder the AgNW nanomesh, and reinforced the conducting network. The chemically modified AgNW thin film was then transferred to polyurethane (PU) substrates by casting method. The soldered AgNW thin films on PU exhibited no obvious change in electrical conductivity under stretching or rolling process with elongation strains up to 120%.

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

シルバーナノワイヤーと伸縮性の高い導体の製造方法

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &amp;#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

高度に濃縮された懸濁液のレオロジー特性評価における課題 - スクリーン印刷シルバーペーストのためのケーススタディ

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D materials is still in nascent stages, scientists cannot fully rely on traditional semiconductor techniques for related research. Delicate processes from locating the materials to electrode definition need to be well controlled. In this article, a universal fabrication protocol required in manufacturing nanoscale electronics, such as 2D quasi-heterojunction bipolar transistors (Q-HBT), and 2D back-gated transistors are demonstrated. This protocol includes the determination of material position, electron beam lithography (EBL), metal electrode definition, et al. A step by step narrative of the fabrication procedures for these devices are also presented. Furthermore, results show that each of the fabricated devices has achieved high performance with high repeatability. This work reveals a comprehensive description of process flow for preparing 2D nano-electronics, enables the research groups to access this information, and pave the way toward future electronics.

The article aims to introduce a standard and reliable fabrication procedure for the development of future low dimensional nanoelectronics.

二次元ナノエレクトロニクスを作製する標準および信頼性の高いメソッド

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D ...

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes normally result in very poor cell performance. Embedding or sandwiching silver nanowires using moderately conductive transparent materials, such as indium tin oxide or zinc oxide, can improve cell performance. However, the solution-processed matrix layers can cause a significant number of interfacial defects between transparent electrodes and the CdS buffer, which can eventually result in low cell performance. This manuscript describes how to fabricate robust electrical contact between a silver nanowire electrode and the underlying CdS buffer layer in a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell, enabling high cell performance using matrix-free silver nanowire transparent electrodes. The matrix-free silver nanowire electrode fabricated by our method proves that the charge-carrier collection capability of silver nanowire electrode-based cells is as good as that of standard cells with sputtered ZnO:Al/i-ZnO as long as the silver nanowires and CdS have high-quality electrical contact. The high-quality electrical contact was achieved by depositing an additional CdS layer as thin as 10 nm onto the silver nanowire surface.

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

In this protocol, we describe the detailed experimental procedure for the fabrication of a robust nanoscale contact between a silver nanowire network and CdS buffer layer in a CIGS thin-film solar cell.

Cu(In,Ga)Se2薄膜太陽電池における銀ナノワイヤー電極とCdSバッファー層間の堅牢なナノスケール接触の製造

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes ...

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by local enhancement of electric field intensity that strengthens light-matter interactions, enabling applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon enhanced sensing. In the presence of magneto-optically active materials, the local field enhancement gives rise to anomalous magneto-optical activity. Typically, the confined modes of a given photonic crystal depend strongly on the wavelength and incidence angle of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Thus, spectral and angular-resolved measurements are needed to fully identify them as well as to establish their relationship with the magneto-optical activity of the crystal. In this article, we describe how to use a Fourier-plane (back focal plane) microscope to characterize magneto-optically active samples. As a model system, here we use a plasmonic grating built out of magneto-optically active Au/Co/Au multilayer. In the experiments, we apply a magnetic field on the grating in situ and measure its reciprocal space response, obtaining the magneto-optical response of the grating over a range of wavelengths and incident angles. This information enables us to build a complete map of the plasmonic band structure of the grating and the angle and wavelength dependent magneto-optical activity. These two images allow us to pinpoint the effect that the plasmon resonances have on the magneto-optical response of the grating. The relatively small magnitude of magneto-optical effects requires a careful treatment of the acquired optical signals. To this end, an image processing protocol for obtaining magneto-optical response from the acquired raw data is laid out.

Photonic band structure enables understanding how confined electromagnetic modes propagate within a photonic crystal. In photonic crystals that incorporate magnetic elements, such confined and resonant optical modes are accompanied by enhanced and modified magneto-optical activity. We describe a measurement procedure to extract the magneto-optical band structure by Fourier space microscopy.

フォトニックナノ構造のスペクトルと角度分解磁気光学特性

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by ...