この作品は、難聴やその他のコミュニケーション障害補助金R21DC013915とR01DC012502、自然科学とカナダの工学研究評議会及び欧州共同体のセブンス枠組み計画（FP7 / 2007から2013グラント契約がない下での欧州研究評議会の国立研究所によってサポートされていました。339152 ）。

現在の実験プロトコルは、イェール大学人間調査委員会によると、倫理的な行動の指針に従っています。 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy（EEG）の準備<ol><li>適切な脳波キャップを決定するために、ヘッドサイズを測定します。 </li><li>測定テープでナジオンとイニオン間の中間点を見つけることによって、頂点の位置を特定します。 </li><li> Czにとして予め定められた頂点を使用して、頭の上に脳波キャップを配置します。 1.2で行われたように測定テープを使用してキャップを配置した後、再度のCzを調べます。脳波キャップが電極ホルダーが装備され、64の電極（または所有者）の配置はCzを11に基づいて、事前に指定された座標系に変更された10〜20システムに基づいていることに注意してください。 注：この代表的なアプリケーションは、頭皮分布の変化を評価するために64の電極構成を使用して、ソース分析のため。シンプルなアプリケーション（振幅と潜時の事象関連電位の変化）についてはUSIngの少ない電極が可能です。ここで使用されるEEGシステム内のグラウンド用の2つの追加の電極があります。これらの電極ホルダーもキャップ内に含まれています。 </li><li>使い捨て注射器を使用して、電極ホルダーに電極ゲルを適用します。 </li><li>電極のラベルと一致する電極ホルダーに及び電極キャップの電極ホルダーに（接地電極を含む）EEG電極を取り付けます。 </li><li>アルコールパッドで皮膚表面を清掃してください。 注意：両眼の外眼角（水平眼球運動）に目の動き（電気眼球運動記録法）、皮膚の場所は、上記の右眼（縦目の動き）を下回っていると、横方向を検出するための電極については、体性感覚刺激のために経口角度に対する皮膚側方が洗浄されます。 </li><li>電極ゲルで4電気眼球運動記録法の電極を記入し、1.6で述べたサイトに両面テープで電極を固定します。 </li><li>ベルクロストラップを使用して、すべての電極ケーブルを固定します。 Rの場合equired、参加者の身体へのケーブルまたは追加の電気的または機械的なノイズを導入していない他の場所をテープで固定します。 </li><li>モニターの前で参加者と体性感覚刺激のためのロボットを配置します。 1.8のように、再び全ての電極ケーブルを固定します。 </li><li> EEGシステムのアンプボックスで、適切なコネクター（一致するラベルとコネクタの形状）に（接地電極を含む）EEGおよび電気眼球運動記録法の電極を接続します。 </li><li> EEG信号は、無料アーティファクトとオフセット値が許容範囲（&lt;50μV以下）であることをしていることを確認してください。ノイズの多い信号または通常、高インピーダンスの指標となる大規模なオフセットが発見された場合、追加のEEGゲルを加えること、および/または直接電極の下にある髪を再配置することによって、これらの電極信号を補正します。 </li><li>脳波互換イヤホンを挿入し、音圧レベルは、対象のレポートに基づいて、快適な範囲内にあることを確認します。 </li></ol><pクラス= &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2。体性感覚刺激注：現在のプロトコルは、体性感覚刺激のために顔の皮膚のストレッチを適用します。 EEGシステムとの実験は 、図1に示されている。体性感覚刺激装置の詳細は、以前の研究1,7,12-14に記載されています。簡単に言えば、二つの小さなプラスチック製のタブ（2センチ幅3センチの高さ）は、顔の皮膚に両面テープで取り付けられています。タブは、文字列を使用してロボット装置に接続されています。ロボットは実験デザインに応じて体系的な皮膚のストレッチ負荷を生成します。次のようにERPの記録のためのセットアップ手順は次のとおりです。 <ol><li>刺激中に頭部の動きを最小限に抑えるために、ヘッドレストに参加者の頭部を置きます。慎重に参加者の頭部とヘッドレスト間の電極ケーブルを取り外します。 </li><li>ロボットの安全スイッチを保持するために参加して下さい。 </li><li>へのプラスチックタブを取り付け体性感覚刺激のために両面テープを使用して、ターゲット・スキンの場所。ターゲットは、経口角度に横皮膚である代表的な結果12,13、蝸牛軸のタブの中心を配置するために、数mmは、ほぼ同じ高さにあるタブの中心と経口角度に横経口角度の。 </li><li> EEG電極とケーブルを避けるために、文字列、文字列のサポートとロボットの構成を調整します。 </li><li>刺激（通常は電気生理学的反応と比較して比較的大きな振幅と低い周波数として観察）への成果物をチェックするために、いくつかの顔の皮膚のストレッチ（4 Nの最大の力で3 Hzで1サイクルの正弦波）を適用します。アーティファクトはEEG信号で観察されている場合は、2.4に戻ります。 </li></ol> 3. ERPの録音<ol><li>アンクル対象かどうかを確認するために対象に実験的なタスクを説明し、練習試行（1ブロック= 10試行以下）を提供明らかにタスクをrstands。 注：ERPの記録のための実験的なタスクと刺激提示刺激提示のためのソフトウェアでpreprogramedあります。 <ol><li>複合体性感覚と聴覚刺激12で代表的な試験では、経口角に対する横の皮膚への皮膚変形に関連した体性感覚刺激を与えます。ストレッチのパターンは4 N.聴覚刺激のために使用されていた」「「ヘッド」との間で10段階の音の連続の途中にある単一の合成音声の発声の最大の力で一周期の正弦波（3 Hz）です。 </li><li>別々に、または組み合わせて、両方の刺激を提示。複合刺激では、テスト3発症のタイミング（90ミリ秒のリードとラグ、体性感覚と聴覚発症における同時： 図3Aを参照）。 </li><li> 。リード、simultとl：聴覚単独および3を組み合わせ、一人で5刺激のプレゼンテーション（体性感覚をランダムAG）。期待と慣れを回避するために、1,000〜2,000ミリ秒の間に試行間間隔を変更します。実験タスクは、キーボードのキーを押して「ヘッド」との間に音響的に中間にあると音で提示音声、「ヘッド」「 持っていたが 、だった」かどうかを識別することです。体性感覚だけで状態で、そこにいるで何の聴覚刺激がなく、参加者がいない「ヘッド」を答えるように指示されています。 </li><li>録音参加者の判断や刺激提示のためのソフトウェアを使用してキーを押しに刺激開始からの反応時間。眼球運動に起因するアーチファクトを低減するために、表示画面上の固定点を注視する参加者を確認して下さい。 </li><li>短い休憩のための固定点ごとに10の刺激を削除します。 （また、タスクと刺激プレゼンテーション12,13の他の例を参照してください） </li></ol></li><li> 512 HzでのERP記録用ソフトウェアを起動しますまた、ERPデータのタイムラインに刺激の開始時間を記録し、サンプリング、。また、刺激のタイプに関する情報が含まれて刺激のタイムスタンプは、刺激提示のためのソフトウェアからのすべての刺激のために送られることに注意してください。 （ERP記録用と刺激提示のための）2つのプログラムがパラレルポートを介して接続された2つの別々のPC上で実行されています。 </li><li>トリガ待ちモードに体性感覚刺激のためにソフトウェアを設定し、刺激提示のためのソフトウェアを活性化することにより、刺激提示を開始します。体性感覚刺激のためのソフトウェアは、他の2のPCとは別のPC上で実行されていることに注意してください。録音状態あたり100のERP。 注：体性感覚刺激のためのトリガ信号は、感覚刺激のためにPCにデジタル出力デバイスに接続されたアナログ入力装置を介して受信されます。シングル体性感覚刺激は、1トリガ当たりに生成されます。&lt;/ LI&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

ここで報告された研究では、顔の皮膚の変形によって生成され、正確に制御体性感覚刺激は、皮質のERPを誘発する証拠を提供します。皮膚求心性神経は、人間の四肢運動5,6と音声動き7,8,21における運動感覚情報3,4の豊富な供給源として知られています。話す時の実際の移動方向を反映した方法で、顔の皮膚をストレッチすると、対応する動きに似た運動感覚を誘発し?...

スピーチの生産は、聴覚と体性感覚情報の両方に依存しています。聴覚と体性感覚フィードバックは、幼児によって生成最古の発声からの組み合わせで発生し、両方のは、音声運動学習に関与しています。最近の結果は、体性感覚プロセスは知覚だけでなく、生産に寄与することを示唆しています。例えば、音声の識別は、参加者が聴覚刺激1に耳を傾けるように、ロボット装置は、顔の皮膚を伸ばしたときに変更されている鳴ります。聴覚音声刺激と一致頬に空気パフは、参加者の知覚判断を変える2。 これらの体性感覚の効果は、皮膚の変形に応じて皮膚の機械受容器の活性化を含みます。皮膚は、移動中に、様々な方法で変形され、そして皮膚の機械受容は力覚3,4に寄与することが知られています。皮膚の機械受容の運動感覚役割は悪魔であります運動に関連した皮膚の株が適切に皮膚ストレッチ6のパターンに応じて屈曲または延長の動きとして認識されている最近の知見5-7によりstrated。付随顔の皮膚の伸縮性のスピーチで、特定の発話の繰り返しである音声モーター訓練のコースで、調音パターンが適応的に変更する7。これらの研究は、動作中に、皮膚の伸張を調節する感覚系の運動感覚機能の皮膚求心性の寄与を評価するための方法を提供することを示しています。 口腔顔面皮膚の機械受容の運動感覚機能は、感覚神経9,10から再コーディング精神生理学的方法7,8および微小電極を用いて、主に研究されてきました。ここでは、現在のプロトコルは、顔の皮膚の変形や事象関連電位（ERP）記録に関連する口腔顔面体性感覚刺激の組み合わせに焦点を当てています。目ある手順では、コンピュータ制御のロボット装置を使用して、顔の皮膚の変形方向とタイミングを正確に実験的に制御することができます。これは、私たちは選択的かつ正確に音声運動学習と直接音声生成と知覚の両方の間の方向の広い範囲で顔の皮膚を変形させることにより音声生成と知覚の体性感覚の寄与についての特定の仮説をテストすることができます。 ERP記録を非侵襲的に口腔顔面行動上の体性感覚刺激の影響の時間的パターンおよびタイミングを評価するために使用されます。現在のプロトコルは、その後、運動感覚機能の神経相関を評価し、音声処理、音声生成と音声知覚の両方に体性感覚系の寄与を評価することができます。 ERP記録にスキンストレッチ刺激のアプリケーションの有用性を示すために、以下のプロトコルは、音声Pにおける体性感覚と聴覚入力の相互作用に焦点を当ててerception。結果は演説の中で体性感覚、聴覚の相互作用を評価するための潜在的な方法を強調表示します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="673">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EEG recording system</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Biosemi</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ActiveTwo</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Robotic decice for skin stretch</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Geomagic</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Phantom Premium 1.0</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EEG-compatible earphones</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Etymotic research</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ER3A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Software for visual and auditory stimulation</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Neurobehavioral Systems</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Presentation</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Electrode gel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Parker Laboratories, INC</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Signa gel</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Double sided tape</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">1522</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Disposable syringe</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Monoject</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">412 Curved Tip</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Analog input device</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">National Instuments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">PCI-6036E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Degital output device</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Measurement computing</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">USB-1208FS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

このセクションでは、顔の皮膚の変形による体性感覚刺激に応答した代表的な事象関連電位を示しています。実験は、図1に示されている。正弦波刺激が（参考として、 図3Aを参照）経口角度に顔の皮膚の横に適用しました。百ストレッチ試験は合計でテスト12の参加者と参加者ごとに記録しました。水平方向および垂直方向の電気眼球運動記...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

口腔顔面皮膚ストレッチ刺激から体性感覚事象関連電位

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.1K ビュー.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

ビデオ: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

高密度のイベントに関連する認知神経科学における潜在的なデータ収集

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

神経科学

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

デフォルトモードのネットワークを検査する経頭蓋磁気刺激とfMRIを組み合わせ

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS：脆弱X症候群と自閉症の可塑性のMechasnismを探検するシータバーストプロトコルを使用する

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

経頭蓋直流電流刺激で電極の位置とモンタージュ

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

EEGニューロイメージングデータの応用：事象関連電位、スペクトルパワー、およびマルチスケールエントロピー

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Larval zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function of simple neural circuits. Due to their external fertilization, rapid development, and translucency, zebrafish are particularly well suited for optogenetic approaches to investigate neural circuit function. In this approach, light-sensitive ion channels are expressed in specific neurons, enabling the experimenter to activate or inhibit them at will and thus assess their contribution to specific behaviors. Applying these methods in larval zebrafish is conceptually simple but requires the optimization of technical details. Here we demonstrate a procedure for expressing a channelrhodopsin variant in larval zebrafish somatosensory neurons, photo-activating single cells, and recording the resulting behaviors. By introducing a few modifications to previously established methods, this approach could be used to elicit behavioral responses from single neurons activated up to at least 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Specifically, we created a transgene using a somatosensory neuron enhancer, CREST3, to drive the expression of the tagged channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF-tdTomato. Injecting this transgene into 1-cell stage embryos results in mosaic expression in somatosensory neurons, which can be imaged with confocal microscopy. Illuminating identified cells in these animals with light from a 473 nm DPSS laser, guided through a fiber optic cable, elicits behaviors that can be recorded with a high-speed video camera and analyzed quantitatively. This technique could be adapted to study behaviors elicited by activating any zebrafish neuron. Combining this approach with genetic or pharmacological perturbations will be a powerful way to investigate circuit formation and function.

Optogenetic techniques have made it possible to study the contribution of specific neurons to behavior. We describe a method in larval zebrafish for activating single somatosensory neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin variant (ChEF) with a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser and recording the elicited behaviors with a high-speed video camera.

CHEF-tdTomatoを使用してゼブラフィッシュ体性感覚ニューロンのOptogeneticアクティベーション

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

fMRIのガイド下経頭蓋磁気刺激中に記録された脳波データからの視覚誘発電位を抽出する

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Recording Single Neurons&#039; Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

自由に学習の三つの段階を越えハトを移動する単一ニューロン」の活動電位を記録する

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood yet. In particular, the role of innervation in tooth development and regeneration is neglected.
Several in vivo studies have provided important information about the patterns of innervation of dental tissues during development and repair processes of various animal models. However, most of these approaches are not optimal to highlight the molecular basis of the interactions between nerve fibres and target organs and tissues.
Co-cultures constitute a valuable method to investigate and manipulate the interactions between nerve fibres and teeth in a controlled and isolated environment. In the last decades, conventional co-cultures using the same culture medium have been performed for very short periods (e.g., two days) to investigate the attractive or repulsive effects of developing oral and dental tissues on sensory nerve fibres. However, extension of the culture period is required to investigate the effects of innervation on tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
Microfluidics systems allow co-cultures of neurons and different cell types in their appropriate culture media. We have recently demonstrated that trigeminal ganglia (TG) and teeth are able to survive for a long period of time when co-cultured in microfluidic devices, and that they maintain in these conditions the same innervation pattern that they show in vivo.
On this basis, we describe how to isolate and co-culture developing trigeminal ganglia and tooth germs in a microfluidic co-culture system.This protocol describes a simple and flexible way to co-culture ganglia/nerves and target tissues and to study the roles of specific molecules on such interactions in a controlled and isolated environment.

Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

マイクロ流体共培養装置の使用歯胚神経支配の開発の分析

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

検索効果の刺激の処理にイベント関連脳電位の近くに他の方法と Hyperscanning パートナー

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...