この作品は、難聴やその他のコミュニケーション障害補助金R21DC013915とR01DC012502、自然科学とカナダの工学研究評議会及び欧州共同体のセブンス枠組み計画（FP7 / 2007から2013グラント契約がない下での欧州研究評議会の国立研究所によってサポートされていました。339152 ）。

現在の実験プロトコルは、イェール大学人間調査委員会によると、倫理的な行動の指針に従っています。 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy（EEG）の準備<ol><li>適切な脳波キャップを決定するために、ヘッドサイズを測定します。 </li><li>測定テープでナジオンとイニオン間の中間点を見つけることによって、頂点の位置を特定します。 </li><li> Czにとして予め定められた頂点を使用して、頭の上に脳波キャップを配置します。 1.2で行われたように測定テープを使用してキャップを配置した後、再度のCzを調べます。脳波キャップが電極ホルダーが装備され、64の電極（または所有者）の配置はCzを11に基づいて、事前に指定された座標系に変更された10〜20システムに基づいていることに注意してください。 注：この代表的なアプリケーションは、頭皮分布の変化を評価するために64の電極構成を使用して、ソース分析のため。シンプルなアプリケーション（振幅と潜時の事象関連電位の変化）についてはUSIngの少ない電極が可能です。ここで使用されるEEGシステム内のグラウンド用の2つの追加の電極があります。これらの電極ホルダーもキャップ内に含まれています。 </li><li>使い捨て注射器を使用して、電極ホルダーに電極ゲルを適用します。 </li><li>電極のラベルと一致する電極ホルダーに及び電極キャップの電極ホルダーに（接地電極を含む）EEG電極を取り付けます。 </li><li>アルコールパッドで皮膚表面を清掃してください。 注意：両眼の外眼角（水平眼球運動）に目の動き（電気眼球運動記録法）、皮膚の場所は、上記の右眼（縦目の動き）を下回っていると、横方向を検出するための電極については、体性感覚刺激のために経口角度に対する皮膚側方が洗浄されます。 </li><li>電極ゲルで4電気眼球運動記録法の電極を記入し、1.6で述べたサイトに両面テープで電極を固定します。 </li><li>ベルクロストラップを使用して、すべての電極ケーブルを固定します。 Rの場合equired、参加者の身体へのケーブルまたは追加の電気的または機械的なノイズを導入していない他の場所をテープで固定します。 </li><li>モニターの前で参加者と体性感覚刺激のためのロボットを配置します。 1.8のように、再び全ての電極ケーブルを固定します。 </li><li> EEGシステムのアンプボックスで、適切なコネクター（一致するラベルとコネクタの形状）に（接地電極を含む）EEGおよび電気眼球運動記録法の電極を接続します。 </li><li> EEG信号は、無料アーティファクトとオフセット値が許容範囲（&lt;50μV以下）であることをしていることを確認してください。ノイズの多い信号または通常、高インピーダンスの指標となる大規模なオフセットが発見された場合、追加のEEGゲルを加えること、および/または直接電極の下にある髪を再配置することによって、これらの電極信号を補正します。 </li><li>脳波互換イヤホンを挿入し、音圧レベルは、対象のレポートに基づいて、快適な範囲内にあることを確認します。 </li></ol><pクラス= &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2。体性感覚刺激注：現在のプロトコルは、体性感覚刺激のために顔の皮膚のストレッチを適用します。 EEGシステムとの実験は 、図1に示されている。体性感覚刺激装置の詳細は、以前の研究1,7,12-14に記載されています。簡単に言えば、二つの小さなプラスチック製のタブ（2センチ幅3センチの高さ）は、顔の皮膚に両面テープで取り付けられています。タブは、文字列を使用してロボット装置に接続されています。ロボットは実験デザインに応じて体系的な皮膚のストレッチ負荷を生成します。次のようにERPの記録のためのセットアップ手順は次のとおりです。 <ol><li>刺激中に頭部の動きを最小限に抑えるために、ヘッドレストに参加者の頭部を置きます。慎重に参加者の頭部とヘッドレスト間の電極ケーブルを取り外します。 </li><li>ロボットの安全スイッチを保持するために参加して下さい。 </li><li>へのプラスチックタブを取り付け体性感覚刺激のために両面テープを使用して、ターゲット・スキンの場所。ターゲットは、経口角度に横皮膚である代表的な結果12,13、蝸牛軸のタブの中心を配置するために、数mmは、ほぼ同じ高さにあるタブの中心と経口角度に横経口角度の。 </li><li> EEG電極とケーブルを避けるために、文字列、文字列のサポートとロボットの構成を調整します。 </li><li>刺激（通常は電気生理学的反応と比較して比較的大きな振幅と低い周波数として観察）への成果物をチェックするために、いくつかの顔の皮膚のストレッチ（4 Nの最大の力で3 Hzで1サイクルの正弦波）を適用します。アーティファクトはEEG信号で観察されている場合は、2.4に戻ります。 </li></ol> 3. ERPの録音<ol><li>アンクル対象かどうかを確認するために対象に実験的なタスクを説明し、練習試行（1ブロック= 10試行以下）を提供明らかにタスクをrstands。 注：ERPの記録のための実験的なタスクと刺激提示刺激提示のためのソフトウェアでpreprogramedあります。 <ol><li>複合体性感覚と聴覚刺激12で代表的な試験では、経口角に対する横の皮膚への皮膚変形に関連した体性感覚刺激を与えます。ストレッチのパターンは4 N.聴覚刺激のために使用されていた」「「ヘッド」との間で10段階の音の連続の途中にある単一の合成音声の発声の最大の力で一周期の正弦波（3 Hz）です。 </li><li>別々に、または組み合わせて、両方の刺激を提示。複合刺激では、テスト3発症のタイミング（90ミリ秒のリードとラグ、体性感覚と聴覚発症における同時： 図3Aを参照）。 </li><li> 。リード、simultとl：聴覚単独および3を組み合わせ、一人で5刺激のプレゼンテーション（体性感覚をランダムAG）。期待と慣れを回避するために、1,000〜2,000ミリ秒の間に試行間間隔を変更します。実験タスクは、キーボードのキーを押して「ヘッド」との間に音響的に中間にあると音で提示音声、「ヘッド」「 持っていたが 、だった」かどうかを識別することです。体性感覚だけで状態で、そこにいるで何の聴覚刺激がなく、参加者がいない「ヘッド」を答えるように指示されています。 </li><li>録音参加者の判断や刺激提示のためのソフトウェアを使用してキーを押しに刺激開始からの反応時間。眼球運動に起因するアーチファクトを低減するために、表示画面上の固定点を注視する参加者を確認して下さい。 </li><li>短い休憩のための固定点ごとに10の刺激を削除します。 （また、タスクと刺激プレゼンテーション12,13の他の例を参照してください） </li></ol></li><li> 512 HzでのERP記録用ソフトウェアを起動しますまた、ERPデータのタイムラインに刺激の開始時間を記録し、サンプリング、。また、刺激のタイプに関する情報が含まれて刺激のタイムスタンプは、刺激提示のためのソフトウェアからのすべての刺激のために送られることに注意してください。 （ERP記録用と刺激提示のための）2つのプログラムがパラレルポートを介して接続された2つの別々のPC上で実行されています。 </li><li>トリガ待ちモードに体性感覚刺激のためにソフトウェアを設定し、刺激提示のためのソフトウェアを活性化することにより、刺激提示を開始します。体性感覚刺激のためのソフトウェアは、他の2のPCとは別のPC上で実行されていることに注意してください。録音状態あたり100のERP。 注：体性感覚刺激のためのトリガ信号は、感覚刺激のためにPCにデジタル出力デバイスに接続されたアナログ入力装置を介して受信されます。シングル体性感覚刺激は、1トリガ当たりに生成されます。&lt;/ LI&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

ここで報告された研究では、顔の皮膚の変形によって生成され、正確に制御体性感覚刺激は、皮質のERPを誘発する証拠を提供します。皮膚求心性神経は、人間の四肢運動5,6と音声動き7,8,21における運動感覚情報3,4の豊富な供給源として知られています。話す時の実際の移動方向を反映した方法で、顔の皮膚をストレッチすると、対応する動きに似た運動感覚を誘発し?...

スピーチの生産は、聴覚と体性感覚情報の両方に依存しています。聴覚と体性感覚フィードバックは、幼児によって生成最古の発声からの組み合わせで発生し、両方のは、音声運動学習に関与しています。最近の結果は、体性感覚プロセスは知覚だけでなく、生産に寄与することを示唆しています。例えば、音声の識別は、参加者が聴覚刺激1に耳を傾けるように、ロボット装置は、顔の皮膚を伸ばしたときに変更されている鳴ります。聴覚音声刺激と一致頬に空気パフは、参加者の知覚判断を変える2。 これらの体性感覚の効果は、皮膚の変形に応じて皮膚の機械受容器の活性化を含みます。皮膚は、移動中に、様々な方法で変形され、そして皮膚の機械受容は力覚3,4に寄与することが知られています。皮膚の機械受容の運動感覚役割は悪魔であります運動に関連した皮膚の株が適切に皮膚ストレッチ6のパターンに応じて屈曲または延長の動きとして認識されている最近の知見5-7によりstrated。付随顔の皮膚の伸縮性のスピーチで、特定の発話の繰り返しである音声モーター訓練のコースで、調音パターンが適応的に変更する7。これらの研究は、動作中に、皮膚の伸張を調節する感覚系の運動感覚機能の皮膚求心性の寄与を評価するための方法を提供することを示しています。 口腔顔面皮膚の機械受容の運動感覚機能は、感覚神経9,10から再コーディング精神生理学的方法7,8および微小電極を用いて、主に研究されてきました。ここでは、現在のプロトコルは、顔の皮膚の変形や事象関連電位（ERP）記録に関連する口腔顔面体性感覚刺激の組み合わせに焦点を当てています。目ある手順では、コンピュータ制御のロボット装置を使用して、顔の皮膚の変形方向とタイミングを正確に実験的に制御することができます。これは、私たちは選択的かつ正確に音声運動学習と直接音声生成と知覚の両方の間の方向の広い範囲で顔の皮膚を変形させることにより音声生成と知覚の体性感覚の寄与についての特定の仮説をテストすることができます。 ERP記録を非侵襲的に口腔顔面行動上の体性感覚刺激の影響の時間的パターンおよびタイミングを評価するために使用されます。現在のプロトコルは、その後、運動感覚機能の神経相関を評価し、音声処理、音声生成と音声知覚の両方に体性感覚系の寄与を評価することができます。 ERP記録にスキンストレッチ刺激のアプリケーションの有用性を示すために、以下のプロトコルは、音声Pにおける体性感覚と聴覚入力の相互作用に焦点を当ててerception。結果は演説の中で体性感覚、聴覚の相互作用を評価するための潜在的な方法を強調表示します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG recording system</td><td>Biosemi</td><td>ActiveTwo</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Robotic decice for skin stretch</td><td>Geomagic</td><td>Phantom Premium 1.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG-compatible earphones</td><td>Etymotic research</td><td>ER3A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Software for visual and auditory stimulation</td><td>Neurobehavioral Systems</td><td>Presentation</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode gel</td><td>Parker Laboratories, INC</td><td>Signa gel</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Double sided tape</td><td>3M</td><td>1522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable syringe</td><td>Monoject</td><td>412 Curved Tip</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Analog input device</td><td>National Instuments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCI-6036E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Degital output device</td><td>Measurement computing</td><td>USB-1208FS</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

このセクションでは、顔の皮膚の変形による体性感覚刺激に応答した代表的な事象関連電位を示しています。実験は、図1に示されている。正弦波刺激が（参考として、 図3Aを参照）経口角度に顔の皮膚の横に適用しました。百ストレッチ試験は合計でテスト12の参加者と参加者ごとに記録しました。水平方向および垂直方向の電気眼球運動記...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

口腔顔面皮膚ストレッチ刺激から体性感覚事象関連電位

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.1K ビュー.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

ビデオ: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

障害児における皮質聴覚、触覚情報処理の定量的評価

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

行動学

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

経頭蓋磁気刺激とリップモーター皮質を刺激する

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

幼児聴覚処理とイベント関連の脳の振動

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

ターゲット応答の作業中に事象関連電位片側脳性麻痺児の上肢利用の認知プロセスを研究するために

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

前腕の間のテスト触覚マスキング

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

人間の経験と観測された情緒的なタッチに顔面筋の反応を評価するために顔面筋電図

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

fMRIのガイド下経頭蓋磁気刺激中に記録された脳波データからの視覚誘発電位を抽出する

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

神経科学

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

検索効果の刺激の処理にイベント関連脳電位の近くに他の方法と Hyperscanning パートナー

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

This paper examines the application of electroencephalogram-based methods to assess the effects of audio-tactile substitution training in young, profoundly deaf (PD) participants, with the aim of analyzing the neural mechanisms associated with vibrotactile complex sound discrimination. Electrical brain activity reflects dynamic neural changes, and the temporal precision of event-related potentials (ERPs) has proven to be key in studying time-locked processes while performing behavioral tasks that involve attention and working memory. 
The current protocol was designed to study electrophysiological activity in PD subjects while they performed a continuous performance task (CPT) using complex-sound stimuli, consisting of five different animal sounds delivered through a portable stimulator system worn on the right index finger. As a repeated-measures design, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in standard conditions were performed before and after a brief training program (five 1 h sessions over 15 days), followed by offline artifact correction and epoch averaging, to obtain individual and grand-mean waveforms. Behavioral results show a significant improvement in discrimination and a more robust P3-like centroparietal positive waveform for the target stimuli after training. In this protocol, ERPs contribute to the further understanding of learning-related neural changes in PD subjects associated with audio-tactile discrimination of complex sounds.

This protocol is designed to explore underlying learning-related electrophysiological changes in subjects with profound deafness after a short training period in audio-tactile sensory substitution by applying the event-related potential technique.

イベント関連電位技術を用いた重度難聴参加者における音声触覚代替訓練の評価

This paper examines the application of electroencephalogram-based methods to assess the effects of audio-tactile substitution training in young, ...

呼気同期嗅覚計による脳興奮性に対する匂いの影響

Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity

It is widely accepted that olfactory stimulation elicits motor behaviors, such as approaching pleasant odorants and avoiding unpleasant ones, in animals and humans. Recently, studies using electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated a strong link between processing in the olfactory system and activity in the motor cortex in humans. To better understand the interactions between the olfactory and the motor systems and to overcome some of the previous methodological limitations, we developed a new method combining an olfactometer that synchronizes the random order presentation of odorants with different hedonic values and the TMS (single- and dual-coil) triggering with nasal breathing phases. This method allows probing the modulations of corticospinal excitability and effective ipsilateral connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex that could occur during pleasant and unpleasant odor perception. The application of this method will allow for objectively discriminating the pleasantness value of an odorant in a given participant, indicating the biological impact of the odorant on brain effective connectivity and excitability. In addition, this could pave the way for clinical investigations in patients with neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders who may exhibit&#160;odor hedonic alterations and maladaptive approach-avoidance behaviors.

著者スポットライト:皮質脊髄興奮性に対する嗅覚の影響の調査-神経学研究における洞察と革新 

This paper describes using a breath-synchronized olfactometer to trigger single- and dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during odorant presentation synchronized to human nasal breathing. This combination allows us to objectively investigate how pleasant and unpleasant odors impact corticospinal excitability and brain-effective connectivity in a given individual.

呼気同期嗅覚計と脳シミュレーションを組み合わせて、皮質脊髄の興奮性と効果的な接続性に対する匂いの影響を研究

It is widely accepted that olfactory stimulation elicits motor behaviors, such as approaching pleasant odorants and avoiding unpleasant ones, in animals ...