記載されたプロジェクトは、研究資源のための国民の中心、グラントUL1 RR024975-01でサポートされている、および翻訳科学、グラント2 UL1 TR000445-06を前進させるためのナショナルセンターで今した。内容はもっぱら著者の責任であり、必ずしもNIHの公式見解を示すものではありません。

1。ライトタッチへの対応の評価<ol><li>子供や乳児の頭に電極ネット（ 例えば 128チャンネル測地センサネット）を配置します。温かい生理食塩水を使用して完全な接触のためのセンサーを調整します。子供に関する場合、子が親や介護者のラップで楽に座っていることを確認してください。幼児にいる場合は、その乳児が軽く巻いいずれか介護者の腕の中で、またはオープンベビーベッドでの仰臥位に保持されていることを確認してください。 </li><li> 0.5センチメートルテスト手の人差し指の先端の下に1mmのノズルを配置します。金型ホルダーに幼児のための幼児やPalm用の指を置き、指や手にノズルから一貫した距離を確保するために関節にベルクロテープ近位および遠位で固定します。それは子供がテストセッション全体を通じて適切な指の位置を維持することが必要不可欠である。定期的に、指や手の配置を評価し、若い場合は、介護者との子供を持つことによって、これを確認してください。幼児をテストする場合、プロトコルを停止幼児が泣くと再起動する前に、快適さをご提供しております。幼い子供をテストする場合は、短いテスト期間全体での快適さと安心を提供するために、介護者に依頼してください。 </li><li>触覚刺激のための弁の入力を供給するために調整器を通して40psiで空気圧縮機を起動する。 </li><li>刺激配信プログラムを実行します。 <ol><li>テスト手のために、本60パフ刺激はランダムに60偽試験（指から離れて指摘した別々のノズルを介して供給される空気パフ）が点在。 </li><li>行のパフまたは偽の二つ以上の繰り返しを提示しない。 2,000〜2,500ミリ秒の間でランダムに試行間の間隔を変化させる。この目的は、刺激がもはや知覚される馴化を低減することである。 120試験のシーケンスの合計時間は4.5〜5分である必要があります。 </li><li>非対称性感覚障害を研究する一方、再び同一のプロトコルを実行します。 </li></ol></li><li>プロトコルのための刺激に注意を必要としないが、それ以上に設定する必要はありません。 T彼は、幼児のテストに適用されます。 （記録中の大きな特定のERPピークになる）幼児の注意の強化のために、タスクを提供します。 <ol><li> 5歳児のためのタスクの例：「水槽」（フグ装置を隠し飾ら箱）に「魚」に吹か「気泡」として空気パフを説明してください。それぞれの「バブル」が青または赤」の魚」で配信されているかどうかを推測する子供たちを頼む。 （ 図1のモック水族館で設定を参照）、彼らがする必要はありません子供を教え、彼らはこのタスクを実行している間は何も言うべきではない。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。多感覚議定書への対応の評価（聴覚、触覚の同時対個々の応答を合計） <ol><li>上記のようなステップを1.1〜1.3を介して実行。刺激は、表1に記載されている。 </li><li> （ 例えば 、E-プライムソフト）で刺激配信プログラムを実行します。テスト手のための、聴覚、触覚<html>パフ、puff-/ga /、/ GA /シャム、シャム：パラダイム/刺激60試験で、無作為に以下の4刺激を提示することができます。繰り返しますが、慣れの可能性を制限するために、いずれかの条件に一列にパフまたは偽の二つ以上の繰り返しを提示し、ランダムに2,000〜2,500ミリ秒の間に試行間の間隔を変えることはありません。 240試験の各シーケンスは、9月10日分の間取る必要があります。 </li><li>一方で同一のプロトコル経由で実行します。 </li><li>プロトコルの開始時に無音年齢に応じた漫画を提供し、落ち着きのなさから運動の成果物の増加を防ぐために、作業中はそれを続け、彼らは退屈しているとき、大きな患者によって生成されたデルタ波からバックグラウンドを減少させる。例えば、5歳児では、我々は、購入したビデオの20分のループを使用し、各被験者が試験前にミュートし、再起動で再生。刺激に対する全く注意が必要とされない、したがって、ループ漫画は刺激から切り離さ視覚的な背景を提供しています。 </li></ol>e_title &quot;&gt; 3。ソフトウェアと機器のセットアップ<ol><li>ソフトウェアをプログラムするには、刺激制御アプリケーションから送信された2シリアルコマンドを設定します。一つは、他の偽、パフを識別します。刺激制御アプリケーションは、マイクロコントローラにコマンドを送信する必要があります。 </li><li>マイクロコントローラは、対応するデジタル出力チャンネルにTTLパルス（ 例えば 20ミリ秒の持続時間）を生成できます。この出力は2系統、脳波記録システムへのデジタル入力用と電磁ゲート式の空気弁に1に分割する必要があります。マークEEGデータストリームの両方の弁の開放。 </li><li>オシロスコープとマイク付き本当および偽の条件の両方にパフの待ち時間にパルスを測定します。これらは、均一な、10〜15ミリ秒のオーダーである必要があります。待ち時間の後の記録のために調整します。 </li><li>圧力計を使用してPSIのノズルに加わるとノズル径を測定することにより、力を計算します。式F（N）=圧力*領域を使用します。例えば、力が加わる詳細frオム6 psiで1mmの半径ノズルはF（N）= 0.03ポンドをもたらす。 </li><li>多感覚プロトコル用の制御アプリケーションを変更するには、実際のパフまたは偽マイクロコントローラだけでなく、記録された音声や沈黙を特定する2シリアルコマンドを送信します。注意：私たちのパラダイムでは、我々はこのようなDA /、/デュ/、/ BU / など /他のものの間で生成したコンピュータ、アクセントに中立/ GA /音声を、使用している。 </li><li> 、正中線に配置されたスピーカーから、聴覚刺激を提示し、被験者の前で2フィート。 </li><li>パフの発症またはテスターすることが望ましい状況に応じて、ステップ3.3で測定された遅延と同時であることが、サウンドオンセットタイミングを合わせます。 </li></ol> 4。データ収集と準備<ol><li>標準のERPの方法論に基づいてデータをサンプリングするためのフィルタと参照設定を選択します。ここでは、0.1から400 Hzに設定されたフィルタで千ヘルツを使用しています。データ収集中、Czは、すべての電極を参照し、AVERにオフラインでrereferenced年齢参照。 </li><li>セグメントにデータが必要なフィルタとセグメント化して記録されたデータをフィルタリングします。この研究では200ミリ秒刺激前のベースラインと500ミリ秒後の刺激間隔が含まれるように刺激開始に基づいて、進行中の脳波を0.3から40 Hzのバンドパスフィルタおよびセグメントを使用しています。 </li><li>データの品質管理を行う。 ERPソフトウェアに含まれるコンピューターアルゴリズムを用いて、このような高周波筋活動としてのモータおよび眼球アーチファクト各セグメントをスクリーニングする。マニュアルレビューすることで、この画面に従ってください。 </li><li>自動化されたスクリーニング基準は、このプロトコルで、以下のように設定されていますが、変更することができます：目のチャネル、電圧&gt; 140μV=​​まばたきと電圧&gt; 55μV=眼球運動のために。 </li><li>眼アーティファクト補正ツールを使用して汚染された試験から正しいデータ。注意：電圧&gt; 200μVを持つ任意のチャネルが低品質であると考えている。 &gt; 15のチャネルが低品質のものである場合、我々は再現性の理由から全体の裁判を破棄することにしました。 </li><li>平均のERP。平均基準にそれらをRereferenceし、ステップ4.2で選択した基準に基づいて、ベースライン補正を行う。事前に定義された集団の総平均波形から推定し、様々なピークの平均振幅とピークレイテンシを抽出します。注意：この例では、我々は正中神経刺激10月14日にそれ以上の年齢のお子様の応答の確立された文献で ​​次のように基づく。私たちは、P50（30〜80ミリ秒）、N70（50〜100ミリ秒）、P100（80〜150ミリ秒）、N140（130から230ミリ秒）、およびP2（250〜350ミリ秒）のピークを使用していました。 </li><li> （ 図2）のプリセット位置をオーバーラップした電極からのデータのみが含まれています。各クラスタ内の個々の電極と平均のデータを導出する。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

軽いタッチと触覚、聴覚応答の皮質処理を測定する（「フグシステム」という。）空気パフとERPのこの新規な組み合わせはよく障害のある幼児で、幼児によって許容されている。これはunisensoryと多感覚のバージョンについても同様、と注意のコンポーネントは、幼児の場合には追加されているかどうか。若くて傷つきやすい人口を評価する上で、この方法論の成功の理由は、ERPの方法や機器...

皮質感覚過程を開発する研究は、ほとんどの高次機能の基礎を理解するために不可欠である。感覚的な経験では、認知、コミュニケーション、および運動発達1-3のような複雑なプロセスのための基礎を築く、幼児期や幼年期を通して脳の組織の大部分を担当している。感覚過程のほとんどが小児科の研究では、これらの刺激は、開発の標準化、およびテストするのが最も簡単である主な理由は、聴覚と視覚のドメインに焦点を当てる。それは胎児4,5で最初に開発し感覚で、体性感覚情報が他の皮質系の機能に不可欠であるようにしかし、触覚処理が乳児や小児で特に重要である（ 例えばモーター、メモリ、連想学習、大脳辺縁系） 6。体性感覚処理を評価する現在の方法は、触覚刺激の選択によって制限されています。一般的な選択は、直接の電気正中神経刺激7,8である</sup&gt;、不快感の可能性を持つ。他の効果的な方法には、注意と理解9高レベルの両方を必要とする、そのような差別、認識、刺激の局在などのアクティブなタスクを使用しています。これらの方法の全ては、したがって、幼児および乳児におけるその使用が制限されている。 そのため、私たちの目標は、非侵襲的であることと、被検者の積極的な参加の必要性を減らすことによって、これらの制限に対処する触覚パラダイムを開発することでした。加えて、刺激の標準化レベルおよび偽コントロールを持っている必要がありました。このために我々は、私たちは、幼児や他の脆弱な集団における軽いタッチの効果を測定することができ、「フグ」システム、デュアルチャネル、時限、およびキャリブレーション空気パフ配信システムを開発しました。 機能的MRI研究では、空気のパフによる刺激は、感覚皮質を活性化することを示したが、このような固定化、LENGなどの研究、の長さと課題あなたのセッション、および不安させられる設定は、幼児に実行するためにそれらを困難にする。したがって、我々は簡単に、子供向けのテスト·セッションで軽いタッチの感覚処理の時間分解能を提供するために、事象関連電位（ERP）の方法論との新たなデリバリーシステムを組み合わせた。 この新しいパラダイムは、多様な集団、年齢や臨床現場で感覚処理を研究するために必要な柔軟性を提供しています。また、多感覚的評価を可能にし、聴覚刺激と互換性があるという利点がある。今までは、正確で信頼性の高い触覚評価は、乳児または確実に起因する知的/言語障害に対応することができない子どもたちには不可能であった。この方法論は、最大の脳の可塑性の期間の間に感覚処理の赤字と介入の早期発見を支援するために、このギャップを埋めることを目指しています。幼児期における感覚処理の改善は、カスケードに影響を与える可能性が神経発達の ヴァンダービルト治験審査委員会は、プロトコルを承認し、次の手順がすべて含まれています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="703">
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		<col />
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		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Geodesic sensor net</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">EGI, Inc., Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">depends on size</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Net Station EEG software v. 4.2</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">EGI, Inc., Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">E-Prime stimulus control application</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">PST, Inc. Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">Manometer (model 6&#8221; 0-60PSI)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">H. O. Trerice Co, Oak Park, MI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Custom Puffer setup</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Nathalie Maitre</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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quantitative assessment of cortical auditory-tactile processing in children with disabilities

感覚処理の客観的かつ簡単に測定が非言語的または脆弱な小児患者には非常に困難である。私たちは、積極的な主題の参加を必要とするか、子どもたちの不快感を引き起こすことなく、定量的に軽いタッチ、音声音と2刺激の多感覚処理の子どもの皮質処理を評価するための新しい方法論を開発しました。これを実現するために、我々は、デュアルチャネル、時間と触覚刺激および偽コントロールの両方を可能にする強度較正された空気パフ刺激器を開発しました。私たちは、一次および二次体性感覚皮質からの信号の高時間分解能だけでなく、より高次の処理を可能にする事象関連電位の方法論を利用して、これを配合しました。この方法論はまた、私たちは、聴覚·触覚刺激に対する多感覚応答を測定することができました。

軽いタッチの評価（図3）。 フグシステムを使用して触覚刺激に対する皮質応答の特性：パフに応答して、ピークのパターンは、正常な成人10,11における正中神経の刺激を用いて得られた皮質応答と非常に類似している。 初期応答（P50、N70、P100のピーク）は、主に一次感覚野12の活動を反映しており、刺激の認識を必要とし...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities at JoVE.com

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

感覚処理の客観的かつ簡単に測定が非言語的または脆弱な小児患者には非常に困難である。私たちは、積極的な主題の参加を必要とするか、脆弱な患者に不快感を引き起こすことなく、定量的に乳児を評価するための新しい方法論と軽いタッチ、音声の音、そして2刺激の多感覚処理の子どもの皮質処理を開発しました。

障害児における皮質聴覚、触覚情報処理の定量的評価

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

quantitative-assessment-cortical-auditory-tactile-processing-children

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.7K ビュー.  Vanderbilt University. 感覚処理の客観的かつ簡単に測定が非言語的または脆弱な小児患者には非常に困難である。私たちは、積極的な主題の参加を必要とするか、脆弱な患者に不快感を引き起こすことなく、定量的に乳児を評価するための新しい方法論と軽いタッチ、音声の音、そして2刺激の多感覚処理の子どもの皮質処理を開発しました。 

ビデオ: Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

NICUネットワーク神経行動スケール：ハイリスク新生児の評価と評価

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

行動学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

統合失調症のための家族ハイリスク児の感情オドボール課題を用いて前頭辺縁系の活性の測定

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

子供高密度脳波記録の皮質ソース解析

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Experimental Assessment of Mouse Sociability Using an Automated Image Processing Approach

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the test mouse is placed in a standardized apparatus and relevant behaviors are assessed in three different sessions (called session I, II, and III).
The apparatus has three compartments (see Figure 1), the left and right compartments contain an inverted cup which can house a mouse (called &#34;stimulus mouse&#34;).
In session I, the test mouse is placed in the cage and its mobility is characterized by the number of transitions made between compartments. In session II, a stimulus mouse is placed under one of the inverted cups and the sociability of the test mouse is quantified by the amounts of time it spends near the cup containing the enclosed stimulus mouse vs. the empty inverted cup. In session III, the inverted cups are removed and both mice interact freely. The sociability of the test mouse in session III is quantified by the number of social approaches it makes toward the stimulus mouse and by the number of times it avoids a social approach by the stimulus mouse.
The automated evaluation of the movie detects the nose of the test mouse, which allows the determination of all described sociability measures in session I and II (in session III, approaches are identified automatically but classified manually). To find the nose, the image of an empty cage is digitally subtracted from each frame of the movie and the resulting image is binarized to identify the mouse pixels. The mouse tail is automatically removed and the two most distant points of the remaining mouse are determined; these are close to nose and base of tail. By analyzing the motion of the mouse and using continuity arguments, the nose is identified.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52508/52508fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Assessment of Sociability During 3 sessions. Session I (top): Acclimation of test mouse to the cage. Session II (middle): Test mouse moving freely in the cage while the stimulus mouse is enclosed in an inverted cup. Session III (bottom): Both test mouse and stimulus mouse are allowed to move freely and interact with each other.

This protocol describes a method to quantify mouse sociability. Mice are videotaped as they move and interact in a special cage. Movie processing allows for the automated quantification of sociability with excellent accuracy and reliability.

自動画像処理手法を用いてマウス社交性の実験的評価

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

自閉症スペクトラム障害児の感覚と多感覚機能のテスト

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

アイトラッキングを使用した子どもたちに視覚情報処理を定量化する方法

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human auditory development for these age groups. This paper describes an observer-based procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity with a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Young children are trained to perform a play-based, motor response (e.g., putting a block in a bucket) whenever they hear a target signal. An experimenter observes the child&#39;s behavior and makes a judgment about whether the signal was presented during the first or second observation interval; the experimenter is blinded to the true signal interval, so this judgment is based solely on the child&#39;s behavior. These procedures were used to test 2 to 4 year-olds (n = 33) with no known hearing problems. The signal was a 1,000 Hz warble tone presented in quiet, and the signal level was adjusted to estimate a threshold corresponding to 71%-correct detection. A valid threshold was obtained for 82% of children. These results indicate that the two-interval procedure is both feasible and reliable for use with toddlers and preschoolers. The two-interval, observer-based procedure described in this paper is a powerful tool for evaluating hearing in young children because it guards against response bias on the part of the experimenter.

This paper describes a procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity in 2 to 4 year-old children. Children are trained to perform play-based responses when they hear a target signal. Thresholds are then estimated in a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, based on observations of the child&#39;s behaviors.

馴化プレイベースの応答を使用して、2つの間隔、オブザーバベースの手順：2〜4歳の子供に聴覚の行動評価

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &amp;#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

子供の働く記憶を評価する：子供のための総合評価バッテリー - ワーキングメモリ（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

メジャー報酬期待と子供で処理する電気生理学プロトコル

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.