This&#160;research was supported by NIH 1 U01 HL097973, NHLBI 5 R01 HL116511-02, UCSF-CTSI Grant Number UL1 TR000004, the Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program, and the Lisa and John Pritzker Family Foundation. The authors also wish to acknowledge Michelle Stephens for her assistance with scoring the ANS data as well as Vanessa Tearnan, Marialma Gonzales-Cruz, Yurivia Cervantes, Amy Engler, Stephanie Grover and Karen Jones-Mason for their assistance in collecting the ANS data, and Michael Coccia for his help with the data. We are also thankful to the families for their generous participation in this research and to the volunteers who helped us to test and refine this protocol, including the first author&#8217;s two children. We want to acknowledge our mentors who taught us about measuring ANS and why measuring ANS responsivity is meaningful in young children: W. Thomas Boyce, Gary Bernston, and Dave Lozano.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

この研究は、18ヶ月齢の子どものサンプル内、ドメインの範囲からの応答を引き出すために設計された標準化された休息と挑戦のタスクが（、感覚、社会的、休憩を驚愕）ANS応答の範囲につながった、ことを明らかにしました。これらの安静時および課題条件で見つかった平均ANSの応答は、同様のタスク8,11,27,29を使用して、幼い子供たちとANSの応答性を測定している他のユーザーに?...

子どもの自律神経系の個体差（ANS）は、反応性物理的および精神的健康の問題12-16の開発と維持に重要な役割を果たしています。証拠の成長体は休息と反応性でANS対策には個人差が子供が内在化し、精神病理学4,9,17-19と身体の健康の7,20を外部の変動を予測することが明らかになりました。 ANSの機能のこれらの直接的または主効果に加えて、研究の蓄積体は子供たちの反応性が子どもの福祉と健康に関するそれらの影響を緩和するために、そのような有害事象や夫婦紛争などの文脈的危険因子と相互作用することができることを見出している（参照21を参照レビューのため）。子どもの自律神経反応性があり、ライフコース全体の健康における役割、およびそれらのプロセスにおける伴う関心を果たしていることが、この成長している証拠にもかかわらず、3歳未満の子供にANSの機能の開発を検討する追加の研究のために必要です。 ANSは、二つのブランチ、副交感神経と交感神経のシステムで構成されています。それは、日常と有害事象1に応答して、大部分は無意識のメカニズムによって、内部器官（ 例えば、心拍数、呼吸、消化、および性的覚醒）の機能を調節します。副交感神経系（PNS）」の休息と修復」交感神経系を寝たりリラックスしたときに低安静時心拍数と修復の状態を維持するシステム（SNS）は「戦いまたは飛行」緊急事態に応答するシステムまたは脅迫的です自分の心拍数23を加速することによって状況。呼吸性洞性不整脈（RSA）は、心臓の機能上のPNSの影響の信頼できる指標であり、前出期間（PEP）は、車上のSNSの影響の信頼できる指標でありますダイアック機能。 RSAおよびPEPの両方が大人24,25のサンプルにおける実験薬理学的遮断を介して有効な対策であることが判明しています。最近では、この作業は、さらなる発展8,26,27を通じてANS活動の有効性と信頼性対策としてRSAおよびPEPを確立し、子供や思春期のサンプルに拡張されました。バンドやスポットの電極を使用した信頼性の高いインピーダンスカルジオグラフィの測定値（PEP）は、成人のサンプル28にかなりの時間のために使用されています。幼児におけるPEP対策のコレクションはまれですが、最近では、並列測定および分析技術はまた、子どもたち11,29,30のサンプルで信頼性が高く、有効であることが示されています。 迷走神経緊張と呼吸性洞性不整脈の措置を含む幼児や子供で機能PNS、に関する文献の現存大きな体が存在します。同時に両方を調べる少ないPEPを使用してSNSの研究、および非常に少数があります。その高度に統合された機能の理解を構築するために重要である副交感神経と交感神経系、。幼児のPEPの少数の研究のうち、ほとんどは彼らのプロトコルが課題8,31に応じてPEPの有意なグループレベルの変化を生じないことがわかります。研究は、そこに安定性が幼児期に始まるPNS対策を休んでいると、彼らは気質、行動、および健康との関係を持って、13,16,26,32,33が、時間をかけて応答し、その安定性SNSの限られた理解があることが実証されています開発との関係、およびその発達軌道ことを形作る要因。 PNS応答は社会エンゲージメント16とSNS応答に主に起因している1と同様に報酬感度（レビューのために34を参照する参照）」を戦うまたは飛行応答」を反映することを提案しました。幼児では、laboratoで具体的な課題をシミュレートするために挑戦されていますRY及びそれらの短い注意スパンにそれらを従事します。同時にPNSとSNSを測定するために必要な7スポット電極と不快感を経験することが幼児のための測定の課題もあります。また、発達科学の分野内で、そこにも子どもたちとの作業に子どもの発達ニーズと倫理を尊重しつつ、十分に「ストレス反応」を引き出す方法についていくつかの規格。この記事では、18ヶ月の子供から副交感神経と交感神経系の応答を誘発するように設計された休息と厳しい状況で構成される標準化されたプロトコルの管理およびスコアリングに関する情報を提示します。 ANSの反応性は、典型的には、個々の生物22にわたって変化する比較または休止状態への個別の外部刺激の相対的に生理的反応として概念化されています。精神的、肉体的に彼の初期の生活の病因の検討ALTHの問題は、適応応答を呼び起こすかのようなストレスの課題と考えることができる状況に子どもたちの反応を理解する上で特に興味があることが科学者をリードしてきました。挑戦的な刺激に遭遇すると、ドメインの広い範囲にわたって応答を誘発する可能性を秘めているが、文学の圧倒的多数は、「ストレス反応」として、この現象をいいます。期待/：このように、プロトコルは、以下に説明するが、2（なだめるような子守唄を聴きながら落ち着いを見ながら、ニュートラルビデオ）残りのフォームと18ヶ月児のための3つの発達に応じた課題を含む複数のドメイン間でのANS応答を誘発するように設計されました驚愕（イン・ザ・ボックスジャック）、感覚（レモン汁）、および社会情緒的（病気の幼児の叫びを聞いて）。プロトコルは、それは、発生的に挑戦幼児のために従事し、許容させるために、12ヶ月児8と3-5歳児11のための当社の既存のプロトコルから適合させた（18-21ヶ月）。 ここでは、ストレス、食事や早期開発（SEED）妊婦の研究とその子孫の18ヶ月の研究訪問から発達課題プロトコル（DCP）とANSデータを提示します。健康な妊娠を持つ母親の参加者は、人種や民族的に多様な妊娠の体重増加と出生前ストレスの研究のために2013から14の間に募集し、太りすぎ、低所得であった、としました。子孫が2014年から2015年の間に、年齢の18から21ヶ月だったとき、彼女の子孫の研究のための保護者のインフォームドコンセントは、ここで報告された研究のためだけに出産した後に得られると、再び以前のデータ収集の開始にしました。

<table><tbody><tr><td>ANS equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laptop and power cord&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dell</td><td>60-0107-3.0</td><td>Mindware BioLab software requires a PC with 2 USB ports</td></tr><tr><td>ANS data collection software</td><td>Mindware</td><td>contact company</td><td>BioLab acquisition program</td></tr><tr><td>ANS data acquisition unit and cords</td><td>Mindware</td><td>50-3711-08</td><td>BioNex 8-slot Chassis</td></tr><tr><td>Snap leads</td><td>Mindware</td><td>93-0498-00</td><td>2 white, 2 red, 2 brown, 1 black</td></tr><tr><td>Spot electrodes</td><td>Kendall</td><td>31112496</td><td>130 model; 7 for each assessment + extras-to be sealed in a ziplock bag at all times)</td></tr><tr><td>ANS scoring/editing software</td><td>Mindware</td><td>contact company</td><td>HRV Analysis, version 3.1.0F and IMP Analysis, version 3.1.0I</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protocol equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tablet computer</td><td>Apple</td><td></td><td>iPad; for playing audio and video clips</td></tr><tr><td>portable speaker</td><td>Polariod</td><td>PBT510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jack in the Box</td><td>Schylling</td><td>SMJB</td><td>Sock Monkey theme</td></tr><tr><td>Lemon juice</td><td>ReaLemon</td><td>98077</td><td>0.14 oz shelf-stable packets</td></tr><tr><td>Pasture pipettes</td><td>Grainger</td><td>6FAV9</td><td>1 ml size, disposable</td></tr><tr><td>Portion cups</td><td>Dart Solo Con</td><td>250PC</td><td>2.5 oz, disposable, plastic</td></tr><tr><td>audio files of baby cry</td><td>Alkon lab</td><td></td><td>30 sec clip recorded in a neonatal intensive care unit</td></tr><tr><td>audio file of baseline lullaby</td><td>Rockabye Baby Music</td><td></td><td>60 sec of &quot;Across the Universe&quot; on &quot;Rockabye Baby Lullaby Renditions of the Beatles&quot; CD</td></tr><tr><td>audio file of final lullaby</td><td>Rockabye Baby Music</td><td></td><td>60 sec of &quot;Here Comes the Sun&quot; on &quot;Rockabye Baby Lullaby Renditions of the Beatles&quot; CD</td></tr><tr><td>video file of neutral video</td><td></td><td></td><td>2 min of Baby Einstein video</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable measuring tape</td><td>Rollfix</td><td>TM04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Miscellaneous materials</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surge protector</td><td></td><td></td><td>to plug in all electronics</td></tr><tr><td>2-prong adapter for surge protector</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Video camera</td><td>Sony</td><td></td><td>Handycam HDR-CX440</td></tr><tr><td>Video Encoder, power and input cords</td><td>Mindware</td><td>50-8614-01</td><td>optional; to sync video and ANS data files</td></tr><tr><td>Baby wipes and gauze</td><td></td><td></td><td>for cleaning and drying oily skin</td></tr><tr><td>Toys</td><td></td><td></td><td>to distract children during assessment</td></tr><tr><td>Visual aids</td><td></td><td></td><td>pictures of child with electrodes on, description of protocol to show participants</td></tr><tr><td>Script of protocol for research assistants</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Charging cords for tablet and speaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Doll and stickers</td><td></td><td></td><td>for demonstration if necessary</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring cardiac autonomic nervous system (ans) activity in toddlers - resting and developmental challenges

自律神経系（ANS）は二つの分岐、副交感神経と交感神経のシステムで構成され、内部器官（ 例えば、心拍数、呼吸、消化）の機能を制御し、日常と有害事象1に応答します。子供のANS対策が問題行動、感情の調節、および健康2-7に関連することが見出されています。したがって、幼児期の間にANSの発達に影響を与える要因を理解することが重要です。 ANSの両方のブランチは、刺激に対する幼児の心血管応答に影響を与え、生理学的変化8-11の有効かつ信頼性の尺度を使用して、外部の監視装置を経由して、非侵襲的に測定されています。しかし、2つのシステムの統合機能の理解を制限する副交感神経と交感神経系の同時措置、と非常に若い子供たちのいくつかの研究があります。また、マユォリ幼児の既存研究のtyが、一般的に母子相互作用のパラダイムを使用すると、より少ないが、他の厳しい状況にANS反応性について知られている乳児の静止ANS措置またはそれらの反応性について報告します。私たちは、18ヶ月の子供の心臓の自律制御の非侵襲的かつ迅速な評価のための研究デザインと標準化されたプロトコルを提示します。私たちは、自宅や研究室訪問中に休息とチャレンジ条件下でANSの副交感神経と交感神経の枝を連続的に監視するための方法を説明し、検証済みの機器やスコアリングソフトウェアを使用して140民族的に多様な幼児の私達のサンプルから記述的な知見を提供しています。結果は、心拍数の変化や副交感神経と交感神経活動の指標によって示されるように、このプロトコルは、休息と発達厳しい状況の両方に対する生理学的反応の範囲を生成することができることを明らかにしました。個人はRESPONS、安静時のレベルの変動を示しました課題に対するエス、と挑戦反応、このプロトコルは、幼児のためのANS個人差の検討に有用であることが、追加の証拠を提供します。

SEEDの研究では、162母子ダイアド（; 30％ラティーナ; 16％白; 17％、他のまたは多民族の37％アフリカ系アメリカ人）を登録しました。 18月の訪問のために、私たちは140人の子供（在籍したサンプルの87％）で、人の評価を完了しました。 6参加者が離れて移動し、残りの参加者が到達不能またはこの訪​​問のため利用できませんでした。訪問のANSデータ収集コンポーネントの拒否率は、この?...

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Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

私たちは、18ヶ月の子供たちと一緒に休息と挑戦の条件で自律神経系を連続的に監視するための方法を説明します。結果は、このプロトコルは、自律神経系の両方の分岐に意味のある生理学的応答を生成し、応答のパターンに有意な個体差を誘発することができることを明らかにしました。

幼児に心臓自律神経系（ANS）活性の測定 - 休憩と発達課題

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal ...

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Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Biopsychology

The Autonomic Nervous System

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

15.3K ビュー.  University of California, San Francisco. 私たちは、18ヶ月の子供たちと一緒に休息と挑戦の条件で自律神経系を連続的に監視するための方法を説明します。結果は、このプロトコルは、自律神経系の両方の分岐に意味のある生理学的応答を生成し、応答のパターンに有意な個体差を誘発することができることを明らかにしました。 

ビデオ: Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

障害児における皮質聴覚、触覚情報処理の定量的評価

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

行動学

Quantitative Autonomic Testing

Disorders associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system are quite common yet frequently unrecognized. Quantitative autonomic testing can be invaluable tool for evaluation of these disorders, both in clinic and research. There are number of autonomic tests, however, only few were validated clinically or are quantitative. Here, fully quantitative and clinically validated protocol for testing of autonomic functions is presented. As a bare minimum the clinical autonomic laboratory should have a tilt table, ECG monitor, continuous noninvasive blood pressure monitor, respiratory monitor and a mean for evaluation of sudomotor domain. The software for recording and evaluation of autonomic tests is critical for correct evaluation of data. The presented protocol evaluates 3 major autonomic domains: cardiovagal, adrenergic and sudomotor. The tests include deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, head-up tilt, and quantitative sudomotor axon test (QSART). The severity and distribution of dysautonomia is quantitated using Composite Autonomic Severity Scores (CASS). Detailed protocol is provided highlighting essential aspects of testing with emphasis on proper data acquisition, obtaining the relevant parameters and unbiased evaluation of autonomic signals. The normative data and CASS algorithm for interpretation of results are provided as well.

Standardized, comprehensive and fully quantitative testing of autonomic functions is described. The autonomic tests consist of evaluation of all three major autonomic domains including cardiovagal, adrenergic and sudomotor. The severity and distribution of dysautonomia is quantitated using Composite Autonomic Severity Scores.

定量的な自律神経系検査

Disorders associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system are quite common yet frequently unrecognized. Quantitative autonomic testing can be ...

医学

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

幼児聴覚処理とイベント関連の脳の振動

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

自閉症幼児を追跡する目

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

A detailed protocol for an experimental paradigm to assess the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective.

小児における感情規制戦略の有効性の精神生理学的評価

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and social competency&#8212;is hypothesized to be disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to quantify the full range of RSB during the toddler period, when core symptoms of ASD often arise, is pivotal for evaluating early risk for ASD, characterizing social development, and tracking response to early interventions. However, important parameters of variation in RSB&#8212;especially prior to the development of verbal language&#8212;can be nuanced and difficult to characterize using questionnaire-based methods. To address this challenge, we developed a system for measuring quantitative variation in RSB in toddlers (ages 18 - 30 months) that incorporated not only standard questionnaire data from caregivers but also a novel set of video-referenced items, through which a respondent compares the behavior of a subject to that observed in a short video of a young child manifesting a highly competent level of social communication. Testing of this measure in a general population sample of twins confirmed that both the video-referenced items and the RSB Total Score (video-referenced items plus non-video-referenced items) displayed unimodal, continuous distributions, strong internal consistency, marked preservation of individual differences, and extremely high heritability. In addition, video-referenced items were particularly sensitive to quantifying incremental changes in social communication, a major element of RSB, over the course of early childhood development. Scores on the vrRSB clearly differentiated children with and without ASD and these data comprise an initial validation of this promising method for quantifying early RSB&#8212;cross-sectionally, over time, and as a function of early intervention.

Here we present a protocol for administration of the video-referenced rating of reciprocal social behavior (vrRSB) using a paper or online version. This survey quantifies RSB, a prerequisite for social competence, in toddlers through &#34;video-referenced&#34; items whereby a subject is compared to a reference child shown in a three-minute video.

幼児の社会的なコミュニケーションの急速なシリアル評価のためアンカーを得点ビデオの使用

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and ...

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration and renal function. The ANS has two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the human body for action in times of danger and stress, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates the resting state of the body.
ANS activity can be measured invasively, for instance by radiotracer techniques or microelectrode recording from superficial nerves, or it can be measured non-invasively by using changes in an organ's response as a proxy for changes in ANS activity, for instance of the sweat glands or the heart. Invasive measurements have the highest validity but are very poorly feasible in large scale samples where non-invasive measures are the preferred approach. Autonomic effects on the heart can be reliably quantified by the recording of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in combination with the impedance cardiogram (ICG), which reflects the changes in thorax impedance in response to respiration and the ejection of blood from the ventricle into the aorta. From the respiration and ECG signals, respiratory sinus arrhythmia can be extracted as a measure of cardiac parasympathetic control. From the ECG and the left ventricular ejection signals, the preejection period can be extracted as a measure of cardiac sympathetic control. ECG and ICG recording is mostly done in laboratory settings. However, having the subjects report to a laboratory greatly reduces ecological validity, is not always doable in large scale epidemiological studies, and can be intimidating for young children. An ambulatory device for ECG and ICG simultaneously resolves these three problems.
Here, we present a study design for a minimally invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in children, using a validated ambulatory device 1-5, the VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,<a href="http://www.vu-ams.nl" target="_blank"> www.vu-ams.nl</a>).

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children

Measurement of autonomic nervous system activity usually confines the researcher and participant to the laboratory, which may provide an intimidating environment to children. The VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS) device can record cardiac autonomic control in any setting. The VU-AMS proved very amenable to testing in children.

小児の測定心臓自律神経系（ANS）活動

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

メジャー報酬期待と子供で処理する電気生理学プロトコル

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were recorded by a HR monitor that participants (youth with cerebral palsy (CP)) wore during active video game (AVG) sessions. The AVG sessions were designed to promote physical activity and fitness (aerobic performance) in participants. The goal was to evaluate the feasibility of AVGs as a physical therapy (PT) intervention strategy. The maximum HR (mHR) was determined for each participant and the Target Heart Rate Zone (THRZ) was calculated for each of three exercise phases in the 20 min AVG session: (warm-up at 40-60% mHR, conditioning at 60-80% mHR, and cool down at 40-60% mHR). Each participant played three 20 min games during the AVG session. All games were played while sitting on a bench because many youth with CP cannot stand for extended periods of time. Each game condition differed with participants using hand icons only, hand and feet icons together or feet icons only to collect objects. The objective of the game (called KOLLECT) is to collect objects to gain points and avoid hazards to not lose points. Hazards were used in the warm-up and cool down phases only to promote slower, controlled movement to maintain HR in the target heart rate zone (THRZ). There were no hazards in the conditioning phase to promote higher levels and more intense physical activity. Analytic methods were used to generate HRV (selected time-domain and frequency-domain measures) from ECG data to examine aerobic workload. Recent applications of HRV indicate that short-term measurements (5 min bouts) are appropriate and that HRV biofeedback may help improve symptoms and the quality of life in a variety of health conditions. Although HR is a well-accepted clinical measure to examine aerobic performance and intensity in PT interventions, HRV may provide information of the autonomic system functions, recovery and adaptation during AVG sessions.

This protocol describes a method for calculating Heart Rate Variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. Waveforms from continuous heart rate (HR) recordings during active video game (AVG) sessions were used to measure the aerobic performance of youth with cerebral palsy (CP).

アクティブなビデオゲームセッション中の脳性麻痺を持つ若者からの心電図データからの心拍変動の計算

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were ...

A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect electroencephalography (EEG) data and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). At present, the systems available for the collection of high-quality EEG/ERP data make significant demands on children with developmental disabilities, such as those with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Children with ASD may have difficulty adapting to novel situations, tolerating uncomfortable sensory stimuli, and sitting quietly. This familiarization protocol uses Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) to increase research participants&#39; knowledge and understanding of the specific activities and steps of the research protocol. The tools in this familiarization protocol are a social narrative, a visual schedule, the Premack principle, role-playing, and modeling. The goal of this familiarization protocol is to increase understanding and agency and to potentially reduce anxiety for child participants, resulting in a greater likelihood of the successful completion of the research protocol for the collection of EEG/ERP data.

Electrophysiological research is an important tool for identifying biomarkers of developmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but data collection in these populations remains challenging. This work presents a familiarization protocol to accompany research that includes electroencephalography (EEG) to improve the likelihood of collecting EEG data from children with ASD.

親密化プロトコルは、電気生理学的研究におけるASDを有する小児の参加を促進する

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect ...