<html>我々は、テキサス大学ダラス校でコミュニケーション障害のためのキャリアーセンターで私たちの視線追跡研究に参加し、発達障害のUNCノースカロライナ大学で、すべての子どもと保護者に感謝します。 N.サソンは、研究リソース（NCRR）、国立衛生研究所のコンポーネントのためのナショナルセンターからのグラント番号UL1RR024982と題し、 &quot;北、中央テキサス州の臨床およびトランスレーショナル科学イニシアティブ&quot;（ミルトンパッカー、MD、PI）によってサポートされていました（NIH）とNIHロードマップ医学研究のため、その内容はもっぱら著者の責任であり、必ずしもNCRRまたはNIHの公式見解を表すものではありません。 NCRRに関する情報はで入手できます<a href="http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/">http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/</a> 。リエンジニアリング臨床研究エンタープライズに関する情報は以下から入手できます。ranslational.asp &quot;&gt; http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/clinicalresearch/overview-translational.asp。 J. Elisonは、発達科学、UNCセンターにおける人間開発上のカロライナ·コンソーシアムへのNICHDからNRSA賞（5-T32-HD007376）によってサポートされていました。

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+application+of+eyetracking+technology+in+the+study+of+autism.">The application of eyetracking technology in the study of autism.</a> The Journal of Physiol. 581, 893-898 (2007).</li><li>Simmons, D. R., Robertson, A. E., McKay, L. S., Toal, E., McAleer, P., Pollick, F. 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S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., Alexander, A. L., Davidson, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gaze+fixation+and+the+neural+circuitry+of+face+processing+in+autism.">Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 8, 519-526 (2005).</li><li>Klin, A., Lin, D. J., Gorrindo, P., Ramsay, G., Jones, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-year-olds+with+autism+orient+to+non-social+contingencies+rather+than+biological+motion.">Two-year-olds with autism orient to non-social contingencies rather than biological motion.</a> Nature. 459, 257-261 (2009).</li><li>Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. N., Piven, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+scanning+of+faces+in+adults+with+autism.">Visual scanning of faces in adults with autism.</a> J. Autism Dev. Disord. 32, 249-261 (2002).</li><li>Chawarska, K., Shic, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Looking+but+not+seeing:+atypical+visual+scanning+and+recognition+of+faces+in+2+and+4-year-old+children+with+autism+spectrum+disorder.">Looking but not seeing: atypical visual scanning and recognition of faces in 2 and 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder.</a> J. Autism Dev. Disord. 39, 1663-1672 (2009).</li><li>Sasson, N. J., Elison, J. T., Turner-Brown, L. M., Dichter, G. S., Bodfish, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brief+report:+circumscribed+attention+in+young+children+with+autism.">Brief report: circumscribed attention in young children with autism.</a> J. Autism Dev. Disord. 41, 242-247 (2011).</li><li>D'Cruz, A. K., Mosconi, M. W., Steele, S., Rubin, L. H., Beatriz, L., Minshew, N., Sweeney, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateralized+response+timing+deficits+in+autism.">Lateralized response timing deficits in autism.</a> Biol. Psychiatry. 66, 393-397 (2009).</li><li>Shic, F., Chawarska, K., Scassellati, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+incomplete+fixation+measure.">The incomplete fixation measure.</a> , 111-114 (2008).</li><li>Jacob, R. J. K., Karn, K. S., Hyona, J., Radach, R., Deubel, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+tracking+in+human-computer+interaction+in+usability+research:+ready+to+deliver+the+promises+(section+commentary).">Eye tracking in human-computer interaction in usability research: ready to deliver the promises (section commentary).</a> The Mind's Eye: Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research. , 573-605 (2003).</li><li>Sweeney, J. A., Takarae, Y., Macmillan, C., Luna, B., Minshew, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+movements+in+neurodevelopmental+disorders.">Eye movements in neurodevelopmental disorders.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17, 37-42 (2004).</li><li>Duchowski, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Eye tracking methodology: theory and practice. , (2003).</li><li>Goldberg, J. H., Kotval, X. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer+interface+evaluation+using+eye+movements:+methods+and+constructs.">Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs.</a> Int. J. Indus. Ergonomics. 24, 631-645 (1999).</li><li>Salvucci, D. D., Goldber, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+fixations+and+saccades+in+eye-tracking+protocols.">Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols.</a> , 71-78 (2000).</li><li>Sasson, N. J., Turner-Brown, L. M., Holtzclaw, T. N., Lam, K. S. L., Bodfish, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Children+with+autism+demonstrate+circumscribed+attention+during+passive+viewing+of+complex+social+and+nonsocial+picture+arrays.">Children with autism demonstrate circumscribed attention during passive viewing of complex social and nonsocial picture arrays.</a> Autism. Research. 1, 31-42 (2008).</li><li>Gredebäck, G., Johnson, S., von Hofsten, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+tracking+in+infancy+research+Developmental+Neuropsychology.">Eye tracking in infancy research Developmental Neuropsychology.</a> 35, 1-19 (2009).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示するものと利害の衝突はありません。

精神疾患の知覚特性を調べるための客観的かつアクセス可能なツールとして、アイトラッキングの出現は、ASDの臨床的特徴に寄与する異常な視覚的注意と眼球運動パターンの研究を促進しています。この作品の特に有望なアプリケーションは、障害の早期新興発達のメカニズムをキャプチャするためにASDの幼い子供たちを勉強してきました。この年齢群での調査は、伝統的な行動パラダイムとそう、早くコースとASDの特性を照らすために重要であるが、しばしば、この集団内に存在する社会とのコミュニケーション障害を与えられた挑戦されています。アイトラッキングは、視覚的な好みと注視行動の直接的かつ定量的な尺度を提供することによって、これらのタスクの要求のいくつかを軽減することができます。最終的に、このアプローチでは、ASDの開発において重要な期間中に重要な情報を明らかにするプロセスthaのを助けるかもしれない順番にtは早期発見と介入の取り組みを知らせることができます。 これらの利点にもかかわらず、ASDのアイトラッキング若い子供たちは方​​法論的課題の数によって複雑になっています。この人口とアイトラッキングを実装するための現在のプロトコルの詳細なガイドライン。ここで説明する提案は、特に一般的であり、市販の角膜反射アイトラッキングシステムでは、参加者の動きを制限しないとヘッドの動きを補正することができるものに限定されていますが、興味のある研究者のために一般的な命令を提供するように設計されています。最適設計は、しばしば特定の勉強されていますが、一般的な推奨事項は、機器を選択すると、この集団を研究して障害や潜在的な気晴らしを最小限に抑える手順を実施し、適切な分析的な戦略を追求するために資するあるテスト環境の作成が含まれます。 このような慣行の採用は、アイトラッキング調査を促進することがありますASDの初期症状の症状を調べることを目的としたが、彼 ​​らはまた、幼児22と同様に、自閉症以外の発達障害児を含むより広範な視標追跡幼児、に興味がある研究グループに関係する可能性があります。さらに、研究者はpsychobiological応答のより包括的なプロファイルを提供するために、脳波、皮膚電気伝導度と心拍数の監視などの他の生理学的な措置、とアイトラッキングを組み込むことにより、これらの勧告に基づいて構築することができます。モバイルアイトラッキングシステムの可用性を高めるには、ライブの社会的相互作用を含む、より生態学的に有効なコンテキストにASDの視線挙動の研究を拡張する可能性を高めます。これらの革新的なデザインは、今後数年間で人気が上昇すると予想されています。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 材料名 </td><td> タイプ </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> コメント </td></tr><tr><td>アイ·トラッカー</td><td>スタンドアロンの角膜反射ベースのシステム。アイ·トラッカーは、60Hzで24 &quot;TFTワイドモニター。記録に統合されています。 </td><td> Tobii </td><td> Tobii 60XL </td><td>図2に示す。 （視野角の約0.5°の平均精度を維持しながら、このケースでは、60cmの距離から40x20x27cmの立方体空間内の）これは、頭部の動きを可能にするいくつかのシステムの一つです。 </td></tr><tr><td>アイ·トラッカー·コントロール·ソフトウェア</td><td></td><td> Tobii </td><td> Tobii StudioのV. 2.1.14 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>固定解析プログラム</td><td></td><td> Tobii </td><td> Tobii StudioのV. 2.1.14 </td><td>修正する図3のation分析は、このプログラムを使用して生成されます。図4の出力は、外部ソフトウェアで生成されます。 </td></tr></tbody></table>

eye tracking young children with autism

アクセス可能な商業目追跡システムの台頭は、心理学と精神医学研究での使用が急速に増加を煽っています。注視行動の直接の、詳細かつ客観的な尺度を提供することにより、アイトラッキングは、臨床集団で異常な知覚戦略を調べるための貴重なツールとなっており、疾患固有の特性1、2、早期発見を促進を識別するために使用されており、処理3を知らせる。特に、自閉症スペクトラム障害（ASD）の研究者は4月7日 、その研究のパラダイムにアイトラッキングを統合の恩恵を受けている。アイトラッキングは、主に、特に社会情報1,10-11の処理中に、障害のあるタスクのパフォーマンス8と異常な脳機能9のメカニズムを明らかにするためにこれらの研究で使用されています。 ASDのお子様と大人のアイトラッキング、この分野での研究の優位性を構成しながら、それは初期の新興発達異常2,12-13を評価し、定量化するための非侵襲的なツールを提供しているので障害と幼児の研究に特に有用である可能性があります。 ASDの若い子どもたちとアイトラッキングを実装しかし、特定のタスクの要求と障害に関連する心理社会的な考慮から生じる準拠した動作と問題を含む固有の課題の数に関連付けられています。 ASDの幼い子供たちを目に追跡しながら、研究デザイン、データ収集と心理分析を最適化するため、このプロトコルでは、我々は詳細の方法論を考慮します。提供される推奨事項は、他の発達障害を持つ視標追跡子供のためのより広範に適用できるように設計されています。私たち自身の仕事から派生した教訓に基づいて、これらの分野におけるベストプラクティスのガイドラインを提供することによって、我々はデータを損なう可能性が一般的な落とし穴を回避しながら、他の研究者は、音の研究設計と解析の選択をお手伝いしたいと考えてASDまたは他の発達障害を持つアイトラッキング幼児ながら買収。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism at JoVE.com

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

アイトラッキングは、長い間一般的に、開発個人の視線パターンを研究するために使用されてきたが、最近の技術の進歩は、自閉症を含む臨床集団、での使用がより実現可能にしました。自閉症のアイトラッキング子供たちは初期症状の症状への洞察を提供することができますが、それは方法論的課題が含まれます。ベストプラクティスの提案が提供されています。

自閉症幼児を追跡する目

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

45.2K ビュー.  University of Texas at Dallas. アイトラッキングは、長い間一般的に、開発個人の視線パターンを研究するために使用されてきたが、最近の技術の進歩は、自閉症を含む臨床集団、での使用がより実現可能にしました。自閉症のアイトラッキング子供たちは初期症状の症状への洞察を提供することができますが、それは方法論的課題が含まれます。ベストプラクティスの提案が提供さ?...

ビデオ: Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

Magnetic Resonance Derived Myocardial Strain Assessment Using Feature Tracking

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF. Current technologies for CMR are time consuming and difficult to implement in clinical practice. Feature tracking is a technology that can lead to more automization and robustness of quantitative analysis of medical images with less time consumption than comparable methods.
Methods: An automatic or manual input in a single phase serves as an initialization from which the system starts to track the displacement of individual patterns representing anatomical structures over time. The specialty of this method is that the images do not need to be manipulated in any way beforehand like e.g. tagging of CMR images.
Results: The method is very well suited for tracking muscular tissue and with this allowing quantitative elaboration of myocardium and also blood flow.
Conclusions: This new method offers a robust and time saving procedure to quantify myocardial tissue and blood with displacement, velocity and deformation parameters on regular sequences of CMR imaging. It therefore can be implemented in clinical practice.

An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF.

特徴追跡を用いた磁気共鳴が派生心筋ストレインの評価

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that ...

医学

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral symptoms displayed by individuals with autism. While structural neuroimaging findings have provided some insights into brain abnormalities in autism, the consistency of such findings is questionable. Functional neuroimaging, on the other hand, has been more fruitful in this regard because autism is a disorder of dynamic processing and allows examination of communication between cortical networks, which appears to be where the underlying problem occurs in autism. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal correlation of spatially separate neurological events1. Findings from a number of recent fMRI studies have supported the idea that there is weaker coordination between different parts of the brain that should be working together to accomplish complex social or language problems2,3,4,5,6. One of the mysteries of autism is the coexistence of deficits in several domains along with relatively intact, sometimes enhanced, abilities. Such complex manifestation of autism calls for a global and comprehensive examination of the disorder at the neural level. A compelling recent account of the brain functioning in autism, the cortical underconnectivity theory,2,7 provides an integrating framework for the neurobiological bases of autism. The cortical underconnectivity theory of autism suggests that any language, social, or psychological function that is dependent on the integration of multiple brain regions is susceptible to disruption as the processing demand increases. In autism, the underfunctioning of integrative circuitry in the brain may cause widespread underconnectivity. In other words, people with autism may interpret information in a piecemeal fashion at the expense of the whole. Since cortical underconnectivity among brain regions, especially the frontal cortex and more posterior areas 3,6, has now been relatively well established, we can begin to further understand brain connectivity as a critical component of autism symptomatology.
A logical next step in this direction is to examine the anatomical connections that may mediate the functional connections mentioned above. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a relatively novel neuroimaging technique that helps probe the diffusion of water in the brain to infer the integrity of white matter fibers. In this technique, water diffusion in the brain is examined in several directions using diffusion gradients. While functional connectivity provides information about the synchronization of brain activation across different brain areas during a task or during rest, DTI helps in understanding the underlying axonal organization which may facilitate the cross-talk among brain areas. This paper will describe these techniques as valuable tools in understanding the brain in autism and the challenges involved in this line of research.

Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging have become increasingly useful in characterizing the cognitive and neural deficits in autism. An examination of brain connectivity in autism at a network level along with adaptations for scanning children with developmental disabilities is presented.

fMRIと拡散テンソル画像を用いた自閉症で脳を探る

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral ...

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

One of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty with language and communication.1 Children with ASD's onset of speaking is usually delayed, and many children with ASD consistently produce language less frequently and of lower lexical and grammatical complexity than their typically developing (TD) peers.6,8,12,23 However, children with ASD also exhibit a significant social deficit, and researchers and clinicians continue to debate the extent to which the deficits in social interaction account for or contribute to the deficits in language production.5,14,19,25
Standardized assessments of language in children with ASD usually do include a comprehension component; however, many such comprehension tasks assess just one aspect of language (e.g., vocabulary),5 or include a significant motor component (e.g., pointing, act-out), and/or require children to deliberately choose between a number of alternatives. These last two behaviors are known to also be challenging to children with ASD.7,12,13,16
We present a method which can assess the language comprehension of young typically developing children (9-36 months) and children with autism.2,4,9,11,22 This method, Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (P-IPL), projects side-by-side video images from a laptop onto a portable screen. The video images are paired first with a 'baseline' (nondirecting) audio, and then presented again paired with a 'test' linguistic audio that matches only one of the video images. Children's eye movements while watching the video are filmed and later coded. Children who understand the linguistic audio will look more quickly to, and longer at, the video that matches the linguistic audio.2,4,11,18,22,26
This paradigm includes a number of components that have recently been miniaturized (projector, camcorder, digitizer) to enable portability and easy setup in children's homes. This is a crucial point for assessing young children with ASD, who are frequently uncomfortable in new (e.g., laboratory) settings. Videos can be created to assess a wide range of specific components of linguistic knowledge, such as Subject-Verb-Object word order, wh-questions, and tense/aspect suffixes on verbs; videos can also assess principles of word learning such as a noun bias, a shape bias, and syntactic bootstrapping.10,14,17,21,24 Videos include characters and speech that are visually and acoustically salient and well tolerated by children with ASD.

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

A reliable home-based way to assess the language comprehension of very young typically developing children, as well as those with autism, is described. The method analyzes children's eye gaze while viewing side-by-side images but hearing an audio that matches only one image. Stimuli are designed with young participants in mind.

ポータブルインター探し優遇（IPL）：一般的に幼児と自閉症幼児の開発調査言語理解

One  of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty  with language and communication.1  Children with ASD's onset of ...

Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

While the number of new treatment options tested in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is increasing, there is still no defining of the most reliable assessments regarding therapeutic efficacy. We present clinical and radiological outcome measures used in ambulatory patients participating in our trial &#34;Treatment with L-citrulline and metformin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#34;. The motor function measure is a validated test in patients with neuromuscular disorders that consists of 32 items and assesses all three dimensions of motor performance including standing and transfer (D1 subscore), axial and proximal motor function (D2 subscore), and distal motor function (D3 subscore). The test shows high intra- and inter-rater variability but only when strictly following guidelines of the materials, examination steps, and calculation of scores. The 6-minute walk test, timed 10-meter walk/run test, and supine-up time are commonly used timed functional tests that also sufficiently monitor changes in muscle function; however, they strongly depend on patient collaboration. Quantitative MRI is an objective and sensitive biomarker to detect subclinical changes, though the examination costs may be a reason for its limited use. In this study, a high correlation between all clinical assessments and quantitative MRI scans was found. The combinational use of these methods provides a better understanding about disease progression; however, longitudinal studies are needed to validate their reliability.

The aim of this study is to present the most reliable clinical outcome measures and their correlations with quantitative muscle MRI in ambulant patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

運動機能、デュシェンヌ型筋ジストロフィー児の外来の他の臨床パラメーターの測定

While the number of new treatment options tested in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is increasing, there is still no defining of the most ...

Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and cone photoreceptor function as well as inner retinal function and is an important measure in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases as well as inflammatory, toxic, and nutritional retinopathies. Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid and reliable dark-adapted (scotopic) and light-adapted (photopic) ffERG responses. Performing ffERG in infants and children is challenging and often requires general anesthesia in the operating room. However, maintaining retinal dark adaptation in the operating room is becoming increasingly difficult given the numerous light sources from anesthesiology monitoring systems and other equipment. A practical and widely applicable method for ffERG testing is described in the operating room that optimizes retinal dark adaptation. The method reduces operating room time by dark-adapting the patient before general anesthesiology is instituted. The operating room is modified for dark adaptation and any remaining light source in the darkened operating room is minimized with the use of a modified portable foldable darkroom that encloses the patient&#8217;s head and the ERG examiner during ffERG scotopic recordings. The simple method adheres to ffERG international standards and provides valid reliable scotopic and photopic ffERG recordings that are critical to assess objective retinal function in this young age group where subjective assessment of visual function such as visual acuity and visual fields are not possible. Furthermore, the ffERG is the gold standard clinical test in detecting early onset inherited retinal diseases including Leber congenital amaurosis where approved gene therapy has become available. In sedated conditions, very low amplitude ffERG signals can be detected due to minimal orbicularis muscle activity interference, which is particularly relevant in patients after gene therapy to detect improved amplitude responses.

Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid full-field electroretinogram responses in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases. A practical protocol using a portable darkroom is provided to obtain full-field&#160;electroretinogram for infants and children under sedation or general anesthesia in the operating room setting.

最適な暗黒適応と国際基準を達成するために麻酔下で幼児と子供のための電気レチノグラム記録

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and ...

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the clinical assessment of cardiovascular morphology and heart function. It is also the recognized standard-of-care for blood flow quantification based on phase contrast MRI. While such measurement of blood flow has been possible in adults for decades, methods to extend this capability to fetal blood flow have only recently been developed.
Fetal blood flow quantification in major vessels is important for monitoring fetal pathologies such as congenital heart disease (CHD) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). CHD causes alterations in the cardiac structure and vasculature that change the course of blood in the fetus. In FGR, the path of blood flow is altered through the dilation of shunts such that the oxygenated blood supply to the brain is increased. Blood flow quantification enables assessment of the severity of the fetal pathology, which in turn allows for suitable&#160;in utero&#160;patient management and planning for postnatal care.
The primary challenges of applying phase contrast MRI to the human fetus include small blood vessel size, high fetal heart rate, potential MRI data corruption due to maternal respiration, unpredictable fetal movements, and lack of conventional cardiac gating methods to synchronize data acquisition. Here, we describe recent technical developments from our lab that have enabled the quantification of fetal blood flow using phase contrast MRI, including advances in accelerated imaging, motion compensation, and cardiac gating.

Here we present a protocol for measuring fetal blood flow rapidly with MRI and retrospectively performing motion correction and cardiac gating.

磁気共鳴画像法と運動補償によるヒト胎児血流定量化

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the clinical assessment of cardiovascular morphology and heart function. It is also the ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Assess Taste Detection Thresholds in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) Test

This paper describes a two-alternative, forced-choice, staircase, tracking procedure, called the Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) test, that provides a reliable measure of sweet, salty, and umami taste detection thresholds from childhood to adulthood. Advantages of the method include procedures that are identical for children and adults, thus allowing the determination of age-related and individual differences in taste perception, if any, and tasks that can be completed in a relatively short time frame, do not rely on continuous attention or require memorization, control for subjective response biases, and minimize the impact of language development. After a 1 hour fast, participants are presented with pairs of solutions; in each pair, one solution is water, and the other solution contains varying concentrations of the tastant.
Using a whole-mouth tasting method, participants taste each solution (without swallowing and with rinsing between tastings) and then point to the solution with a taste or that tastes different from water. The concentration of the stimulus in the subsequent pair increases after a single incorrect response and decreases after two consecutive correct responses. A reversal occurs when the concentration sequence changes direction. The task is deemed completed after the occurrence of four reversals, provided there are a maximum of two dilution steps between two successive reversals, and the series of reversals do not form an ascending pattern. These additional criteria ensure greater reliability in outcomes. The TDT is then calculated as the geometric mean of the concentrations of the four reversals. This method has real-world relevance as it provides information on a dimension of taste perception that is independent of hedonics, and that can change with aging and certain disease states, making it a valuable psychophysical test.

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Assess Taste Detection Thresholds in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The Taste Detection Threshold TDT Test

Psychophysical tools measure the functionality of the taste system for both research and health assessment purposes. This paper describes a method to measure taste detection thresholds that can determine the lowest concentration of sucrose, sodium chloride, or monosodium glutamate that can be tasted by individuals as young as 6 years.

小児、青年、成人における味覚検出閾値を評価する精神物理学的追跡法:味覚閾値(TDT)試験

This paper describes a two-alternative, forced-choice, staircase, tracking procedure, called the Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) test, that provides a ...

ラットにおけるスコポラミン誘発性涙腺機能障害

A Rat Dry Eye Model with Lacrimal Gland Dysfunction Induced by Scopolamine

Aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) is a type of dry eye disease that can result in the reduction of tear secretion quantity and quality. Prolonged abnormal tear production can lead to a disturbance in the ocular surface environment, including corneal damage and inflammation. In severe cases, ADDE can cause vision loss or even blindness. Currently, dry eye treatment is limited to eye drops or physical therapy, which can only alleviate eye discomfort symptoms and cannot fundamentally cure dry eye syndrome. To restore the function of the lacrimal gland in dry eye, we have created an animal model of lacrimal gland dysfunction in rats induced by scopolamine. Through the comprehensive evaluation of the lacrimal gland, corneas, conjunctivas, and other factors, we aim to provide a full understanding of the pathological changes of ADDE. Compared with the current dry eye mouse model, this ADDE animal model includes a functional evaluation of the lacrimal gland, providing a better platform for studying lacrimal gland dysfunction in ADDE.

著者スポットライト:ドライアイ動物モデルの開発における課題と今後の研究の方向性

Here, we establish a rat model of lacrimal gland dysfunction to provide a basis for the study of aqueous-deficient dry eye.

スコポラミンによる涙腺機能障害を有するラットドライアイモデル

Aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) is a type of dry eye disease that can result in the reduction of tear secretion quantity and quality. Prolonged abnormal ...