We thank Dr. John Chang (Radiation Oncology, LSU Health Science Center) for assistance with radiation dose measurements. The study was supported by the American Cancer Society (Grant number: 116945-RSG-09-038-01-CCE), National Institute of Health (Grant number: R21CA173162) and the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center.

すべての手順はLSU健康、シュリーブポート、動物実験委員会によって承認され、実験動物の管理と使用のためのNIHガイドラインに従ってありました。 ラット顎下唾液腺の1カニューレ挿入<ol><li> シリンジ-チューブアセンブリの調製 <ol><li>メスでPE10ポリエチレンチューブの10cmの長さをカットします。人差し指と親指の間のチューブの両端を持ちます。穏やかな炎上記チューブの中央部分を熱し、ゆっくり両側を引っ張ることにより、その長さを倍増させる軟化チューブを伸ばします。 </li><li>先細端部と各- 2カニューレを取得するために45 Oの角度でメスで途中でチューブをカットします。 0.5ccのインスリン注射器の29 Gの針の上にフィットさせることによって、カニューレの非テーパ状の端部を展開します。 </li><li>カニューレを外し、シリンジに生理食塩水の220μLを描きます。気泡を取り除くために、タップします。 cannulを取り付け針の上に、そして空気を排出し、カニューレを介して、溶液の自由な流れを確保するために、シリンジのプランジャーを押してください。 200μlに音量を調整します。 </li></ol></li><li> 顎下腺ダクトの口腔内カニューレ挿入 注：オートクレーブ楽器は手続きの前に、ホットビーズ滅菌器の手順の間に、滅菌します。 <ol><li>スプラーグドーリーラットを計量し、皮下注射器で計算されたケタミンの量（42 mgの/キログラム）/キシラジン（8mg / kg）/アセプロマジン（1.4ミリグラム/キログラム）のミックスを分注します。 </li><li>人差し指の間尾と片手の親指の付け根を把握し、それを把握するために身体の上にもう一方の手をスライドさせることにより、動物を拘束。親指と残りの指で胴体を保持しながら、頭部の側面に沿って人差し指と中指を立てます。 </li><li>後肢の筋肉組織に麻酔薬を注入します。つま先のピンチと眼瞼反射によって麻酔の深さを確認してください。乾きしばらくのを防ぐために目の潤滑剤を塗布動物は麻酔下です。 </li><li>特別に設計されたプラットフォーム（ 図1）に動物を置き、横バーの上側切歯に係合します。下の切歯の周りにゴムバンドをループし、プラットフォームにそれを固定することにより、下顎をプルダウン。 </li><li>舌を通して滅菌縫合糸を渡し、口の床を上げるためにそれを持ち上げます。止血鉗子で縫合糸をクランプ、および横方向のバーの上にそれを渡します。 </li><li>カスタムビルドの頬スプレッダー（ 図1）と頬を展開し、解剖顕微鏡下で、口の床の上に舌下乳頭を探します。 </li><li>繊細な鉗子を用いて行うPE10チューブのテーパ状の端部をつかみます。そっと舌下乳頭上の腺管開口部にカニューレの先端を操作します。それは3ねじ込むことによって、カニューレの配置を確認してください - ダクトに5ミリメートルを。それは、任意の障害物なしに通過することを確認してください。 </li></ol></li><li> 顎下腺Instillation <ol><li>首筋に皮下アトロピン（0.5ミリグラム/キログラム）を注入し、唾液分泌の減少のために10分を待ちます。 </li><li>シアノアクリレート（接着剤）の低下にダクト開口部にカニューレを固定し、乾燥させます。ゆっくり〜50マイクロリットル/分の速度でシリンジプランジャを押して腺（200μL/腺）溶液を植え付けます。 </li><li>止血鉗子でチューブをつぶす、と慎重に注射器を取り外します。動物が意識を取り戻すまで60分 - 30用のダクト内チューブを保持します。舌を保持している縫合糸を外します。 </li><li>別々のケージに動物を移し、リカバリ中にそれを暖かく保つために加熱ランプを使用しています。それは胸骨横臥を維持するために意識を取り戻したまで無人の動物を放置しないでください。 </li><li>動物が完全に歩行した後、食物および水に無制限にアクセスできるビバリウムでそれを収容します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.ローカライズ分割照射顎下腺の<ol><li>前述したように動物を拘束し、後肢でケタミン（33 mgの/キログラム）/キシラジン（6ミリグラム/キログラム）/アセプロマジン（1ミリグラム/キログラム）ミックスの筋肉内投与で麻酔。麻酔の深さを確認し、目に潤滑剤を塗布。 </li><li>線形加速器卓上に動物仰向けに置き、頭を傾けることによって、その首を拡張します。胸骨の上部に下顎骨の下縁からの領域を包含するように照射野（3センチスリット幅）をコリメートします。 </li><li>領域の上に1cmの組織等価ボーラスを配置し、放射線源100センチボーラスの頂部との間の距離を調整します。 </li><li>線形加速器の6 MV光子ビームを用いて動物（2.5 Gyの）を照射します。線量率、視野サイズ、及び放射線源からのボーラスの表面までの距離は、露光時間を決定するであろう。現在のセットアップでは、動物は約1グレイ/分の線量率で照射しました。 </li><li>露出を繰り返します。 2.5 Gyの/ 8日目の合計日々;間で2日間隔で4日/週。リカバリ中に動物を暖かく保ちます。それは完全に歩行した後に飼育箱に動物を転送します。 </li><li>腺機能14を測定するために、8週間照射後刺激顎下腺の唾液を収集します。冷たい4％パラホルムアルデヒド/リン酸緩衝生理食塩水のpHが7.2の心臓灌流によって麻酔下で動物を安楽死させます。組織学的および免疫組織化学14を分析するための顎下腺を摘出。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

唾液腺は、多くの場合、頭頸部癌、首ノードの選択科目切除、または地域の血液悪性腫瘍に対する放射線治療を受けた患者における組織回復のしきい値を超えた放射線量を受けます。腺の流体を分泌する腺房細胞が最終的に分化しているが、それらは逆説的に放射線に敏感です。分泌機能は、放射線の最初の数週間以内に低下し、慢性低唾液出力の不可逆的な腺の損傷をもたらします。貧し?...

健康な組織の担保破壊は、癌治療の有害な副作用の数を占めています。放射線分野でうそをつく大唾液腺の一部または全部は、必然的に破壊されます。従って、骨髄移植の前頭部および頸部癌、子宮頸癌、リンパ腫、または全身照射のための放射線治療を受けている多くの患者は、放射線、唾液腺機能低下2-6の最も一般的かつ永続的な副作用の一つを被ります。 唾液腺の流体生産腺房細胞は、放射線への急性敏感です。唾液腺の損傷は、唾液機能低下と呼ばれる状態を唾液の流れの大幅な逓減を引き起こします。唾液の流れにおける慢性の減少は、咀嚼、嚥下、スピーチ、そして味が、激しい痛み、粘膜涙、嚥下障害、日和見感染症の病的後遺症などの重要経口活動を阻害し、虫歯が悪化します患者の幸福と機能2,3。 放射線治療関連の唾液細胞の損失は不可逆的であるため、口腔乾燥症のない矯正治療はありません。人工唾液代用とprosecretory薬で症状を和らげに焦点を当て現在の治療は長期の救済6には無効です。改良された放射線送達技術は、症状の重症度を減少させる助けているが、正常組織毒性とその合併症は、がん治療6,7の制限要因のまま。放射線治療に関連する合併症を予防するための先制措置は、従って、標準になりつつあります。フリーラジカル酸素種を除去ラジオ保護剤、里親細胞再増殖、またはDNA修復を高めるためには、唾液機能低下8-11を回避するために探索されています。 外分泌唾液腺の分泌物は、主排泄ダクトを介して口の中に排出します。目の口腔内挿管造影剤の注入のための電子排泄ダクトは外来処置として日常的に行われます。同様のアプローチを利用して、唾液腺に直接局所治療12の対象とすることができます。別に全身副作用のリスクを減少させるから、retroductal腺点滴は利益を追加しました。乳管ツリーの周りの唾液細胞の単層の配置は、すべての唾液腺上皮細胞をターゲットにすることを可能にし、不要な治療拡散を低減するための障壁として腺行為の繊維状のカプセル化。本質的には、唾液腺は、このような放射線誘発唾液機能低下などの腺苦痛の標的治療のために最適に適しています。 週間の期間のための - （2.5 Gyの/分数/日、5日の週1.8）癌治療のための従来の放射線が少量で提供されています。したがって、実験モデルにおいて長引く放射スキームに対する有効性を示している放射線防護の治療は、より大きな臨床ベアリングを持っています。 COMPRO分別放射線は小動物に記録されたが、放射線源、用量分画、および使用されるプロトコルは9,10,13変化された後、唾液機能mised。 このレポートでは、患者関連の放射線源と線量分画を用いてラット顎下腺の放射線へのローカライズさretroductal送達のための方法を確立します。

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retroductal submandibular gland instillation and localized fractionated irradiation in a rat model of salivary hypofunction

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. Irreparable cell damage results in a chronic loss of salivary function that impairs basic oral activities, and increases the risk of oral infections and dental caries. Salivary hypofunction and its complications gravely impact a patient's comfort. Current symptomatic management of the condition is ineffective, and newer therapies to assuage the condition are needed. 
Salivary glands are exocrine glands, which expel their secretions into the mouth via excretory ducts. Cannulation of these ducts provides direct access to the glands. Retroductal delivery of a contrast agent to major salivary glands is a routine out-patient procedure for diagnostic imaging. Using a similar procedure, localized treatment of the glands is feasible. However, performing this technique in preclinical studies with small animals poses unique challenges. In this study we describe the technique of retroductal administration in rat submandibular glands, a procedure that was refined in Dr. Bruce Baum's laboratory (NIH)1, and lay out a procedure for local gland irradiation.

低侵襲性唾液腺撮影技術、大唾液腺の局所治療を適応させることが可能です。ラット顎下唾液腺におけるRetroductal投与はウォートンのダクトの口腔内挿管（ 図2）により実行しようとしました。ウォートンの唾液管は、口の階にある舌乳頭に開くが、オリフィスは容易には見えません。カニューレの挿入は、従って、穏やかなプロービングすることによっ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction at JoVE.com

Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction

Salivary gland hypofunction, a major adverse effect of head and neck radiotherapy diminishes a patient's quality of life. The demonstration of efficacy of new therapies in animal models is a prerequisite before clinical transition. This protocol describes retroductal administration and local irradiation of rat submandibular glands.

唾液機能低下のラットモデルにおけるRetroductal顎下腺点滴とローカライズされた分割照射

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. ...

retroductal-submandibular-gland-instillation-localized-fractionated

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.3K ビュー.  Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Salivary gland hypofunction, a major adverse effect of head and neck radiotherapy diminishes a patient's quality of life. The demonstration of efficacy of new therapies in animal models is a prerequisite before clinical transition. This protocol describes retroductal administration and local irradiation of rat submandibular glands.

ビデオ: Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction

Cannulation of the Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland via the Wharton's Duct

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their head and neck regions for cancer treatment. Both groups of patients experience symptoms such as xerostomia (dry mouth), dysphagia 
(impaired chewing and swallowing), severe dental caries, altered taste, oro-pharyngeal infections (candidiasis), mucositis, pain and discomfort.
One innovative approach of regenerative medicine for the treatment of salivary gland hypo-function is speculated in RS Redman, E Mezey 
et al. 2009: stem cells can be directly deposited by cannulation into the gland as a potent method in reviving the functions of the impaired organ. Presumably, 
the migrated foreign stem cells will differentiate into glandular cells to function as part of the host salivary gland. Also, this cannulation technique is an 
expedient and effective delivery method for clinical gene transfer application.
Here we illustrate the steps involved in performing the cannulation procedure on the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct 
(Fig 1). C3H mice (Charles River, Montreal, QC, Canada) are used for this experiment, which have been kept under clean conventional conditions at 
the McGill University animal resource center. All experiments have been approved by the University Animal Care Committee and were in accordance with the 
guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
For this experiment, a trypan blue solution is infused into the gland through the opening of the Wharton's duct using a 
insulin syringe with a 29-gauge needle encased inside a polyethylene tube. Subsequently, the mouse is dissected to show that the infusions migrated 
into the gland successfully.

A protocol for the cannulation of the mouse submandibular salivary gland via the Wharton's duct is described. For this experiment, the trypan blue solution is used as a dyer to demonstrate how this technique effectively delivers infusions into the targeted gland, and to suggest the reliability of this new approach as a potential clinical drug/cell therapy for the regeneration of salivary glands.

ワルトン管を経由してマウス顎下唾液腺のカニュレーション

Severe salivary gland hypofunction is frequently found in patients with Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome and those who receiving therapeutic 
irradiation in their ...

医学

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

Chronic exposure to excessive levels of nutrients is postulated to affect the function of several organs and tissues and to contribute to the development of the many complications associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes. To study the mechanisms by which excessive levels of glucose and fatty acids affect the pancreatic beta-cell and the secretion of insulin, we have established a chronic nutrient infusion model in the rat. The procedure consists of catheterizing the right jugular vein and left carotid artery under general anesthesia; allowing a 7-day recuperation period; connecting the catheters to the pumps using a swivel and counterweight system that enables the animal to move freely in the cage; and infusing glucose and/or Intralipid (a soybean oil emulsion which generates a mixture of approximately 80% unsaturated/20% saturated fatty acids when infused with heparin) for 72 hr. This model offers several advantages, including the possibility to finely modulate the target levels of circulating glucose and fatty acids; the option to co-infuse pharmacological compounds; and the relatively short time frame as opposed to dietary models. It can be used to examine the mechanisms of nutrient-induced dysfunction in a variety of organs and to test the effectiveness of drugs in this context.

A protocol for chronic infusions of glucose and Intralipid in rats is described. This model can be used to study the impact of nutrient excess on organ function and physiological parameters.

ラットにおける慢性栄養注入のモデル

Chronic exposure to excessive levels of nutrients is postulated to  affect the function of several organs and tissues and to contribute to the  ...

Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers

Salivary measures have emerged in bio-behavioral research that are easy-to-collect, minimally invasive, and relatively inexpensive biologic markers of stress. This article we present the steps for collection and analysis of two salivary assays in research with frail, community residing older adults-salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase. The field of salivary bioscience is rapidly advancing and the purpose of this presentation is to provide an update on the developments for investigators interested in integrating these measures into research on aging. Strategies are presented for instructing family caregivers in collecting saliva in the home, and for conducting laboratory analyses of salivary analytes that have demonstrated feasibility, high compliance, and yield quality specimens. The protocol for sample collection includes: (1) consistent use of collection materials; (2) standardized methods that promote adherence and minimize subject burden; and (3) procedures for controlling certain confounding agents. We also provide strategies for laboratory analyses include: (1) saliva handling and processing; (2) salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase assay procedures; and (3) analytic considerations.

We demonstrate: (1) procedures for collection of salivary samples in cognitive impaired older adults by family caregivers in the home setting, (2) procedures for measuring stress activity via salivary cortisol and alpha amylase, and (3) representative profiles. Protocols that allow researchers to study stress-linked processes advance our understanding of biological sensitivity and susceptibility.

唾液を収集し、家族介護者を経由して高齢者を居住する虚弱コミュニティ唾液コルチゾールおよびα-アミラーゼの測定

Salivary measures have emerged in bio-behavioral research  that are easy-to-collect, minimally invasive, and relatively inexpensive  biologic markers of ...

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma is a disease of the central nervous system affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGC axons making up the optic nerve carry visual input to the brain for visual perception. Damage to RGCs and their axons leads to vision loss and/or blindness. Although the specific cause of glaucoma is unknown, the primary risk factor for the disease is an elevated intraocular pressure. Glaucoma-inducing procedures in animal models are a valuable tool to researchers studying the mechanism of RGC death. Such information can lead to the development of effective neuroprotective treatments that could aid in the prevention of vision loss. The protocol in this paper describes a method of inducing glaucoma - like conditions in an in vivo rat model where 50 &#181;l of 2 M hypertonic saline is injected into the episcleral venous plexus. Blanching of the vessels indicates successful injection. This procedure causes loss of RGCs to simulate glaucoma. One month following injection, animals are sacrificed and eyes are removed. Next, the cornea, lens, and vitreous are removed to make an eyecup. The retina is then peeled from the back of the eye and pinned onto sylgard dishes using cactus needles. At this point, neurons in the retina can be stained for analysis. Results from this lab show that approximately 25% of RGCs are lost within one month of the procedure when compared to internal controls. This procedure allows for quantitative analysis of retinal ganglion cell death in an in vivo rat glaucoma model.

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma is characterized by damage to retinal ganglion cells. Inducing glaucoma in animal models can provide insight into the study of this disease. Here, we outline a procedure that induces loss of RGCs in an in vivo rat model and demonstrates the preparation of whole-mount retinas for analysis.

緑内障誘導の手順<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;ラットモデルと全体のマウント網膜準備

Glaucoma is a disease of the central nervous system affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGC axons making up the optic nerve carry visual input to the ...

Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation

Hyposalivation is commonly observed in the autoimmune reaction of Sj&#246;gren's syndrome or following radiation injury to the major salivary glands. In these cases, questions remain regarding disease pathogenesis and effective interventions. An optimized technique that allows functional assessment of the salivary glands is invaluable for investigating exocrine gland biology, dysfunction, and therapeutics. Here, we present a step by step approach to performing pilocarpine stimulated saliva secretion, including tracheostomy and the dissection of the three major murine salivary glands. We also detail the appropriate murine head and neck anatomy accessed during these techniques. This approach is scalable, allowing for multiple mice to be processed simultaneously, thus improving the efficiency of the work flow. We aim to improve the reproducibility of these methods, each of which has further applications within the field. In addition to saliva collection, we discuss metrics for quantifying and normalizing functional capacity of these tissues. Representative data are included from submandibular glands with depressed salivary gland function 2 weeks following fractionated radiation (4 doses of 6.85 Gy).

We present a detailed approach to performing saliva collection, including murine tracheostomy and the isolation of three major salivary glands.

ピロカルピン刺激次を介してマウス唾液機能的アセスメント分別放射線

Hyposalivation is commonly observed in the autoimmune reaction of Sj&#246;gren's syndrome or following radiation injury to the major salivary glands. In ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Pleural Effusion Model in Rats by Intratracheal Instillation of Polyacrylate/Nanosilica

Pleural effusion is a prevalent clinical finding of many pulmonary diseases. Having a useful animal pleural effusion model is very important to study these pulmonary diseases. Previous pleural effusion models paid more attention to biological factors rather than nanoparticles in the environment. Here, we introduce a model to make pleural effusion in rats by intratracheal instillation of polyacrylate/nanosilica, and a method of nanoparticle isolation in the pleural effusion. By intratracheal instillation of polyacrylate/nanosilica with concentrations of 3.125, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg&#8729;mL, the pleural effusion in rats presented on day 3, peaked at days 7-10 in 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg&#8729;mL groups, then slowly decreased and disappeared on day 14. When the concentration of polyacrylate/nanosilica increased, the pleural effusion is produced more and faster. This pleural fluid was detected by ultrasound examination or CT chest scanning and confirmed by dissection of rats. Silica nanoparticles were observed in the rats' pleural effusion by transmission electron microscope. These results showed that the exposure to polyacrylate/nanosilica leads to the induction of pleural effusion, which was consistent with our previous report in humans. Additionally, this model is beneficial for the further study of nanotoxicology and the pleural effusion diseases.

Here, we present a protocol to construct a pleural effusion model in rats by intratracheal instillation of polyacrylate/nanosilica.

ポリアクリル酸/ナノシリカの気管内投与によるラットの胸水貯留モデル

Pleural effusion is a prevalent clinical finding of many pulmonary diseases. Having a useful animal pleural effusion model is very important to study ...

Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with radiotherapy. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction and restoration have focused on in vivo models, which are handicapped by an inability to systematically screen therapeutic candidates and efficiencies in transfection capability to manipulate specific genes. The purpose of this salivary gland organotypic culture protocol is to evaluate maximal time of culture viability and characterize cellular changes following ex vivo radiation treatment. We utilized immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy to determine when specific cell populations and markers are present during a 30-day culture period. In addition, cellular markers previously reported in in vivo radiation models are evaluated in cultures that are irradiated ex vivo. Moving forward, this method is an attractive platform for rapid ex vivo assessment of murine and human salivary gland tissue responses to therapeutic agents that improve salivary function.

Using three-dimensional organotypic cultures to visualize morphology and functional markers of salivary glands may provide novel insights into the mechanisms of tissue damage following radiation. Described here is a protocol to section, culture, irradiate, stain, and image 50&#8211;90 &#956;m thick salivary gland sections prior to and following exposure to ionizing radiation.

顎下および耳下腺唾液腺からの Organotypic 培養の放射線治療は生体内特性をモデル化する

Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with ...

Acupuncture in a Rat Model of Asthma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes methods for the fabrication of the high platform, establishes a rat model of asthma and measures changes in respiratory function using a noninvasive and real-time whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system.

喘息ラットモデルにおける鍼治療

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes ...

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

A posterior segment eye disease like diabetic retinopathy alters the physiology of the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by a retinal detachment, breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), and retinal angiogenesis. An in vivo rat model is a valuable experimental tool to examine the changes in the structure and function of the retina. We propose three different experimental techniques in the rat model to identify morphological changes of retinal cells, retinal vasculature, and compromised BRB. Retinal histology is used to study the morphology of various retinal cells. Also, quantitative measurement is performed by retinal cell count and thickness measurement of different retinal layers. A BRB breakdown assay is used to determine the leakage of extraocular proteins from the plasma to vitreous tissue due to the breakdown of BRB. Fluorescence angiography is used to study angiogenesis and leakage of blood vessels by visualizing retinal vasculature using FITC-dextran dye.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness. Histology, blood-retinal barrier breakdown assay, and fluorescence angiography are valuable techniques to understand the pathophysiology of the retina, which could further enhance the efficient drug screening against diabetic retinopathy.