We would like to thank Ms. Jessica Selander in providing artistic assistant in making our figures. This work was funded by grants from the NIAID/NIH, grant no. RO1AI078806, the UCLA Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), grant no. P30AI28697, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, grant no. TR4-06845, the American Federation for AIDS Research (amfAR), grant no. #108929-54-RGRL, and the UC Multi-campus Research Program and Initiatives, California Center for Antiviral Drug discovery (CCADD)

<ol>
	<li>Karpel, M. E., Boutwell, C. L., Allen, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BLT+humanized+mice+as+a+small+animal+model+of+HIV+infection.">BLT humanized mice as a small animal model of HIV infection.</a> Current opinion in virology. 13, 75-80 (2015).</li><li>Zhen, A., Kitchen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem-cell-based+gene+therapy+for+HIV+infection.">Stem-cell-based gene therapy for HIV infection.</a> Viruses. 6 (1), 1-12 (2014).</li><li>Goulder, P. J. R., Watkins, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+and+SIV+CTL+escape:+implications+for+vaccine+design.">HIV and SIV CTL escape: implications for vaccine design.</a> Nature Reviews: Immunology. 4 (8), 630-640 (2004).</li><li>Kitchen, S. G., Bennett, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+Antigen-Specific+T+Cells+from+Genetically+Modified+Human+Hematopoietic+Stem+Cells+in+Immunodeficient+Mice.">Engineering Antigen-Specific T Cells from Genetically Modified Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Immunodeficient Mice.</a> PloS one. 4 (12), e8208 (2009).</li><li>Goulder, P. J. R., Watkins, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+and+SIV+CTL+escape:+implications+for+vaccine+design.">HIV and SIV CTL escape: implications for vaccine design.</a> Nature Reviews: Immunology. 4 (8), 630-640 (2004).</li><li>Kitchen, S. G. S., Levin, B. R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+suppression+of+HIV+by+antigen+specific+T+cells+derived+from+engineered+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">In vivo suppression of HIV by antigen specific T cells derived from engineered hematopoietic stem cells.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 8 (4), e1002649 (2012).</li><li>Yang, O. O., Tran, A. C., Kalams, S. A., Johnson, R. P., Roberts, M. R., Walker, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lysis+of+HIV-1-infected+cells+and+inhibition+of+viral+replication+by+universal+receptor+T+cells.">Lysis of HIV-1-infected cells and inhibition of viral replication by universal receptor T cells.</a> PNAS. 94 (21), 11478-11483 (1997).</li><li>Zhen, A., Kamata, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-specific+Immunity+Derived+From+Chimeric+Antigen+Receptor-engineered+Stem+Cells.">HIV-specific Immunity Derived From Chimeric Antigen Receptor-engineered Stem Cells.</a> Molecular Therapy. 23 (8), 1358-1367 (2015).</li><li>Barrett, D. M., Singh, N., Porter, D. L., Grupp, S. A., June, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimeric+Antigen+Receptor+Therapy+for+Cancer.">Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy for Cancer.</a> Annual Review of Medicine. 65 (1), 333-347 (2014).</li><li>Pejchal, R., Doores, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Potent+and+Broad+Neutralizing+Antibody+Recognizes+and+Penetrates+the+HIV+Glycan+Shield.">A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield.</a> Science. 334 (6059), 1097-1103 (2011).</li><li>Caskey, M., Klein, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viraemia+suppressed+in+HIV-1-infected+humans+by+broadly+neutralizing+antibody+3BNC117.">Viraemia suppressed in HIV-1-infected humans by broadly neutralizing antibody 3BNC117.</a> Nature. 522 (7557), 487-491 (2015).</li><li>West, A. P., Scharf, L., Scheid, J. F., Klein, F., Bjorkman, P. J., Nussenzweig, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+insights+on+the+role+of+antibodies+in+HIV-1+vaccine+and+therapy.">Structural insights on the role of antibodies in HIV-1 vaccine and therapy.</a> Cell. 156 (4), 633-648 (2014).</li><li>Lan, P., Tonomura, N., Shimizu, A., Wang, S., Yang, Y. -. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstitution+of+a+functional+human+immune+system+in+immunodeficient+mice+through+combined+human+fetal+thymus/liver+and+CD34++cell+transplantation.">Reconstitution of a functional human immune system in immunodeficient mice through combined human fetal thymus/liver and CD34+ cell transplantation.</a> Blood. 108 (2), 487-492 (2006).</li><li>Melkus, M. W., Estes, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanized+mice+mount+specific+adaptive+and+innate+immune+responses+to+EBV+and+TSST-1.">Humanized mice mount specific adaptive and innate immune responses to EBV and TSST-1.</a> Nature medicine. 12 (11), 1316-1322 (2006).</li><li>Shultz, L. D., Brehm, M. A., Garcia-Martinez, J. V., Greiner, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanized+mice+for+immune+system+investigation:+progress,+promise+and+challenges.">Humanized mice for immune system investigation: progress, promise and challenges.</a> Nature Reviews: Immunology. 12 (11), 786-798 (2012).</li><li>Vatakis, D. N., Bristol, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+the+BLT+humanized+mouse+as+a+stem+cell+based+gene+therapy+tumor+model.">Using the BLT humanized mouse as a stem cell based gene therapy tumor model.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (70), e4181 (2012).</li><li>De Rosa, S. C., Brenchley, J. M., Roederer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+six+colors:+a+new+era+in+flow+cytometry.">Beyond six colors: a new era in flow cytometry.</a> Nature medicine. 9 (1), 112-117 (2003).</li><li>Shimizu, S., Hong, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+highly+efficient+short+hairpin+RNA+potently+down-regulates+CCR5+expression+in+systemic+lymphoid+organs+in+the+hu-BLT+mouse+model.">A highly efficient short hairpin RNA potently down-regulates CCR5 expression in systemic lymphoid organs in the hu-BLT mouse model.</a> Blood. 115 (8), 1534-1544 (2010).</li><li>Denton, P. W., Olesen, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+HIV+latency+in+humanized+BLT+mice.">Generation of HIV latency in humanized BLT mice.</a> Journal of virology. 86 (1), 630-634 (2012).</li><li>Zhou, J., Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryoid+bodies+formation+and+differentiation+from+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+in+collagen/Matrigel+scaffolds.">Embryoid bodies formation and differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells in collagen/Matrigel scaffolds.</a> Journal of Genetics and Genomics. 37 (7), 451-460 (2010).</li><li>Vatakis, D. N., Arumugam, B., Kim, S. G., Bristol, G., Yang, O., Zack, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+Exogenous+T-cell+Receptors+Into+Human+Hematopoietic+Progenitors+Results+in+Exclusion+of+Endogenous+T-cell+Receptor+Expression.">Introduction of Exogenous T-cell Receptors Into Human Hematopoietic Progenitors Results in Exclusion of Endogenous T-cell Receptor Expression.</a> Molecular Therapy. 21 (5), 1055-1063 (2013).</li><li>Ito, R., Takahashi, T., Katano, I., Ito, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+advances+in+humanized+mouse+models.">Current advances in humanized mouse models.</a> Cellular &amp; Molecular Immunology. 9 (3), 208-214 (2012).</li><li>Martinez-Torres, F., Nochi, T., Wahl, A., Garcia, J. V., Denton, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypogammaglobulinemia+in+BLT+humanized+mice--an+animal+model+of+primary+antibody+deficiency.">Hypogammaglobulinemia in BLT humanized mice--an animal model of primary antibody deficiency.</a> PloS one. 9 (10), e108663 (2014).</li><li>McCune, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+applications+of+the+SCID-hu+mouse+model.">Development and applications of the SCID-hu mouse model.</a> Seminars in Immunology. 8 (4), 187-196 (1996).</li><li>Srivastava, S., Riddell, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+CAR-T+Cells:+Design+Concepts.">Engineering CAR-T Cells: Design Concepts.</a> Trends in immunology. 36 (8), (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

CARおよびHSCベースに設計免疫が臨床研究に向けて勢いを増しと、密接にこれらの操作された細胞の分化と機能を調べるために、適切な動物モデルを有することが重要です。このプロトコルでは、HIVに対する工学的遺伝的に改変された幹細胞とヒト化マウスを構築し、テストするための方法を説明しました。移植の前に、幹細胞の効率的な形質導入を有することが重要です。しかしながら、標...

組み合わせ抗レトロウイルス療法の成功にもかかわらず、HIV感染は依然として生涯疾患です。 HIVに対する細胞性免疫応答は、HIVの複製を制御するのに非常に重要な役割を果たしています。幹細胞操作の最近の進歩は、HIV治療1-3ための遺伝子治療アプローチの迅速な開発を可能にしました。その結果、HIVに対する細胞ベースの治療の有効性のインビボ研究において可能適切な動物モデルを有することが重要です。 動物モデルにおいてHIVの操作ウイルスが唯一のヒトの細胞に感染しているという事実によって複雑になります。この制限を回避するために、科学者は、アカゲザル4,5にサル免疫不全ウイルス（SIV）などの疾患モデルを使用することに頼っています。残念ながら、種間の固有の違いやSIVとHIVの間の違いにこのモデルの主要な制限があります。また、唯一の専門性の高い施設は、cですヒト以外の霊長類での作業を支援するapable、各マカクは、大規模な投資が必要。従って、HIV感染/発症に対して感受性であるヒト免疫系を利用し、より少ない財政法外であるモデルの差し迫った必要性があります。 非肥満糖尿病（NOD）-severe複合免疫不全（SCID）-commonガンマ鎖ノックアウト（Cγ - / - ）（またはNSG）血液/肝臓/胸腺（BLT）ヒト化マウスモデルますます重要なツールであることが証明されていますHIV感染を研究します。造血幹細胞（HSC）および胎児胸腺を移植することにより、マウスが開発し、ヒトの免疫系1-3を再現することができます。幹細胞ベースの遺伝子治療の一つのタイプは、抗原特異的T細胞に分化する造血幹細胞（HSC）を再プログラミングすることによってHIVを標的とするために、末梢T細胞を「リダイレクト」することを含みます。我々は以前に示した、分子クローニングされた抗HIV特異的T細胞の再と工学のHSCSL9エピトープ（アミノ酸77-85; SLYNTVATL）に対する受容体（TCR）は、HIV-1のGagは、ヒト化NSG-BLTマウスモデル6におけるHIVの複製を抑制する成熟T細胞の形成に幹細胞をリダイレクトすることができます。分子クローン化TCRを使用する注意点は、それがこの治療の適用を制限する特定のヒト白血球抗原（HLA）のサブタイプに制限されることです。キメラ抗原受容体（CAR）、一方、普遍すべてのHLAサブタイプに適用することができます。初期の研究は、CD3のドメインを細胞内シグナル伝達ζに融合されたヒトCD4の細胞外ドメインおよび膜貫通ドメインで構成CARを利用して実施された（CD4ζCARと呼ばれます）。 CD4ζCARは、HIVエンベロープを認識し、T細胞受容体7によって媒介されるものと同様である細胞傷害性T細胞応答を誘発することができるCD8 T細胞上に発現しました。我々は最近、ヒトHSCは、複数の造血リーに分化することができるCD4ζCARで修飾することができることを実証しましたヒト化マウスモデル8においてHIV複製を抑制することができる機能的なT細胞を含むneages。癌9ためのキメラ抗原受容体療法、および一本鎖抗体車の構築を可能にする、HIVに対する強力な幅広い中和抗体10-12の継続的な特徴付けの急速な進歩により、それはCD4ζCARに加えて、知覚、多くの新たな候補構築物であります、生成され、HIV疾患および他の疾患の幹細胞ベースの遺伝子治療のためにテストされます。また、これらの抗原特異的な自動車を含むヒト化NSG-BLTマウスモデルはまた、密接に、インビボでのヒトT細胞応答を調べるために有用なツールを提供することができます。ゼラチン状タンパク質混合物中の造血幹細胞が胎児肝幹16の代わりに使用されているという点で重要なことは、我々のプロトコルは、13-15 BLTマウスのヒト化構築のための以前に記載された方法とは異なります。このプロトコルは、説明しますhumaniの1）建設CD4ζCARで操作ZED BLTマウス。 2）遺伝的に改変された細胞の分化の特徴を、 3）遺伝的に改変された細胞の機能性の特徴付けを。

<table><tbody><tr><td>CD34 microbead kit</td><td>Miltenyi</td><td>130-046-702</td><td>For sorting human CD34+ progenitor cells</td></tr><tr><td>Bambanker</td><td>Wako</td><td>302-14681</td><td>For freezing cells</td></tr><tr><td>QIAamp Viral RNA kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>52904</td><td>For measuring viral load in the serum</td></tr><tr><td>MACSQuant Flow Cytometer</td><td>Miltenyi</td><td></td><td>For flow analysis</td></tr><tr><td>BD LSRFortessa&amp;trade;</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td></td><td>For flow analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Hyaluronidase</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H6254-500MG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For tissue digestion</td></tr><tr><td>Deoxyribonuclease I&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Worthington</td><td>LS002006&amp;nbsp;</td><td>for tissue digestion</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase</td><td>Life technology</td><td>17104-019&amp;nbsp;</td><td>for tissue digestion</td></tr><tr><td>CFX Real time PCR detection system</td><td>Biorad</td><td></td><td>For measuring viral load and gene expression</td></tr><tr><td>Mice, strain NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ</td><td>The Jackson Laboratory</td><td>5557</td><td>For constructing the humanized mice</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin Streptomycin (Pen Strep)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>10378016</td><td>For culturing cells</td></tr><tr><td>Piperacillin/tazobactam</td><td>Pfizer</td><td>Zosyn</td><td>Anti-fungal</td></tr><tr><td>Amphotericin B (Fungizone antimycotic)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15290-018</td><td>Anti-fungal</td></tr><tr><td>Autoclip Wound Clips, 9 mm - 1,000 units</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>427631&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Poly-Reinforced Aurora Surgical Gowns, 30 per case&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Medline</td><td>DYNJP2707&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Sutures, 4-0, vicryl&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Owens and Minor</td><td>23000J304H&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol prep pads&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Owens and Minor</td><td>3583006818</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Gloves, surgical, 6 1/2</td><td>Owens and Minor</td><td>4075711102</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Yssel&amp;rsquo;s Serum-Free T-Cell Medium</td><td>Gemini Bio-products</td><td>400-102</td><td>For CD34+ cell transduction</td></tr><tr><td>Human Serum Albumin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9511</td><td>For CD34+ cell transduction</td></tr></tbody></table>

stem-cell based engineered immunity against hiv infection in the humanized mouse model

HIVに対する幹細胞ベースの遺伝子治療の急速な発展に伴い、造血分化と遺伝的に修飾された細胞の免疫機能を研究するための動物モデルの差し迫った必要性があります。ヒト骨髄/肝臓/胸腺（BLT）マウスモデルは、T細胞、B細胞、NK細胞および単球を含む末梢におけるヒト免疫系の完全な再構成を可能にします。人間の胸腺インプラントはまた、自家胸腺組織におけるT細胞の胸腺選択を可能にします。 HIV感染の研究に加えて、モデルは、造血幹細胞（HSC）に由来する細胞の分化、発達と機能を研究するための強力なツールとして立っています。ここでは、ヒト化非肥満糖尿病（NOD）の建設を概説複合免疫不全（SCID）-commonガンマ鎖ノックアウト（Cγ - / - ）-severe HSCを形質導入と-Bone骨髄/肝臓/胸腺（NSG-BLT）マウスをCD4キメラ抗原受容体（CD4CAR）とレンチウイルスベクター。我々はCD4CAR HSCが正常に複数の系統に分化し、抗HIV活性を有することができることを示します。研究の目的は、HIVに対する工学的免疫のためのin vivoモデルとしてNSG-BLTマウスモデルの使用を実証することです。それは、レンチウイルスとヒト組織を用いているため、実験や手術は、特別な予防措置（BSL2 +）の施設でバイオセーフティレベル2（BSL2）でクラスII安全キャビネット内で行うべきである、ということは注目に値します。

図1は、修正された幹細胞とヒトBLTマウスの構築の概要を示します。 10週間の移植手術後、マウスは、遺伝子改変された細胞の分化及び発達を評価するために屠殺しました。 図2に示すように、複数のリンパ組織（血液、脾臓、胸腺および骨髄）CD4ζCARで修飾されたマウスから採取しました。このプロトコルで使用さCD4ζCARは、抗CD4抗体およびG...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stem-cell Based Engineered Immunity Against HIV Infection in the Humanized Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Stem-cell Based Engineered Immunity Against HIV Infection in the Humanized Mouse Model

This protocol describes the methods in constructing a humanized bone-marrow/liver/thymus mouse model with stem cell-based engineered immunity against HIV infection.

ヒト化マウスモデルにおけるHIV感染に対する幹細胞ベースの設計さイミュニティ

With the rapid development of stem cell-based gene therapies against HIV, there is pressing requirement for an animal model to study the hematopoietic ...

stem-cell-based-engineered-immunity-against-hiv-infection-humanized

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.1K ビュー.  University of California, Los Angeles. This protocol describes the methods in constructing a humanized bone-marrow/liver/thymus mouse model with stem cell-based engineered immunity against HIV infection. 

ビデオ: Stem-cell Based Engineered Immunity Against HIV Infection in the Humanized Mouse Model

Using the BLT Humanized Mouse as a Stem Cell based Gene Therapy Tumor Model

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of information gained from these studies, the unique characteristics of mouse immunity as well as the species specificity of viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection led to the development of humanized mouse models. The earlier models involved the use of C. B 17 scid/scid mice and the transplantation of human fetal thymus and fetal liver termed thy/liv (SCID-hu) 1, 2 or the adoptive transfer of human peripheral blood leukocytes (SCID-huPBL) 3. Both models were mainly utilized for the study of HIV infection.
One of the main limitations of both of these models was the lack of stable reconstitution of human immune cells in the periphery to make them a more physiologically relevant model to study HIV disease. To this end, the BLT humanized mouse model was developed. BLT stands for bone marrow/liver/thymus. In this model, 6 to 8 week old NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) immunocompromised mice receive the thy/liv implant as in the SCID-hu mouse model only to be followed by a second human hematopoietic stem cell transplant 4. The advantage of this system is the full reconstitution of the human immune system in the periphery. This model has been used to study HIV infection and latency 5-8.
We have generated a modified version of this model in which we use genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC) to construct the thy/liv implant followed by injection of transduced autologous hHSC 7, 9. This approach results in the generation of genetically modified lineages. More importantly, we adapted this system to examine the potential of generating functional cytotoxic T cells (CTL) expressing a melanoma specific T cell receptor. Using this model we were able to assess the functionality of our transgenic CTL utilizing live positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to determine tumor regression (9).
The goal of this protocol is to describe the process of generating these transgenic mice and assessing in vivo efficacy using live PET imaging. As a note, since we use human tissues and lentiviral vectors, our facilities conform to CDC NIH guidelines for Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+). In addition, the NSG mice are severely immunocompromised thus, their housing and maintenance must conform to the highest health standards (<a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html" target="_blank">http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html</a>).

The generation and characterization of tumor specific T cells using humanized mice is described here. Human thymic tissue and genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells are transplanted into immunocompromised mice. This results in the reconstitution of an engineered human immune system allowing for in vivo examination of anti-tumor immune responses.

幹細胞ベースの遺伝子治療腫瘍モデルとしてBLTヒト化マウスを用いた

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human  disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of  ...

免疫・感染学

Testing Cancer Immunotherapeutics in a Humanized Mouse Model Bearing Human Tumors

Reversing the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment is critical for the successful treatment of cancers with immunotherapy drugs. Murine cancer models are extremely limited in their diversity and suffer from poor translation to the clinic. To serve as a more physiological preclinical model for immunotherapy studies, this protocol has been developed to evaluate the treatment of human tumors in a mouse reconstituted with a human immune system. This unique protocol demonstrates the development of human immune system (HIS, &#34;humanized&#34;) mice, followed by implantation of a human tumor, either a cell-line derived xenograft (CDX) or a patient derived xenograft (PDX). HIS mice are generated by injecting CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cells isolated from umbilical cord blood into neonatal BRGS (BALB/c Rag2-/- IL2R&#947;C-/- NODSIRP&#945;) highly immunodeficient mice that are also capable of accepting a xenogeneic tumor. The importance of the kinetics and characteristics of the human immune system development and tumor implantation is emphasized. Finally, an in-depth evaluation of the tumor microenvironment using flow cytometry is described. In numerous studies using this protocol, it was found that the tumor microenvironment of individual tumors is recapitulated in HIS-PDX mice; &#34;hot&#34; tumors exhibit large immune infiltration while &#34;cold&#34; tumors do not. This model serves as a testing ground for combination immunotherapies for a wide range of human tumors and represents an important tool in the quest for personalized medicine.

This protocol outlines the generation of human immune system (HIS) mice for immuno-oncology studies. Instructions and considerations in the use of this model for testing human immunotherapeutics on human tumors implanted in this model are presented with an emphasis on characterizing the response of the human immune system to the tumor.

ヒト腫瘍を有するヒト化マウスモデルにおける癌免疫療法の試験

Reversing the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment is critical for the successful treatment of cancers with immunotherapy drugs. Murine ...

がん研究

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2r&#947;null (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

Ethical regulations and technical challenges for research in human pathology, immunology, and therapeutic development have placed small animal models in high demand. With a close genetic and behavioral resemblance to humans, small animals such as the mouse are good candidates for human disease models, through which human-like symptoms and responses can be recapitulated. Further, the mouse genetic background can be altered to accommodate diverse demands. The NOD/SCID/IL2r&#947;null (NSG) mouse is one of the most widely used immunocompromised mouse strains; it allows engraftment with human hematopoietic stem cells and/or human tissues and the subsequent development of a functional human immune system. This is a critical milestone in understanding the prognosis and pathophysiology of human-specific diseases such as HIV/AIDS and aiding the search for a cure. Herein, we report a detailed protocol for generating a humanized NSG mouse model (hu-NSG) by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation into a radiation-conditioned neonatal NSG mouse. The hu-NSG mouse model shows multi-lineage development of transplanted human stem cells and susceptibility to HIV-1 viral infection. It also recapitulates key biological characteristics in response to combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART).

This protocol provides a method to establish humanized mice (hu-NSG) via intrahepatic injection of human hematopoietic stem cells into radiation-conditioned neonatal NSG mice. The hu-NSG mouse is susceptible to HIV infection and combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) and serves as a suitable pathophysiological model for HIV replication and latency investigations.

ヒト NOD/SCID/IL2rγ のnull (胡 NSG) マウスは、HIV 複製の遅延研究のモデルします。

Ethical regulations and technical challenges for research in human pathology, immunology, and therapeutic development have placed small animal models in ...

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of their morbidity. The liver immunopathology caused by HIV-1 remains elusive. Small xenograft animal models with human hepatocytes and human immune system can recapitulate the human biology of the disease&#39;s pathogenesis. Herein, a protocol is described to establish a dual humanized mouse model through human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) transplantation, to study liver immunopathology as observed in HIV-infected patients. To achieve dual reconstitution, male TK-NOG (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug Tg(Alb-TK)7-2/ShiJic) mice are intraperitoneally injected with ganciclovir (GCV) doses to eliminate mouse transgenic liver cells, and with treosulfan for nonmyeloablative conditioning, both of which facilitate human hepatocyte (HEP) engraftment and human immune system (HIS) development. Human albumin (ALB) levels are evaluated for liver engraftment, and the presence of human immune cells in blood detected by flow cytometry confirms the establishment of human immune system. The model developed using the protocol described here resembles multiple components of liver damage from HIV-1 infection. Its establishment could prove to be essential for studies of hepatitis virus co-infection and for the evaluation of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs.

This protocol provides a reliable method to establish humanized mice with both human immune system and liver cells. Dual reconstituted immunodeficient mice achieved via intrasplenic injection of human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and recapitulate liver damage as observed in HIV-infected patients.

HIV関連肝病因に対する二重ヒト化TK-NOGマウスモデルの確立

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of ...

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor &#947;-chainnull mice recapitulate some features of human immunity, which can be exploited in basic and pre-clinical research on infectious diseases. Described here are three models of humanized immunodeficient mice for studying the dynamics of HIV infection. The first is based on the intrahepatic injection of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in newborn mice, which allows for the reconstitution of several blood and lymphoid tissue-confined cells, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain. This model allows monitoring for up to 36 weeks post-infection and is hence called the chronic model. The second and third models are referred to as the acute and reactivation models, in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells are intraperitoneally injected in adult mice. In the acute model, cells from a healthy donor are engrafted through the intraperitoneal route, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain. Finally, in the reactivation model, cells from an HIV-infected donor under antiretroviral therapy are engrafted via the intraperitoneal route. In this case, a drug-free environment in the mouse allows for virus reactivation and an increase in viral load. The protocols provided here describe the conventional experimental approach for humanized, immunodeficient mouse models of HIV infection.

Described here are three experimental approaches for studying the dynamics of HIV infection in humanized mice. The first permits the study of chronic infection events, whereas the two latter allows for the study of acute events after primary infection or viral reactivation.

ヒト化免疫不全マウスモデルにおける慢性、急性、再活性化HIV感染

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor &#947;-chainnull mice recapitulate some features of human immunity, which can be exploited in basic and pre-clinical ...

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Humanized mice provide a sophisticated platform to study human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virology and to test antiviral drugs. This protocol describes the establishment of a human immune system in adult NOG mice. Here, we explain all the practical steps from isolation of umbilical cord blood derived human CD34+ cells and their subsequent intravenous transplantation into the mice, to the manipulation of the model through HIV infection, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), and blood sampling. Approximately 75,000 hCD34+ cells are injected intravenously into the mice and the level of human chimerism, also known as humanization, in the peripheral blood is estimated longitudinally for months by flow cytometry. A total of 75,000 hCD34+ cells yields 20%&#8211;50% human CD45+ cells in the peripheral blood. The mice are susceptible to intravaginal infection with HIV and blood can be sampled once weekly for analysis, and twice monthly for extended periods. This protocol describes an assay for quantification of plasma viral load using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). We show how the mice can be effectively treated with a standard-of-care cART regimen in the diet. The delivery of cART in the form of regular mouse chow is a significant refinement of the experimental model. This model can be used for preclinical analysis of both systemic and topical pre-exposure prophylaxis compounds as well as for testing of novel treatments and HIV cure strategies.

We have developed a protocol for the generation and evaluation of a humanized and human immunodeficiency virus-infected NOG mouse model based on stem cell transplant, intravaginal human immunodeficiency virus exposure, and droplet digital PCR RNA quantification.

膣内HIV曝露とHIV感染治療に対するヒト化NOGマウス

Humanized mice provide a sophisticated platform to study human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virology and to test antiviral drugs. This protocol describes ...

Production of Humanized Mouse via Thymic Renal Capsule Grafting, CD34+ Cells Injection, and Cytokine Delivery

Animal models provide a vital translation between in vitro and in vivo biomedical research. Humanized mouse models provide a bridge in the representation of human systems, thereby allowing for a more accurate study of pathogenesis, biomarkers, and many other scientific queries. In this method described, immune-deficient NOD-scid IL2R&#947;null (NSG) mice are implanted with autologous thymus, injected with liver-derived CD34+ cells followed by a series of injected cytokine deliveries. In contrast to other models of a similar nature, the model described here promotes an improved reconstitution of immune cells by delivering cytokines and growth factors via transgenes encoded in AAV8 or pMV101 DNA-based vectors. Moreover, it offers long-term stability with reconstituted mice having an average lifespan of 30 weeks after CD34+ injections. Through this model, we hope to provide a stable and impactful method of studying immunotherapy and human disease in a murine model, thus demonstrating the need for predictive preclinical models.

Production of Humanized Mouse via Thymic Renal Capsule Grafting, CD34+ Cells Injection, and Cytokine Delivery

Humanized mouse models provide a more accurate representation of the human immune microenvironment. This manuscript describes the process in which these models are created through a renal graft of human thymus, injection of human CD34+ cells, and the targeted delivery of human cytokine transgenes to promote CD34+ cell proliferation and differentiation.

Animal models provide a vital translation between in vitro and in vivo biomedical research. Humanized mouse models provide a bridge in the representation ...

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) pandemic continues to spread unabated worldwide, and currently, there is no vaccine available against HIV. Although combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been successful in suppressing viral replication, it cannot completely eradicate the reservoir from HIV-infected individuals. A safe and effective cure strategy for HIV infection will require multipronged methods, and therefore the advancements of animal models for HIV-1 infection are pivotal for the development of HIV cure research. Humanized mice recapitulate key features of HIV-1 infection. The humanized mouse model can be infected by HIV-1 and viral replication can be controlled with cART regimens. Moreover, cART interruption results in a prompt viral rebound in humanized mice. However, administration of cART to the animal can be ineffective, difficult, or toxic, and many clinically relevant cART regimens are unable to be optimally utilized. Along with being potentially unsafe for researchers, administration of cART by a commonly used intensive daily injection procedure induces stress by physical restraint of the animal. The novel oral cART method to treat HIV-1 infected humanized mice described in this article resulted in suppression of viremia below the detection level, increased rate of CD4+ restoration, and improved overall health in HIV-1 infected humanized mice.

This protocol describes a novel method to deliver oral combinational antiretroviral drugs that successfully suppress HIV-1 RNA replication in humanized mice.

HIV-1感染ヒト化マウスにおける経口併用抗レトロウイルス治療

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) pandemic continues to spread unabated worldwide, and currently, there is no vaccine available against HIV. ...

Isolating Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Generate Human Immune System Mice

Source: Lanis, J. M., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/64606">Testing Cancer Immunotherapeutics in a Humanized Mouse Model Bearing Human Tumors.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates a technique for generating human immune system (HIS) mice. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are isolated from human cord blood buffy coat cells using antibody-coated magnetic beads. The CD34+ HSCs are expanded in a growth medium enriched with cytokines and cryopreserved. Finally, the thawed HSCs are injected into an immunodeficient mouse pup to establish the HIS mouse model.

臍帯血造血幹細胞を分離してヒト免疫系マウスを作製

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines. All procedures involving animal ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

免疫学

免疫療法

モデル開発と疾患研究

Developing a Humanized Mouse Model with Human Liver Cells and Immune Cells

Source: Dagur, R. S. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/58645">Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2019)
This video demonstrates a method for generating a dual humanized mouse model with a human immune system and liver cells. It involves transplanting human liver cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells into a transgenic immunodeficient mouse via intrasplenic injection, leading to engraftment of liver cells and development of human immune cells.

ヒト肝細胞と免疫細胞を用いたヒト化マウスモデルの開発

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

ヒト化マウスモデルにおけるHIV感染に対する幹細胞ベースの設計さイミュニティ

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章