This material is based on the works supported by Nanyang Assistant Professorship (NAP, M4080740), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Public Sector Research Funding (PSF, M4070190), A*STAR-JST (The Japan Science and Technology Agency) joint grant (M4070198), and Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE2013-T2-2-049). The authors would like to thank Mr. Roger Tan Kay Chia, Prof. Low Kin Huat, Mr. Poon Kee Chun, Mr. Chew Hock See, Mr. Lam Kim Kheong and Dr. Mao Shixin at School of MAE for their support in setting up and maintaining the research facilities. The authors thank Prof. Michel Maharbiz (U.C. Berkeley) his advice and discussion, Prof. Kris Pister and his group (U.C. Berkeley) for their support in providing the GINA used in this study.

1.研究動物<ol><li>リア個々Mecynorrhinaのtorquataカブトムシ木質ペレット寝具付きの独立したプラスチック容器（6センチ、8グラム）。 </li><li> 3日毎に各カブトムシに砂糖ゼリー（12ミリリットル）のカップをフィード。 </li><li>それぞれ、25℃、60％で飼育室の温度と湿度を保ちます。 </li><li>細線電極を埋め込む前に、各カブトムシの飛行能力をテストします。 <ol><li>静かに空気中にカブトムシを投げます。カブトムシが5回連続試験のために10秒より長く飛ぶことができる場合は、カブトムシは、通常の飛行能力を有しており、その後の飛行実験のためにそれを使用すると結論付けています。カブトムシを奪還するために、それは暗い作るために部屋内のすべてのライトをオフにします。これは飛行を終了するカブトムシの原因となります。 注：カブトムシは自然に空気中に放出されたときに離れて飛行することから始まります。 図1（16×8×4メートルに示すように、大きな密室で飛行実験を行う方が良いです<su非常に高速（約3〜10m /秒）と、空気中に入れたとき、大きな弧を描く飛んでカブトムシの移動に伴って12.5×8×4メートル3のモーションキャプチャ空間のp&gt; 3）、。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.電極注入<ol><li> 1分13,16,20-24のためにCO 2を充填したプラスチック容器に置くことでカブトムシを麻酔。 </li><li> 10秒間お湯の中に浸漬することにより、歯科用ワックスを軟化させます。木製のブロックに麻酔カブトムシを配置し、軟化した歯科用ワックスでそれを固定化します。歯科用ワックスは自然に冷却し、数分以内に固化します。 </li><li> 25ミリメートルの長さに切断絶縁銀線（127μmの裸の直径、パーフルオロアルコキシでコーティングされた178μmの直径）は、移植のためのような細いワイヤ電極を使用します。 </li><li>各ワイヤの両端に絶縁体を燃えることにより、裸の銀の3ミリメートルを公開します。 </li><li> SMAを作成するために、先の細いハサミを使用して、カブトムシのキューティクルの表面を分析metepisternum（ 図2c）で約4×4mmのLLウィンドウ。注意：ソフト茶色のキューティクルは、次に露出させ、 図2cに示すように- 電子 。 3AXの筋肉が柔らかいキューティクルの下に位置しています。 </li><li>ピアス二つの穴（ 図2d）との間に2mmの距離で虫ピン（サイズ00）を用いて露光茶色のキューティクルの2つの穴。 </li><li>慎重に貫通孔（ステップ2.4​​で調製した一つの活性と1つの戻り電極を含む）は、2つのワイヤ電極を挿入し、3ミリメートルの深さで各3AX筋にそれらを移植。 </li><li>移植された電極を固定し、穴に溶融した蜜蝋をドロップすることにより、接触および短絡を回避するために、場所でそれらを保持します。必要に応じて、ホットはんだごての先端で蜜蝋に触れることでキューティクルの上に蜜蝋をリフロー。蜜蝋はすぐに固化し、移植を強化します。 注：移植が正しいかどうかを確認するには、ビートの鞘ばねルは、電気刺激時3AXの筋肉の動きを観察するために持ち上げることができます。 </li></ol> 3.ワイヤレスバックパックアセンブリ注：バックパックは、内蔵の無線マイクロコントローラ4階層FR-4基板上（1.6×1.6 cm 2）とから構成されていました。バックパックは、リチウムポリマーマイクロ電池（3.7 V、350 mgの、10ミリアンペア時）によるものでした。電池を含むバックパックの総質量は、甲虫（10gの体重の30％）のペイロード容量未満で1.2±0.26 gでした。バックパックは、無線通信を受信するように予めプログラムと2つの出力チャネルを有していました。 <ol><li>両面テープを使用して（キューティクル上のワックス層を除去）前胸背板の表面を清掃してください。そして、両面テープの切れ端でカブトムシの前胸背板にバックパックを取り付けます。 </li><li>バックパックの出力に注入された電極の両端を接続します。 </li><li> foのマーカーを生成するためにマイクロバッテリの周囲に再帰反射テープを包みますRモーションキャプチャカメラが検出します。 </li><li>再帰反射テープは、モーションキャプチャカメラによって検出することができるように、両面テープの一片を用いてバックパックの上部にマイクロ電池を取り付けます。 </li></ol> 4.ワイヤレス制御システム注：この場合には、用語の無線制御システムは、カスタム飛行制御ソフトウェアを実行するためのリモートコントローラ、ラップトップコンピュータ、ベースステーション、バックパック、およびモーションキャプチャシステムのための受信機を含みます。 <ol><li> USBポートを介してラップトップコンピュータにリモートコントローラの基地局と受信機を接続します。 </li><li>モーションキャプチャシステムに切り替えて、イーサネットポートを介してラップトップコンピュータに接続します。 </li><li>完全にモーションキャプチャ空間をカバーする（モーションキャプチャシステムのベンダー会社によって提供される）較正杖を振ることによって体積較正を実行します。 <ol><li>ノートパソコンのデスクトップからモーションキャプチャソフトウェアを開きます。クリックして、DRAGは、「リソース」パネルの「システム」メニューのすべてのカメラを選択します。 </li><li> 「3D視点」メニューをクリックし、カメラのビューに変更する「カメラ」を選択します。キャリブレーションの設定を表示するには、「ツール」パネルの「カメラ」タブをクリックします。カメラからのノイズを除去する「カメラのマスクを作成」メニューの「スタート」をクリックして、ノイズが青色でマスクされた後、次に「停止」。 </li><li> 「カメラ」タブの「ワンド」メニューと「L-フレーム &quot;メニューから&quot; 5マーカーワンド＆L-フレーム」をクリックして選択します。 2500に「ワンドカウント」を設定し、「キャリブレーションカメラ」メニューの「スタート」をクリックし、全体のモーションキャプチャ空間を介してキャリブレーション杖を振ります。ワンド数が2,500に達したときに、キャリブレーションプロセスが停止します。 </li><li> （「ツール」パネルの「カメラ」タブの下部にある）画像の誤差が0.3 Fよりも高い場合には、キャリブレーションプロセスを繰り返しまたは任意のカメラ。キャリブレーション後、モーションキャプチャ空間の中央に床の上に杖を入れて、モーションキャプチャ空間の原点を設定するには、「ボリュームセットの原点」メニューの「スタート」をクリックします。 </li></ol></li><li>モーションキャプチャ空間内でユーザが手を振ったマーカーの移動経路を記録し、マーカが検出され、追跡されているかどうかを確認するために、ダミー試験を使用してモーションキャプチャシステムのカバレッジを確認します。マーカーが頻繁に検出中に失われた場合、ダミーテストが成功するまで、ボリュームのキャリブレーションを繰り返します。 <ol><li> 「ツール」パネルの「キャプチャ」タブをクリックし、その軌跡を記録するために、全体のモーションキャプチャ空間を介して、サンプルマーカーを振って前に「キャプチャ」メニューの「スタート」。 </li><li>記録した後、マーカーの位置を再構築し、記録の品質をチェックするために「再構築パイプラインを実行」をクリックしてください。 </li></ol></li><li>がMicroBの端子を接続しますバックパックの電源ピンにattery（ステップ3.4でバックパックに取り付けられています）。 </li><li>ラップトップおよびカスタム飛行制御ソフトウェアを使用して、バックパックとの間の無線通信をテストします。ソフトウェアの「スタート」コマンドをクリックして、表示​​された接続状態を確認してください。 </li></ol> 5.無料飛行実験<ol><li> 16×8×4メートル3を測定する飛行の分野で自由飛行実験を行います。 </li><li>入力飛行制御ソフトウェア（電圧、パルス幅、周波数、および刺激期間）に適切なパラメータ。注：デモのために、我々は3ミリ秒に、3 Vにパルス幅を電圧を固定し、刺激の持続時間1秒に、60から100 Hzの周波数を変化させます。 <ol><li>ソフトウェアの画面で、「パルス幅」ボックスで3ミリ秒のための &quot;刺激期間」ボックス、3、および「中ヘルツで所望の周波数で千ミリ秒のための「電圧」ボックス、千の3 Vのためのタイプ3周波数「ボックスOnはコマンドウィンドウ。 </li></ol></li><li>それは飛行アリーナ内で自由に飛ぶことができるように空気中にバックパックに取り付けられた甲虫をリリース。甲虫は、モーションキャプチャ空間に入ったときに手動で刺激をトリガします。押して、適切なコマンドボタン（左または右）リモコンの甲虫の左側または右側にターゲットの筋肉を刺激します。 注：ボタンが押されると、ラップトップ上で実行されている飛行制御ソフトウェアは、コマンドを生成し、バックパックに送信します。バックパックは、その後、（左側または右側に）興味のある筋肉に電気刺激を出力します。 </li><li>刺激中にリアルタイムでカブトムシの反応を観察し、3Dグラフのソフトウェアを使用してデータを再構築します。 <ol><li> 「ビートル表示」ウィンドウのデータリストに記録された試験のいずれかを選択し、分析フォルダにその試験のデータをコピーして、3次元グラフモジュールを実行するには、「エクスポートパンダ」をクリックします。 </li><li>押して「N」記録された軌道に刺激信号を結合するキーボード。私が強調表示された刺激期間とカブトムシの軌跡を表示するプレス。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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Neurosci. 4, (2010).</li><li>Tien Van, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flight+behavior+of+the+rhinoceros+beetle+Trypoxylus+dichotomus+during+electrical+nerve+stimulation.">Flight behavior of the rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus during electrical nerve stimulation.</a> Bioinsp. Biomim. 7 (3), 036021 (2012).</li><li>Sane, S. P., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+control+of+flight+force+by+a+flapping+wing:+lift+and+drag+production.">The control of flight force by a flapping wing: lift and drag production.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 204 (15), 2607-2626 (2001).</li><li>de Croon, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design,+aerodynamics+and+autonomy+of+the+DelFly.">Design, aerodynamics and autonomy of the DelFly.</a> Bioinsp. Biomim. 7 (2), 025003 (2012).</li><li>Ma, K. Y., Chirarattananon, P., Fuller, S. B., Wood, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+Flight+of+a+Biologically+Inspired,+Insect-Scale+Robot.">Controlled Flight of a Biologically Inspired, Insect-Scale Robot.</a> Science. 340 (6132), 603-607 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

それは、実験の信頼性に影響を与えるような注入プロセスは、重要です。電極は、（近くの筋肉との接触を回避する）甲虫のサイズに応じて、3mm以下の深さで筋肉に挿入する必要があります。電極は近くの筋肉をタッチすると、望ましくないモータの行動や行動は、近くの筋肉の収縮により発生する可能性があります。 2つの電極はよくない短絡が発生しないことを確実にするために整列さ?...

An insect-machine hybrid system, often referred to as a cyborg insect or biobot, is the fusion of a living insect platform with a miniature mounted electronic device. The electronic device, which is wirelessly commanded by a remote user, outputs an electrical signal to electrically stimulate neuromuscular sites in the insect via implanted wire electrodes to induce user desired motor actions and behaviors. In the early stages of this research field, researchers were limited to conducting wireless recording of the muscular action of an insect, using simple analog circuits comprised of surface-mounted components1-3. The development of system-on-a-chip technology with radio frequency functionality enabled not only the wireless recording of neuromuscular signals but also the electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular sites in living insects. At present, a built-in radio microcontroller is small enough to be mounted on living insects without causing any obstructions to their locomotion4-13.
The development of the built-in radio microcontroller allows researchers to determine electrical stimulation protocols to induce desired motor actions to control the locomotion of the insect of interest. On the ground, researchers have demonstrated walking control by stimulating the neuromuscular sites of cockroaches4,12,14, spiders15, and beetles16,17. In the air, the initiation and cessation of flight were achieved using different methods such as the stimulation of the optic lobes (the massive neural cluster of a compound eye) in beetles7,9 and brain sub-regions in bees18, whereas turning control has been demonstrated by stimulating the antennae muscles and nervous system of the abdomens in moths11,19 and the flight muscles of beetles7,9,13. In most cases, a built-in radio microcontroller was integrated on a custom-designed printed circuit board to produce a miniature wireless stimulator (backpack), which was mounted on the insect of interest. This allows wireless electrical stimulation to be applied to a freely walking or flying insect. Such a microcontroller-mounted insect is what is referred to as an insect-machine hybrid system. 
This study describes the experimental protocols for building an insect-machine hybrid system, wherein a living beetle is employed as the insect platform, and instructs on how to operate the robot and test its flight control systems. The third axillary sclerite (3Ax) muscle was chosen as the muscle of interest for electrical stimulation and demonstration of left or right turning control13. A pair of thin silver wire electrodes was implanted in both the left and right 3Ax muscles. Moreover, a backpack was mounted on the living beetle. The other ends of the wire electrode were connected to the output pins of the microcontroller. The backpack was small enough for the beetle to carry in flight. Thus, this allows an experimentalist to remotely stimulate the muscle of interest of an insect in free flight and investigate its reactions to the stimulations.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mecynorrhina torquata beetle</td><td>Kingdom of Beetle Taiwan</td><td></td><td>10 g, 8 cm, pay load capacity is 30% of the body mass&lt;br/&gt; Aproval of importing and using by Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA; HS code: 01069000, product code: ALV002).</td></tr><tr><td>Wireless backpack stimulator</td><td>Custom</td><td></td><td>TI CC2431 micocontroler&lt;br/&gt; The board is custom made based on the GINA board from Prof. Kris Pister&amp;rsquo;s lab. The layout of GINA board can be found at&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; https://openwsn.atlassian.net/wiki/display/OW/GINA</td></tr><tr><td>Wii Remote control</td><td>Nintendo</td><td></td><td>Bluetooth remote control to send the command to the operator laptop</td></tr><tr><td>BeetleCommander v1.8</td><td>Custom. Maharbiz group at UC Berkeley and Sato group at NTU</td><td></td><td>Establish the wireless communication of the backpack and the operator laptop. Configure the stimulus parameters and log the positional data. Visualize the flight data.</td></tr><tr><td>GINA base station</td><td>Kris Pister group at UC Berkeley</td><td></td><td>TI MSP430F2618 and AT86RF231</td></tr><tr><td>Motion capture system</td><td>VICON</td><td>T160</td><td>8 cameras for a flight arena of 12.5 m x 8 m x 4 m</td></tr><tr><td>Motion capture system</td><td>VICON</td><td>T40s</td><td>12 cameras for a flight arena of 12.5 x 8 x 4 m</td></tr><tr><td>Micro battery</td><td>Fullriver</td><td>&amp;nbsp;201013HS10C&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3.7V, 10 mAh</td></tr><tr><td>Retro reflective tape</td><td>Reflexite</td><td>V92-1549-010150</td><td>V92 reflective tape, silver color</td></tr><tr><td>PFA-Insulated Silver Wire&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A-M systems</td><td>786000</td><td>127 &amp;micro;m bare, 177.8 &amp;micro;m coated, 3 mm bare silver flame exposed at tips</td></tr><tr><td>SMT Micro Header&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SAMTEC</td><td>FTSH-110-01-L-DV</td><td>0.3 mm x 6 mm, bend to make a 3 mm long slider to secure the electrode into the PCB header.</td></tr><tr><td>Beeswax</td><td></td><td></td><td>Secure the electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Dental Wax</td><td>Vertex</td><td></td><td>Immobilize the beetle</td></tr><tr><td>Insect pin</td><td>ROBOZ</td><td>RS-6082-30</td><td>Size&amp;nbsp; 00; 0.3 mm Rod diameter; 0.03 mm tip width; 38 mm Length&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; Make electrode guiding holes on cuticle</td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td>DUMONT</td><td>RS-5015</td><td>Pattern #5; .05 mm x .01 mm Tip Size; 110 mm Length&lt;br/&gt; Dissecting and implantation</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td>ROBOZ</td><td>RS-5620</td><td>Vannas Micro Dissecting Spring Scissors; Straight; 3mm Cutting Edge; 0.1 mm Tip Width; 3&quot; Overall Length&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; Dissecting and implantation</td></tr><tr><td>Potable soldering iron</td><td>DAIYO</td><td>DS241</td><td>Reflow beeswax</td></tr><tr><td>Hotplate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CORNING</td><td>PC-400D</td><td>Melting beeswax and dental wax</td></tr><tr><td>Flourescent lamp</td><td>Philips</td><td>TL5 14W</td><td>Light the entire flight arena with 30 panels (60 x 60 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Each panel has 3 lamps.&lt;br/&gt; 14 W, 549 mm x 17 mm&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

insect-machine hybrid system: remote radio control of a freely flying beetle (mercynorrhina torquata)

ラジオ対応のデジタル電子機器の上昇は、飛行中の昆虫の行動を研究するための小型無線神経筋レコーダーや刺激物質の使用を促してきました。この技術は、このプロトコルで説明住む昆虫プラットフォームを用いて、昆虫・マシン・ハイブリッドシステムの開発を可能にします。また、このプロトコルは、システム構成や命綱をつけ昆虫における飛翔筋の機能を評価するための自​​由飛行実験手順を説明します。デモンストレーションのために、私たちは飛んでカブトムシの左または右回転を制御し、達成するための第三の腋窩骨片（3AX）筋肉をターゲットに。細い銀線電極は、カブトムシの各側の3AX筋に移植しました。これらは、甲虫の前胸背板に取り付けられた。無線バックパック（ すなわち 、神経筋電気刺激装置）の出力に接続されていました筋肉は、（左または右）の刺激の側を交互にまたはstimulatioを変えることによって自由飛行で刺激しました。n個の周波数。カブトムシは、筋肉が刺激されたときに同側になって、周波数の増加に段階的な応答を示しました。注入プロセスおよび3次元モーションキャプチャカメラシステムの容積キャリブレーションは、それぞれ、筋肉を損傷し、マーカの追跡が失われないように注意して行う必要があります。それは自由飛行に関心の飛翔筋の機能を明らかにするのに役立つように、この方法は、昆虫の飛行を研究するために非常に有益です。

電極の移植手順は、 図2に示されているシン・銀線電極を筋肉（ 図2dの - E）のソフトキューティクルに穴を開け、小さな穴を通してカブトムシの3AX筋に移植しました。このソフトキューティクルはmetepisternum（ - C 図2D）の前方部分を除去した後、ちょうどbasalar筋肉の内突起の上に発見されました。電極は...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata at JoVE.com

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata

This protocol describes the process of constructing an insect-machine hybrid system and carrying out wireless electrical stimulation of the flight muscles required to control the turning motion of a flying insect.

昆虫・マシン・ハイブリッドシステム：自由フライングビートルのリモートラジオコントロール（<em&gt; Mercynorrhina torquata</em&gt;）

The rise of radio-enabled digital electronic devices has prompted the use of small wireless neuromuscular recorders and stimulators for studying in-flight ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle (Mercynorrhina torquata)

12.1K ビュー.  Nanyang Technological University. This protocol describes the process of constructing an insect-machine hybrid system and carrying out wireless electrical stimulation of the flight muscles required to control the turning motion of a flying insect.

ビデオ: Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine interface to assess the robustness of different control-laws applied to a closed-loop image stabilization task. Taking advantage of the well-characterized fly visuomotor pathway we record the electrical activity from an identified, motion-sensitive neuron, H1, to control the yaw rotation of a two-wheeled robot. The robot is equipped with 2 high-speed video cameras providing visual motion input to a fly placed in front of 2 CRT computer monitors. The activity of the H1 neuron indicates the direction and relative speed of the robot's rotation. The neural activity is filtered and fed back into the steering system of the robot by means of proportional and proportional/adaptive control. Our goal is to test and optimize the performance of various control laws under closed-loop conditions for a broader application also in other brain machine interfaces.

We use a closed-loop fly-machine interface to investigate general principles in neuronal control.

ブレインマシンインタフェースの閉ループ性能を研究する実験プラットフォーム

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine ...

神経科学

Early Metamorphic Insertion Technology for Insect Flight Behavior Monitoring

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on insects during their metamorphic development. Here, the implants are fused within the structure and function of the neuromuscular system as a result of metamorphic tissue remaking. The implants emerge with the insect where the development of tissue around the electronics during pupal development results in a bioelectrically and biomechanically enhanced tissue interface. This relatively more reliable and stable interface would be beneficial for many researchers exploring the neural basis of the insect locomotion with alleviated traumatic effects caused during adult stage insertions. In this article, we implant our electrodes into the indirect flight muscles of Manduca sexta. Located in the dorsal-thorax, these main flight powering dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscles actuate the wings and supply the mechanical power for up and down strokes. Relative contraction of these two muscle groups has been under investigation to explore how the yaw maneuver is neurophysiologically coordinated. To characterize the flight dynamics, insects are often tethered with wires and their flight is recorded with digital cameras. We also developed a novel way to tether Manduca sexta on a magnetically levitating frame where the insect is connected to a commercially available wireless neural amplifier. This set up can be used to limit the degree of freedom to yawing &#8220;only&#8221; while transmitting the related electromyography signals from dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscle groups.

We present a novel surgical procedure to implant electrodes in Manduca sexta during its early metamorphic stages. This technique allows mechanically stable and electrically reliable coupling with the neuromuscular tissue to study flight neurophysiology dynamics. We also present a novel magnetic levitation platform for tethered studies of insect yaw.

昆虫飛翔挙動監視のための早期変成挿入技術

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on ...

行動学

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus (Murayama), Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). Therefore, knowing the dispersal capacity may help inform trapping/tree removal efforts to prevent this disease more effectively. In this study, we measured the flight velocity and duration and estimated the flight distance of the beetle using a newly developed flight mill. The flight mill is low cost, small, and constructed using commonly available items. Both the flight mill arm and its vertical axis comprise a thin needle. A beetle specimen is glued to one tip of the arm using instant glue. The other tip is thick due to being covered with plastic, thus it facilitates the detection of rotations of the arm. The revolution of the arm is detected by a photo sensor mounted on an infrared LED, and is indicated by a change in the output voltage when the arm passed above the LED. The photo sensor is connected to a personal computer and the output voltage data are stored at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. By conducting experiments using this flight mill, we found that P. quercivorus can fly at least 27 km. Because our flight mill comprises cheap and small ordinary items, many flight mills can be prepared and used simultaneously in a small laboratory space. This enables experimenters to obtain a sufficient amount of data within a short period.

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

We developed a low cost and small flight mill, constructed with commonly available items and easily used in experimentation. Using this apparatus, we measured the flight ability of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus.

低コスト、小型で、簡単に構築されたフライトのミルを使用してアンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシ(村山) の飛行能力を測定

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). ...

環境学

A Precise and Autonomous System for the Detection of Insect Emergence Patterns

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of emerging insects they can detect. In order to obtain precise measurement of insect emergence, it is necessary for systems to be semi-automated and able to measure large numbers of emerging insects. We addressed these issues by designing and building a system that is automated and can measure emergence of up to 1200 insects. We modified the existing &#34;falling-ball&#34; system using Arduino microcontrollers to automate data collection and expand the sample size through multiple data channels. Multiple data channels enable the user to not only increase their sample size, but also allows for multiple treatments to be run simultaneously in a single experiment. Furthermore, we created an R script to automatically visualize the data as a bubble plot, while also calculating the median day and time of emergence. The current system was designed using 3D printing so the user can modify the system to be adjusted for different species of insects. The goal of this protocol is to investigate important questions in chronobiology and stress physiology, using this precise and automated system to measure insect emergence patterns.

Measurement of insect emergence patterns requires precision. Existing systems are only semi-automated and sample size is limited. We addressed these issues by designing a system using microcontrollers to precisely measure the time of emergence of large numbers of emerging insects.

昆虫の出現パターンの検出の正確かつ自律システム

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of ...

Flying Insect Detection and Classification with Inexpensive Sensors

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow for the development of many useful applications in vector and pest control for both medical and agricultural entomology. Given this, the last sixty years have seen many research efforts devoted to this task. To date, however, none of this research has had a lasting impact. In this work, we show that pseudo-acoustic optical sensors can produce superior data; that additional features, both intrinsic and extrinsic to the insect&#8217;s flight behavior, can be exploited to improve insect classification; that a Bayesian classification approach allows to efficiently learn classification models that are very robust to over-fitting, and a general classification framework allows to easily incorporate arbitrary number of features. We demonstrate the findings with large-scale experiments that dwarf all previous works combined, as measured by the number of insects and the number of species considered.

We proposed a system that uses inexpensive, noninvasive pseudo-acoustic optical sensors to automatically and accurately detect, count, and classify flying insects based on their flying sound.

安価なセンサで昆虫の検出と分類をフライング

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow ...

生物工学

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol demonstrates how to take advantage of the technology found in makerspaces in order to build a more versatile flight mill for a relatively low cost. Given that this study extracted its&#160;prototype from flight mills built in the last decade, this protocol focuses more on outlining divergences made from the simple, modern flight mill. Previous studies have already shown how advantageous flight mills are to measuring flight parameters such as speed, distance, or periodicity. Such mills have allowed researchers to associate these parameters with morphological, physiological, or genetic factors. In addition to these advantages, this study discusses the benefits of using the technology in makerspaces, like 3D printers and laser cutters, in order to build a more flexible, sturdy, and collapsible flight mill design. Most notably, the 3D printed components of this design allow the user to test insects of various sizes by making the heights of the mill arm and infrared (IR) sensors adjustable. The 3D prints also enable the user to easily disassemble the machine for quick storage or transportation to the field. Moreover, this study makes greater use of magnets and magnetic paint to tether insects with minimal stress. Lastly, this protocol details a versatile analysis of flight data through computer scripts that efficiently separate and analyze differentiable flight trials within a single recording. Although more labor-intensive, applying the tools available in makerspaces and on online 3D modeling programs facilitates multidisciplinary and process-orientated practices and helps researchers avoid costly, premade products with narrowly adjustable dimensions. By taking advantage of the flexibility and reproducibility of technology in makerspaces, this protocol promotes creative flight mill design and inspires open science.

This protocol uses three-dimensional (3D) printers and laser cutters found in makerspaces in order to create a more flexible flight mill design. By using this technology, researchers can reduce costs, enhance design flexibility, and generate reproducible work when constructing their flight mills for tethered insect flight studies.

テザード昆虫飛行研究のための強化飛行ミルの建設

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol ...

工学

Electroantennography-based Bio-hybrid Odor-detecting Drone using Silkmoth Antennae for Odor Source Localization

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their applicability in environmental and security monitoring and search-and-rescue operations. Small drones with commercial metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOX) gas sensors have been developed for odor source localization; however, their real-time-odor-detection performance has proven inadequate. However, biosensing technologies based on insect olfactory systems exhibit relatively high sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time response with respect to odorant molecules compared to commercial MOX gas sensors. In such devices, excised insect antennae function as portable odorant biosensor elements and have been found to deliver excellent sensing performance. This study presents experimental protocols for odorant-molecule detection in the air using a small autonomous bio-hybrid drone based on a mountable electroantennography (EAG) device incorporating silkmoth antennae.
We developed a mountable EAG device including sensing/processing parts with a Wi-Fi module. The device was equipped with a simple sensor enclosure to enhance the sensor directivity. Thus, odor source localization was conducted using the spiral-surge algorithm, which does not assume an upwind direction. The experimental bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone identified real-time odorant-concentration differences in a pseudo-open environment (outside a wind tunnel) and localized the source. The developed drone and associated system can serve as an efficient odorant molecule-detection tool and a suitable flight platform for developing odor source localization algorithms owing to its high programmability.

This study introduces experimental protocols for a bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone based on silkmoth antennae. The operation of an experimental electroantennogram device with silkmoth antennae is presented, in addition to the structure of a bio-hybrid drone designed for odor source localization using the spiral-surge algorithm.

電気解析ベースのバイオハイブリッド臭気検出ドローンは、臭気源の局在化のためのシルクモスアンテナを用いた

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their ...

Radio Frequency Identification and Motion-sensitive Video Efficiently Automate Recording of Unrewarded Choice Behavior by Bumblebees

We present two methods for observing bumblebee choice behavior in an enclosed testing space. The first method consists of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers built into artificial flowers that display various visual cues, and RFID tags (i.e., passive transponders) glued to the thorax of bumblebee workers. The novelty in our implementation is that RFID readers are built directly into artificial flowers that are capable of displaying several distinct visual properties such as color, pattern type, spatial frequency (i.e., &#8220;busyness&#8221; of the pattern), and symmetry (spatial frequency and symmetry were not manipulated in this experiment). Additionally, these visual displays in conjunction with the automated systems are capable of recording unrewarded and untrained choice behavior. The second method consists of recording choice behavior at artificial flowers using motion-sensitive high-definition camcorders. Bumblebees have number tags glued to their thoraces for unique identification. The advantage in this implementation over RFID is that in addition to observing landing behavior, alternate measures of preference such as hovering and antennation may also be observed. Both automation methods increase experimental control, and internal validity by allowing larger scale studies that take into account individual differences. External validity is also improved because bees can freely enter and exit the testing environment without constraints such as the availability of a research assistant on-site. Compared to human observation in real time, the automated methods are more cost-effective and possibly less error-prone.

This video describes Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and motion-sensitive video recording methods to monitor choice behavior by bumblebees.

無線周波数識別かつ効率的にモーションセンシティブビデオがマルハナバチによって報わ選​​択行動の記録を自動化

We present two methods for observing bumblebee choice behavior in an enclosed testing space. The first method consists of Radio Frequency Identification ...

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have shown that flight mills are valuable tools for the experimental study of insect flight behavior, allowing researchers to examine how factors such as age, host plants, or population source can influence an insects' propensity to disperse. Flight mills allow researchers to measure components of flight such as speed and distance flown. Lack of detailed information about how to build such a device can make their construction appear to be prohibitively complex. We present a simple and relatively inexpensive flight mill for the study of tethered flight in insects. Experimental insects can be tethered with non-toxic adhesives and revolve around an axis by means of a very low friction magnetic bearing. The mill is designed for the study of flight in controlled conditions as it can be used inside an incubator or environmental chamber. The strongest points are the very simple electronic circuitry, the design that allows sixteen insects to fly simultaneously allowing the collection and analysis of a large number of samples in a short time and the potential to use the device in a very limited workspace. This design is extremely flexible, and we have adjusted the mill to accommodate different species of insects of various sizes.

Flight in insects is influenced by a number of factors and the propensity to disperse is an important variable in understanding insect ecology and biological control strategies. We describe the construction and use of a simple, relatively inexpensive, and flexible flight mill for measuring parameters of tethered flight in insects.

昆虫における係留飛行の研究のための簡単​​なフライトミル

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have ...

Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor sources is an essential task for organism survival. Insects are well-studied organisms with regard to odor tracking, and their behavioral strategies have been applied to mobile robots for evaluation. This "bottom-up" approach is a fundamental way to develop biomimetic robots; however, the biological analyses and the modeling of behavioral mechanisms are still ongoing. Therefore, it is still unknown how such a biological system actually works as the controller of a robotic platform. To answer this question, we have developed an insect-controlled robot in which a male adult silkmoth (Bombyx mori) drives a robot car in response to odor stimuli; this can be regarded as a prototype of a future insect-mimetic robot. In the cockpit of the robot, a tethered silkmoth walked on an air-supported ball and an optical sensor measured the ball rotations. These rotations were translated into the movement of the two-wheeled robot. The advantage of this "hybrid" approach is that experimenters can manipulate any parameter of the robot, which enables the evaluation of the odor-tracking capability of insects and provides useful suggestions for robotic odor-tracking. Furthermore, these manipulations are non-invasive ways to alter the sensory-motor relationship of a pilot insect and will be a useful technique for understanding adaptive behaviors.

The capability to localize an odor source is necessary for insect survival and is expected to be applicable to artificial odor-tracking. The insect-controlled robot is driven by an actual silkmoth and enables us to evaluate the odor-tracking capability of insects through a robotic platform.

昆虫制御のロボット：移動ロボットプラットフォーム昆虫の匂い追跡能力を評価します

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor ...

昆虫・マシン・ハイブリッドシステム：自由フライングビートルのリモートラジオコントロール（

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この動画の章

ブレインマシンインタフェースの閉ループ性能を研究する実験プラットフォーム

昆虫飛翔挙動監視のための早期変成挿入技術

低コスト、小型で、簡単に構築されたフライトのミルを使用してアンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシ(村山) の飛行能力を測定

昆虫の出現パターンの検出の正確かつ自律システム

安価なセンサで昆虫の検出と分類をフライング

テザード昆虫飛行研究のための強化飛行ミルの建設

電気解析ベースのバイオハイブリッド臭気検出ドローンは、臭気源の局在化のためのシルクモスアンテナを用いた

無線周波数識別かつ効率的にモーションセンシティブビデオがマルハナバチによって報わ選択行動の記録を自動化

昆虫における係留飛行の研究のための簡単なフライトミル

昆虫制御のロボット：移動ロボットプラットフォーム昆虫の匂い追跡能力を評価します

昆虫・マシン・ハイブリッドシステム：自由フライングビートルのリモートラジオコントロール（

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ブレインマシンインタフェースの閉ループ性能を研究する実験プラットフォーム

昆虫飛翔挙動監視のための早期変成挿入技術

低コスト、小型で、簡単に構築されたフライトのミルを使用してアンブロシア甲虫、カシノナガキクイムシ(村山) の飛行能力を測定

昆虫の出現パターンの検出の正確かつ自律システム

安価なセンサで昆虫の検出と分類をフライング

テザード昆虫飛行研究のための強化飛行ミルの建設

電気解析ベースのバイオハイブリッド臭気検出ドローンは、臭気源の局在化のためのシルクモスアンテナを用いた

無線周波数識別かつ効率的にモーションセンシティブビデオがマルハナバチによって報わ選​​択行動の記録を自動化

昆虫における係留飛行の研究のための簡単​​なフライトミル

昆虫制御のロボット：移動ロボットプラットフォーム昆虫の匂い追跡能力を評価します

無線周波数識別かつ効率的にモーションセンシティブビデオがマルハナバチによって報わ選択行動の記録を自動化

昆虫における係留飛行の研究のための簡単なフライトミル