We would like to thank our technician Karolin Thurnes, Divison of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, and Dr. Annelies M&#252;hlbacher and Dr. Paul H&#246;rtnagl, Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, for their valuable help and support regarding this manuscript. We thank the Austrian Science Fund for supporting this work (P24598 to DW, P25389 to WP).

倫理の声明：書面によるインフォームドコンセントは、輸血＆免疫学専攻、インスブルック、オーストリア中央研究所によってすべての参加血液ドナーから得ました。科学的な目的のために匿名残りの標本の使用はインスブルック医科大学の倫理委員会によって承認されました。 末梢血単核細胞（PBMC）の1濃縮<ol><li> 遠心分離によるPBMCの濃度。 <ol><li>受け取った血液の量に応じて滅菌50ミリリットルの遠心分離管に血液パックとスプリット血液を開きます。 </li><li>必要に応じて、無菌のダルベッコのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水（D-PBS）で各チューブのために50ミリリットルにボリュームを調整します。 </li><li>遠心分離にチューブを配置し、ブレーキなしで室温（RT）で15分間400×gでそれらをスピン。 </li><li> boundarを残し、滅菌10ミリリットルの血清学的ピペットを用いて血漿および血小板を含む上層をオフに描きますy層を乱さ。 注：代わりに、FCSの自己血漿を培養培地を補充するために使用される場合、血漿を回収しなければならず、この段階で熱不活性化。 </li><li> 2 50mlの遠心管から単核細胞（境界層）を収集し、滅菌した10ミリリットルの血清学的ピペットを使用して、1つの無菌50mlチューブに移します。 </li><li>滅菌D-PBSを用いて各チューブのための50ミリリットルにボリュームを調整します。 </li><li>遠心分離にチューブを配置し、ブレーキなしでRTで15分間、400×gでそれらをスピン。 </li><li>邪魔されずに境界層を残し、滅菌10ミリリットルの血清学的ピペットを用いて血漿および血小板を含む上層をオフに描画します。 </li><li> 50mlの遠心分離管から単核細胞（境界層）を収集し、滅菌した10ミリリットルの血清学的ピペットを使用して、2つの滅菌50ミリリットルのコレクションチューブに移します。 </li><li>滅菌D-PBSで各チューブのための50ミリリットルにボリュームを調整します。 </li></ol></li><li> 分離密度勾配遠心分離によりPBMCの（図1）。 <ol><li>各チューブに密度勾配媒体の4 50mlチューブおよびピペット15ミリリットルを準備します。 </li><li>コレクションチューブ（ステップ1.1.10）からプールした細胞/血液の25ミリリットルを取り、慎重に密度勾配媒体を重ねます。 </li><li>遠心分離にチューブを配置し、ブレーキなしでRTで30分間、700×gでそれらをスピン。 </li></ol></li><li> PBMCの回収および精製。 <ol><li>滅菌10ミリリットルの血清学的ピペットを用いて、血漿および血小板、乱されていないPBMC層を残すことを含む上層をオフに描画します。 </li><li>すべての管からのPBMCの間期を収集し、滅菌した25ミリリットルの血清学的ピペットを使用して、2つの無菌50mlチューブに細胞をプール。 </li><li>滅菌D-PBSで各チューブのための50ミリリットルにボリュームを調整します。遠心分離にチューブを配置し、ブレーキを4℃で15分間400×gでそれらをスピン。 </li><li>上清を吸引除去し、再懸濁滅菌D-PBSで細胞。両方の管からの細胞をプールし、滅菌D-PBSで50ミリリットルにボリュームを調整します。 </li><li>遠心分離にチューブを配置し、ブレーキを4℃で10分間400×gでそれらをスピン。 </li><li>上清を吸引除去し、滅菌D-PBSで細胞を再懸濁。 D-PBS450μlのを含む1.5 mlチューブに滅菌D-PBSで50mlピペットを50μlにボリュームを調整します。 </li><li>渦1.5mlチューブ激しくノイバウアー室または他の細胞計数器で細胞を数えます。 </li><li>遠心分離機に50ミリリットルチューブを配置し、ブレーキを4℃で10分間400×gでそれらをスピン。 </li></ol></li></ol>抗ヒトCD14磁性粒子による単球の2の単離<ol><li> 磁性粒子とのPBMCの標識。 <ol><li>分離緩衝液を使用して8×10 7細胞/ mlのPBMCの濃度を調整します。 </li><li>渦抗ヒトCD14磁性粒子thoroughlyおよびすべての1×10 7のPBMCのために、粒子の50μlを添加します。 </li><li>徹底的細胞粒子懸濁液を混合し、室温で30分間静置します。 </li></ol></li><li> 正と負の分画の分離。 <ol><li>分離バッファを使用して12ミリリットルにボリュームを最大に調整します。 </li><li>各チューブに細胞粒子懸濁液の6滅菌丸底チューブ、ピペット2ミリリットルを準備します。 </li><li>すぐに磁石上にチューブを置きます。 RTで10分間それをインキュベートします。 </li><li>磁石上にチューブを保持し、上清を注意深く取り除きます。上清は陰性画分が含まれています。 </li><li>磁石からチューブを外し、分離バッファの2ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li>静かにピペッティングにより細胞を再懸濁します。 </li><li>背面磁石にチューブを入れます。 RTで5分間インキュベートします。 </li><li>磁石上にチューブを保持し、上清を注意深く取り除きます。上清は陰性画分が含まれています。 </li><li>磁石からチューブを取り外し、各チューブに分離バッファの2ミリリットルを追加します。静かにピペッティングにより細胞を再懸濁します。 </li><li>滅菌50mlチューブに陽性画分を移し、滅菌D-PBSを用いて50ミリリットルにボリュームを調整します。 </li></ol></li></ol> IL-4およびGM-CSFと分離された単球の3刺激<ol><li>遠心分離機の中にチューブを配置し、ブレーキを4℃で10分間400×gで、それをスピン。 </li><li>吸引した上清とD-PBS 50ml中で細胞を再懸濁します。 </li><li> D-PBS450μlのを含む1.5 mlチューブにピペットを50μl。渦1.5mlチューブ激しくノイバウアー室または他の細胞計数器で細胞を数えます。 </li><li>遠心分離機に50ミリリットルチューブを配置し、ブレーキを4℃で10分間400×gで、それをスピン。 注：末梢血リンパ球（PBLの）を含む陰性画分は、また、必要な場合は、洗浄を行い、カウントは、Tと同様の工程陽性画分のホース（3.1から3.5ステップ）。 </li><li>予め温めた培地（RPMI 1640、10％熱不活性化FBSおよび1％L-グルタミン溶液を添加した培地）およびピペット3ミリリットル/ウェル、6ウェルプレートに1×10 6個 / mlに細胞濃度を調整します。 注：熱不活化自己血漿を使用している場合は、実験のセットアップに応じて1〜5％の自己血漿と10％のFCSを交換してください。 </li><li>培養培地中に直接サイトカインをピペッティングすることによって、組換えヒトIL-4（250 U / ml）および組換えヒトGM-CSF（千U / ml）を用いて単球を刺激します。 37℃で培養し、5％CO 2。 </li><li>培養培地中に直接サイトカインをピペッティングすることにより48時間後のIL-4（250 U / ml）およびGM-CSF（1,000 U / ml）で細胞を再刺激します。 注：培地中のpH指示薬により示される酸性化の兆候がある場合は、予め温めた培地で培地の半分を交換してください。 </li><li>収穫はのために5日目に、樹状細胞を未成熟しました最大数回上下培地をピペッティングした後、6ウェルプレートのうち、50mlの遠心管に培養細胞をピペッティングすることにより、ダウンストリーム実験。 </li><li>細胞をカウントし、一緒に細胞生存率色素で、のCD11b、CD11cの、およびDC-SIGN / CD209に対する抗ヒト抗体を用いて、単離された単球のサンプルを染色。表面染色時の抗体の非特異的結合を回避するために、試薬またはウシ血清アルブミン（BSA）のバッファをブロックするFc受容体の使用を強くお勧めします。 </li><li>生成されたiDCの純度および生存率を評価するためにフローサイトメトリーを行うことにより、製造業者のプロトコルに従って、細胞生存色素を使用してサンプルを分析します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Banchereau, J., Steinman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cells+and+the+control+of+immunity.">Dendritic cells and the control of immunity.</a> Nature. 392, 245-252 (1998).</li><li>Steinman, R. M., Hemmi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cells:+translating+innate+to+adaptive+immunity.">Dendritic cells: translating innate to adaptive immunity.</a> Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 311, 17-58 (2006).</li><li>Steinman, R. M., Inaba, K., Turley, S., Pierre, P., Mellman, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+capture,+processing,+and+presentation+by+dendritic+cells:+recent+cell+biological+studies.">Antigen capture, processing, and presentation by dendritic cells: recent cell biological studies.</a> Hum Immunol. 60, 562-567 (1999).</li><li>Schwarz, J., Sixt, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Analysis+of+Dendritic+Cell+Haptotaxis.">Quantitative Analysis of Dendritic Cell Haptotaxis.</a> Methods Enzymol. 570, 567-581 (2016).</li><li>Weber, M., Sixt, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+cell+imaging+of+chemotactic+dendritic+cell+migration+in+explanted+mouse+ear+preparations.">Live cell imaging of chemotactic dendritic cell migration in explanted mouse ear preparations.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1013, 215-226 (2013).</li><li>Sixt, M., Lammermann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+analysis+of+chemotactic+leukocyte+migration+in+3D+environments.">In vitro analysis of chemotactic leukocyte migration in 3D environments.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 769, 149-165 (2011).</li><li>Randolph, G. J., Angeli, V., Swartz, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic-cell+trafficking+to+lymph+nodes+through+lymphatic+vessels.">Dendritic-cell trafficking to lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 5, 617-628 (2005).</li><li>Wilflingseder, D., Banki, Z., Dierich, M. P., Stoiber, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+promoting+dendritic+cell-mediated+transmission+of+HIV.">Mechanisms promoting dendritic cell-mediated transmission of HIV.</a> Mol Immunol. 42, 229-237 (2005).</li><li>Pope, M., Gezelter, S., Gallo, N., Hoffman, L., Steinman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+levels+of+HIV-1+infection+in+cutaneous+dendritic+cells+promote+extensive+viral+replication+upon+binding+to+memory+CD4++T+cells.">Low levels of HIV-1 infection in cutaneous dendritic cells promote extensive viral replication upon binding to memory CD4+ T cells.</a> J Exp Med. 182, 2045-2056 (1995).</li><li>McDonald, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recruitment+of+HIV+and+its+receptors+to+dendritic+cell-T+cell+junctions.">Recruitment of HIV and its receptors to dendritic cell-T cell junctions.</a> Science. 300, 1295-1297 (2003).</li><li>Pruenster, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C-type+lectin-independent+interaction+of+complement+opsonized+HIV+with+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells.">C-type lectin-independent interaction of complement opsonized HIV with monocyte-derived dendritic cells.</a> Eur J Immunol. 35, 2691-2698 (2005).</li><li>Wilflingseder, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IgG+opsonization+of+HIV+impedes+provirus+formation+in+and+infection+of+dendritic+cells+and+subsequent+long-term+transfer+to+T+cells.">IgG opsonization of HIV impedes provirus formation in and infection of dendritic cells and subsequent long-term transfer to T cells.</a> J Immunol. 178, 7840-7848 (2007).</li><li>Kapsenberg, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic-cell+control+of+pathogen-driven+T-cell+polarization.">Dendritic-cell control of pathogen-driven T-cell polarization.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 3, 984-993 (2003).</li><li>Mills, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TLR-dependent+T+cell+activation+in+autoimmunity.">TLR-dependent T cell activation in autoimmunity.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 11, 807-822 (2011).</li><li>Banki, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complement+as+an+endogenous+adjuvant+for+dendritic+cell-mediated+induction+of+retrovirus-specific+CTLs.">Complement as an endogenous adjuvant for dendritic cell-mediated induction of retrovirus-specific CTLs.</a> PLoS Pathog. 6, e1000891 (2010).</li><li>Posch, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+attenuate+the+capacity+of+dendritic+cells+to+stimulate+HIV-specific+cytotoxic+T+lymphocytes.">Antibodies attenuate the capacity of dendritic cells to stimulate HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.</a> J Allergy Clin Immunol. 130, 1368-1374 (2012).</li><li>Posch, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complement-Opsonized+HIV-1+Overcomes+Restriction+in+Dendritic+Cells.">Complement-Opsonized HIV-1 Overcomes Restriction in Dendritic Cells.</a> PLoS Pathog. 11, e1005005 (2015).</li><li>Wilflingseder, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immediate+T-Helper+17+Polarization+Upon+Triggering+CD11b/c+on+HIV-Exposed+Dendritic+Cells.">Immediate T-Helper 17 Polarization Upon Triggering CD11b/c on HIV-Exposed Dendritic Cells.</a> J Infect Dis. 212, 44-56 (2015).</li><li>Grassi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells+have+a+phenotype+comparable+to+that+of+dermal+dendritic+cells+and+display+ultrastructural+granules+distinct+from+Birbeck+granules.">Monocyte-derived dendritic cells have a phenotype comparable to that of dermal dendritic cells and display ultrastructural granules distinct from Birbeck granules.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 64, 484-493 (1998).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

このプロトコルは、磁性ナノ粒子ベースのアッセイを用いて抗凝固血液からヒト単球の単離を通して単球由来樹状細胞（MDDCs）の生成を説明しています。このプロトコルでは、遠心分離工程は、PBMC画分の濃縮につながる細胞単離手順、上流で行われます。細胞を遠心分離中に失われているが、密度勾配媒体200〜300ミリリットル必要とする密度勾配媒体の全血パックの内容をオーバーレイし、?...

樹状細胞（DC）は、我々の免疫系の最も重要な特殊な抗原提示細胞です。未成熟DC（iDCを）は、皮膚または粘膜組織に存在し、侵入する病原体と対話するための最初の免疫細胞の間で、したがってあります。彼らは病原体検出、次のTおよびB細胞応答を活性化することができますので、DCは、先天性および適応免疫系1との間のブリッジを表します。さらに、それらは、IL-1β、IL-6、およびIL-12などのためのサイトカインの多量の分泌の前炎症性免疫応答に寄与する。 DCはまた、NK細胞を活性化および走化性によって感染部位に他の免疫細胞を引き付けます。 DCは、未成熟樹状細胞（iDCを）とその形態および機能に基づいて、成熟樹状細胞（mDCの）2に分けることができます。多くのパターン認識受容体（ 例えば、Toll様受容体、C型の1による外来抗原の認識後レクチン、または豊富に細胞表面に発現）受容体を補完する、iDCをは大きな変化を受け、成熟し始めます。この成熟過程の間に、抗原捕獲のための受容体はダウンレギュレートされ、抗原提示に必須の分子がアップレギュレートされている一方、3。成熟DCアップレギュレート主要組織適合遺伝子複合体の抗原提示およびTリンパ球の活性化に必須であるCD80およびCD86のようなIおよびII（MHC I及びII）、共刺激分子、。さらに、細胞表面上のケモカイン受容体CCR7の発現は、リンパ節への末梢組織からのDCの移動を可能にする、誘導されます。移行は、リンパ節4-6のケモカインリガンド19（CCL19 / MIP-3B）およびケモカインリガンド21（CCL21 / SLC）の勾配に沿ってDCの「ローリング」によって促進されます。 移行後、mDCのは、このように、INI、CD4 +およびCD8 + T細胞をナイーブために処理抗原を提示します侵入病原体7に対する適応免疫応答をtiating。リンパ節におけるT細胞とのこの相互作用は、ウイルス8の広がりに関連しています。他のインビトロの研究では、DCが効率的に捕捉し、活発な感染9-12にこの送信結果T細胞へとすることをHIVを移すことを明らかにしました。これらの実験は、リンパ節への周囲からのシャトルバスとしてそのin vivoでの HIVの悪用のDCを強調表示します。抗原提示の間、DCは、エフェクターTヘルパー細胞の分化を形成し、したがって、微生物に対する全免疫応答の結果は、この非常に相互作用で決定されたキーのインターロイキンを分泌します。別にタイプ1（のTh1）および2型（Th2の）エフェクターT細胞、CD4 + Tヘルパー細胞の他のサブセット（ 例えば、タイプ17（Th17細胞）およびタイプ22（TH22）T細胞）が記載されており、それらの誘導から、および機能は徹底的に研究されてきました。 DCはさらに、に関与しています制御性T細胞（Treg）13,14の世代。これらの細胞は免疫抑制性であり、停止または誘導またはエフェクターT細胞の増殖をダウンレギュレートし、従って免疫寛容を開発するために重要であることができます。 人間従来のDC（のCDC）は、骨髄起源（ すなわち、ランゲルハンス細胞（LCS）と皮膚との間質のDC）またはリンパ系起源（ すなわち、形質のDC（pDCに））を用いた細胞のいくつかのサブセットを含みます。 インビトロ実験またはDCワクチン接種戦略は、単球由来のDCは、日常的に、皮膚のDCのモデルとして使用されています。これらの細胞は、従来の骨髄樹状細胞への生理、形態学、および機能の類似性を示します。これらは、健康なドナー12,15-18から単離された単球のインターロイキン4（IL-4）および顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子（GM-CSF）を添加することによって生成されます。樹状細胞は、直接、皮膚または粘膜生検から単離することができる、またはできても、Beは子宮外を得た臍帯血サンプルから単離したCD34 +造血前駆細胞から開発します。ここでは、単球を単離し、密度勾配遠心分離により末梢血単核細胞（PBMC）、濃縮した後、抗凝固処理ヒト血液から刺激される方法を示しています。 5日間インキュベートした後、特定の条件下でヒト単球は、iDCをに分化され、非臨床設定において実験手順の準備ができています。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>APC Mouse Anti-Human CD19&#160; Clone&#160; HIB19</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC Mouse Anti-Human CD83&#160; Clone&#160; HB15e</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Imag Anti-Human CD14 Magnetic Particles&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Imagnet</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>552311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA (Albumin Fraction V)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>EG-Nr 2923225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 6 Well Clear TC-Treated Multiple Well Plates</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Density gradient media: Ficoll-Paque Premium</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences</td>
			<td>17-5442-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (D-PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 10mL Serological Pipet</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 25mL Serological Pipet</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 50mL High Clarity PP Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Round-Bottom Tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC Mouse Anti-Human CD3&#160; Clone&#160; HIT3a</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555339</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ghost Dye Violet 510 (Cell Viability Reagent)</td>
			<td>Tonbo biosciences</td>
			<td>13-0870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GM-CSF</td>
			<td>MACS Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Inactivated FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), EU Approved Origin (South America)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10500-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hettich Rotanta 460R</td>
			<td>Hettich</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-4 CC</td>
			<td>PromoKine</td>
			<td>C-61401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolation buffer: BD IMag Buffer (10X)&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>552362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes, 1,5 ml, SuperSpin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>211-0015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse Anti-Human CD14&#160; Clone&#160; M5E2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse Anti-Human CD209&#160; Clone&#160; DCN46</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R0883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15575020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells from whole blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

スクロースクッションを用いて抗凝固処理血液の遠心分離後、末梢血単核細胞（PBMC）は、密度勾配媒体（ 図1）の上に中間相が富化されています。 PBMCを引き出された後、FACS分析は、（Bリンパ球のために、例えば、Tリンパ球のためのCD3、単球のためのCD14、およびCD19）系列マーカーを用いたPBMC内の異なる細胞集団を特徴付けるために行われます。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood at JoVE.com

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

全血からのヒト単球由来樹状細胞の生成

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

generation-of-human-monocyte-derived-dendritic-cells-from-whole-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

20.1K ビュー.  Medical University of Innsbruck. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

ビデオ: Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome. Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections and decreased responsiveness to vaccines with a well-documented decline in humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses1,2. We have recently assessed the effects of aging on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key components of the innate immune system that detect microbial infection and trigger antimicrobial host defense responses3. In a large cohort of healthy human donors, we showed that peripheral blood monocytes from the elderly have decreased expression and function of certain TLRs4 and similar reduced TLR levels and signaling responses in dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells that are pivotal in the linkage between innate and adaptive immunity5. We have shown dysregulation of TLR3 in macrophages and lower production of IFN by DCs from elderly donors in response to infection with West Nile virus6,7. 
Paramount to our understanding of immunosenescence and to therapeutic intervention is a detailed understanding of specific cell types responding and the mechanism(s) of signal transduction. Traditional studies of immune responses through imaging of primary cells and surveying cell markers by FACS or immunoblot have advanced our understanding significantly, however, these studies are generally limited technically by the small sample volume available from patients and the inability to conduct complex laboratory techniques on multiple human samples. ImageStream combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging and thus facilitates investigation in multiple cell populations contemporaneously for an efficient capture of patient susceptibility. Here we demonstrate the use of ImageStream in DCs to assess TLR7/8 activation-mediated increases in phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of a key transcription factor, NF-&kappa;B, which initiates transcription of numerous genes that are critical for immune responses8. Using this technology, we have also recently demonstrated a previously unrecognized alteration of TLR5 signaling and the NF-&kappa;B pathway in monocytes from older donors that may contribute to altered immune responsiveness in aging9.

We describe use of ImageStream technology (<a href="http://www.amnis.com/" target="_blank">www.amnis.com</a>), which combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging, to quantify cellular mechanisms of primary immune cells from well-defined patient cohorts. Our studies provide a blueprint for translational investigations to quantify lineage specific cellular responses in small samples from subject cohorts.

ヒト血液の小さなサンプルから単球および樹状細胞のlineage特異的Toll様受容体を介するシグナル伝達の定量的イメージング

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome.  Aging is associated with an ...

免疫・感染学

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

ヒト胸腺からの骨髄樹状細胞と上皮細胞の単離

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1&#946; in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines by immune cells lead to local or systemic inflammation, tissue remodeling and repair, and virologic control1,2 . Interleukin-1&#946; is an essential element of the innate immune response and contributes to eliminate invading pathogens while preventing the establishment of persistent infection1-5.
Inflammasomes are the key signaling platform for the activation of interleukin 1 converting enzyme (ICE or Caspase-1). The NLRP3 inflammasome requires at least two signals in DCs to cause IL-1&#946; secretion6. Pro-IL-1&#946; protein expression is limited in resting cells; therefore a priming signal is required for IL-1&#946; transcription and protein expression. A second signal sensed by NLRP3 results in the formation of the multi-protein NLRP3 inflammasome. The ability of dendritic cells to respond to the signals required for IL-1&#946; secretion can be tested using a synthetic purine, R848, which is sensed by TLR8 in human monocyte derived dendritic cells&#160;(moDCs) to prime cells, followed by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome with the bacterial toxin and potassium ionophore, nigericin.
Monocyte derived DCs&#160;are easily produced in culture and provide significantly more cells than purified human myeloid DCs. The method presented here differs from other inflammasome assays in that it uses in vitro human, instead of mouse derived, DCs thus allowing for the study of the inflammasome in human disease and infection.

Dendritic cells (DCs)&#160;secrete IL-1&#946; in response to TLR8 recognition of synthetic purine, R848, followed by NLRP3 inflammasome activation with nigericin, therefore, IL-1&#946; can be used to measure NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Intracellular cytokine staining, immunoblotting, and ELISA are used to accurately measure NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation via IL-1&#946; expression.

ヒト単球由来樹状細胞におけるIL-1βを用いて活性化し、NLRP3ソーム活性の測定

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines by immune cells lead to local or systemic inflammation, tissue ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

末梢血からのヒトアロ抗原特異的T細胞の生成

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation of experiments, fresh or frozen monocytes are cultured in flasks for 1 week with M-CSF to induce their differentiation into macrophages. Then, the macrophages can be harvested and seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments. The use of defined numbers of macrophages rather than defined numbers of monocytes to initiate macrophage cultures for experiments yields macrophage cultures in which the desired cell density can be more consistently attained. Use of cryopreserved monocytes reduces dependency on donor availability and produces more homogeneous macrophage cultures.

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. The protocol utilizes cryopreservation of monocytes coupled with their bulk differentiation into macrophages. Then harvested macrophages can then be seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments.

マクロファージコロニー刺激因子分化したヒト単球由来マクロファージの文化

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells by Imaging Flow Cytometry: A Comparison between Two Monocyte Isolation Protocols

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and pathogenesis of inflammation. Isolation and study of DCs have been important in biological research because of their distinctive features. Although they are essential key mediators of the immune system, DCs are very rare in blood, accounting for approximately 0.1 - 1% of total blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, alternatives for isolation methods rely on the differentiation of DCs from monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The utilization of proper isolation techniques that combine simplicity, affordability, high purity, and high yield of cells is imperative to consider. In the current study, two distinct methods for the generation of DCs will be compared. Monocytes were selected by adherence or negatively enriched using magnetic separation procedure followed by differentiation into DCs with IL-4 and GM-CSF. Monocyte and MDDC viability, proliferation, and phenotype were assessed using viability dyes, MTT assay, and CD11c/ CD14 surface marker analysis by imaging flow cytometry. Although the magnetic separation method yielded a significant higher percentage of monocytes with higher proliferative capacity when compared to the adhesion method, the findings have demonstrated the ability of both techniques to simultaneously generate monocytes that are capable of proliferating and differentiating into viable CD11c+ MDDCs after seven days in culture. Both methods yielded &gt; 70% CD11c+ MDDCs. Therefore, our results provide insights that contribute to the development of reliable methods for isolation and characterization of human DCs.

This study compares two different methods of human monocyte isolation for obtaining in vitro dendritic cells (DCs). Monocytes are selected by adherence or negatively enriched by magnetic separation. Monocyte yield and viability along with MDDC viability, proliferation and CD11c/CD14 surface marker expression will be compared between both methods.

イメージングフローサイトメトリーによるヒト単球由来樹状細胞の特徴付け：二つの単球の分離プロトコルの比較

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

デキストランは、マウスとヒト NK 細胞のレンチ ウイルスの伝達効率を向上します。

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the antibody needs to distinguish between highly related structures (e.g., a normal protein and a mutated version thereof). The current way of generating such discriminative mAbs involves extensive screening of multiple Ab-producing B cells, which is both costly and time consuming. We propose here a rapid and cost-effective method for the generation of discriminative, fully human mAbs starting from human blood circulating B lymphocytes. The originality of this strategy is due to the selection of specific antigen binding B cells combined with the counter-selection of all other cells, using readily available Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). Once specific B cells are isolated, cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences coding for the corresponding mAb are obtained using single cell Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technology and subsequently expressed in human cells. Within as little as 1 month, it is possible to produce milligrams of highly discriminative human mAbs directed against virtually any desired antigen naturally detected by the B cell repertoire.

We describe a method for the production of human antibodies specific for an antigen of interest, starting from rare B cells circulating in human blood. Generation of these natural antibodies is efficient and rapid, and the antibodies obtained can discriminate between highly related antigens.

まれな抗原特異的 B 細胞血液の循環から弁別に対するモノクローナル抗体の生成

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

超高感度単一分子の開発と検証配列人間のインターフェロン-α のデジタルの酵素免疫測定法

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...

Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging in primary NK cells. For example, transgene delivery using lentiviral or retroviral transduction resulted in a limited yield of genetically-engineered NK cells due to substantial procedure-associated NK cell apoptosis. We describe here a DNA-free method for genome editing of human primary and expanded NK cells using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Cas9/RNPs). This method allowed efficient knockout of the TGFBR2 and HPRT1 genes in NK cells. RT-PCR data showed a significant decrease in gene expression level, and a cytotoxicity assay of a representative cell product suggested that the RNP-modified NK cells became less sensitive to TGF&#946;. Genetically modified cells could be expanded post-electroporation by stimulation with irradiated mbIL21-expressing feeder cells.

Here, we present a protocol to genetically modify primary or expanded human natural killer (NK) cells using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (Cas9/RNPs). By using this protocol, we generated human NK cells deficient for transforming growth factor&#8211;b receptor 2 (TGFBR2) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1).

Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins を使用してノックアウト プライマリおよび拡張された人間の NK 細胞の生成

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging ...