Name: generation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells from whole blood
Uploaded: 2016-12-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood at JoVE.com

We would like to thank our technician Karolin Thurnes, Divison of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, and Dr. Annelies M&#252;hlbacher and Dr. Paul H&#246;rtnagl, Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, for their valuable help and support regarding this manuscript. We thank the Austrian Science Fund for supporting this work (P24598 to DW, P25389 to WP).

Ethics statement: Written informed consent was obtained from all participating blood donors by the Central Institute for Blood Transfusion &#38; Immunological Department, Innsbruck, Austria. The use of anonymized leftover specimens for scientific purposes was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Innsbruck.
1. Enrichment of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)
<ol>
	<li>Concentration of PBMCs by centrifugation.
	<ol>
		<li>Open the blood pack and split blood in ster...

<ol>
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This protocol describes the generation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) through the isolation of human monocytes from anti-coagulated blood using a magnetic nanoparticle-based assay. In this protocol, the centrifugation steps are performed upstream the cell isolation procedure, which leads to an enrichment of the PBMC fraction. Although cells are lost during centrifugation, to overlay the content of a whole blood pack on density gradient medium would require 200-300 ml of the density gradient medium and theref...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important specialized antigen-presenting cells of our immune system. Immature DCs (iDCs) reside in the skin or in mucosal tissues and are therefore among the first immune cells to interact with invading pathogens. DCs represent the bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune system1, since they can activate T- and B-cell responses following pathogen detection. Furthermore, they contribute to pro-inflammatory immune responses because of the secretion of high amounts of cytokines, such as IL-1&#946;, IL-6, and IL-12. DCs also activate NK cells and attract other immune cells to the site of infection by chemotaxis.
DCs can be divided into immature dendritic cells (iDCs) and mature dendritic cells (mDCs)2 based on their morphology and function. After the recognition of foreign antigens by one of the many pattern recognition receptors (e.g., toll-like receptors, C-type lectins, or complement receptors) abundantly expressed on the cell surface, iDCs undergo major changes and start to mature. During this maturation process, receptors for antigen capture are down-regulated, whereas molecules essential for antigen presentation are up-regulated3. Mature DCs up-regulate the major histocompatibility complexes I and II (MHC I and II), co-stimulatory molecules like CD80 and CD86, which are essential for antigen presentation and activation of T-lymphocytes. Additionally, the expression of chemokine receptor CCR7 on the cell surface is induced, which enables the migration of DCs from peripheral tissues to the lymph nodes. The migration is facilitated by the &#34;rolling&#34; of DCs along a chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19/MIP-3b) and chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21/SLC) gradient to the lymph nodes4-6.
Following migration, mDCs present the processed antigen to na&#239;ve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, thus initiating an adaptive immune response against the invading pathogen7. This interaction with T cells in the lymph nodes is also associated with the spread of the virus8. Other in vitro studies revealed that DCs efficiently capture and transfer HIV to T cells and that this transmission results in a vigorous infection9-12. These experiments highlight that in vivo HIV exploits DCs as shuttles from the periphery to the lymph nodes. During antigen presentation, DCs secrete key interleukins that shape the differentiation of effector T helper cells, and therefore, the outcome of the entire immune response against the microbe is determined at this very interaction. Apart from type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) effector T cells, other subsets of CD4+ T helper cells (e.g., type 17 (Th17) and type 22 (Th22) T cells) have been described, and their induction and function have been investigated thoroughly. DCs are furthermore involved in the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs)13,14. These cells are immunosuppressive and can stop or down-regulate induction or proliferation of effector T cells and are thus crucial for developing immunity and tolerance.
Human conventional DCs (cDCs) comprise several subsets of cells with a myeloid origin (i.e., Langerhans Cells (LCs) and dermal and interstitial DCs) or a lymphoid origin (i.e., plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs)). For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used as a model for dermal DCs. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by the addition of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to monocytes isolated from healthy donors12,15-18. Dendritic cells can also be directly isolated from dermal or mucosal biopsies, or can even be developed from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells isolated from umbilical cord blood samples obtained ex utero. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. After incubation for 5 days, human monocytes under specific conditions are differentiated into iDCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>APC Mouse Anti-Human CD19&#160; Clone&#160; HIB19</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555415</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>APC Mouse Anti-Human CD83&#160; Clone&#160; HB15e</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551073</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>BD Imag Anti-Human CD14 Magnetic Particles&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>BD Imagnet</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>552311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>BSA (Albumin Fraction V)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>EG-Nr 2923225</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Costar 6 Well Clear TC-Treated Multiple Well Plates</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Density gradient media: Ficoll-Paque Premium</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences</td>
			<td>17-5442-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (D-PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 10mL Serological Pipet</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 25mL Serological Pipet</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 50mL High Clarity PP Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Round-Bottom Tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC Mouse Anti-Human CD3&#160; Clone&#160; HIT3a</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555339</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Ghost Dye Violet 510 (Cell Viability Reagent)</td>
			<td>Tonbo biosciences</td>
			<td>13-0870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GM-CSF</td>
			<td>MACS Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Inactivated FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), EU Approved Origin (South America)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10500-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hettich Rotanta 460R</td>
			<td>Hettich</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-4 CC</td>
			<td>PromoKine</td>
			<td>C-61401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolation buffer: BD IMag Buffer (10X)&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>552362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes, 1,5 ml, SuperSpin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>211-0015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse Anti-Human CD14&#160; Clone&#160; M5E2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse Anti-Human CD209&#160; Clone&#160; DCN46</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R0883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15575020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells from whole blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

After centrifugation of anti-coagulated blood using a sucrose cushion, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are enriched in an interphase on top of the density gradient medium (Figure 1). After the PBMCs are drawn off, FACS analysis is performed to characterize the different cell populations within the PBMCs using lineage markers (e.g., CD3 for T lymphocytes, CD14 for monocytes, and CD19 for B lymphocytes). Figure 2A shows the results of a ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood at JoVE.com

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

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