We would like to thank our technician Karolin Thurnes, Divison of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, and Dr. Annelies M&#252;hlbacher and Dr. Paul H&#246;rtnagl, Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, for their valuable help and support regarding this manuscript. We thank the Austrian Science Fund for supporting this work (P24598 to DW, P25389 to WP).

Etik deyimi: bilgilendirilmiş onam Yazılı Kan Transfüzyon &amp; İmmünolojik Bölümü, Innsbruck, Avusturya Merkez Enstitüsü tarafından tüm katılımcı kan vericilerden elde edildi. bilimsel amaçlarla anonim artık örneklerinin kullanılması Innsbruck Tıp Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylandı. Periferal Kan Tek Çekirdekli Hücreleri 1. zenginleştirilmesi (PBMC) <ol><li> Santrifüj ile PBMC&#39;lerin konsantre. <ol><li> Alınan kan miktarına göre steril 50 ml santrifüj tüplerine kan paketi ve split kan açın. </li><li> Gerekirse, steril Dulbecco Fosfat Tamponlu Salin (D-PBS) ile her bir tüp için 50 ml göre ayarlayın. </li><li> Bir santrifüj tüpleri yerleştirilir ve fren oda sıcaklığında (RT) 15 dakika boyunca 400 x g&#39;de bunları dönerler. </li><li> boundar bırakarak, steril 10 ml serolojik pipet kullanarak plazma ve trombosit içeren üst katman kapalı Beraberliky tabakası rahatsız. Not: FCS yerine otolog plazma kültür ortamının ek kullanılırsa, plazma toplandı gerekir ve bu adımda ısı ile inaktive edilmiş. </li><li> iki adet 50 ml&#39;lik santrifüj tüplerine alınan mononükleer hücreler (sınır tabakaları) toplamak ve bir steril 10 ml serolojik pipet kullanılarak bir steril 50 ml tüp içine transfer edin. </li><li> Steril D-PBS kullanarak her bir tüp için 50 ml ses seviyesini ayarlayın. </li><li> Bir santrifüj tüpleri yerleştirin ve frensiz oda sıcaklığında 15 dakika boyunca 400 x g&#39;de onları dönerler. </li><li> bozulmamış sınır tabakası bırakarak, steril 10 ml serolojik pipet kullanarak plazma ve trombosit içeren üst katman kapalı çizin. </li><li> 50 ml santrifüj tüplerine alınan mononükleer hücreler (sınır tabakaları) toplamak ve bir steril 10 ml serolojik bir pipet kullanarak, iki steril 50 mi toplama tüpleri içine aktarın. </li><li> Steril D-PBS ile her tüp için 50 ml ses seviyesini ayarlayın. </li></ol></li><li> ayrılıkyoğunluk gradyan santrifüjü ile PBMC&#39;lerin (Şekil 1). <ol><li> Her tüpe yoğunluk gradyan ortamı dört adet 50 ml tüpler ve pipet 15 mi hazırlayın. </li><li> toplama tüpüne (adım 1.1.10) toplanan hücre / kan 25 ml alın ve dikkatle yoğunluk gradyan orta kaplaması. </li><li> Bir santrifüj tüpleri yerleştirilir ve fren RT&#39;de 30 dakika boyunca 700 x g&#39;de bunları dönerler. </li></ol></li><li> Toplama ve PBMC saflaştırılması. <ol><li> steril 10 ml serolojik pipet kullanarak plazma ve trombosit, rahatsız PBMC tabakası bırakarak içeren üst katman kapalı çizin. </li><li> Tüm tüplerden PBMC interfaz toplamak ve steril bir 25 ml serolojik pipet kullanarak, iki steril 50 ml tüpler hücreleri havuz. </li><li> Steril D-PBS ile her tüp için 50 ml ses seviyesini ayarlayın. Bir santrifüj tüpleri yerleştirilir ve fren ile, 4 ° C&#39;de 15 dakika boyunca 400 x g&#39;de bunları dönerler. </li><li> Süpernatantı aspire ve yeniden askıyaSteril, D-PBS içinde hücreleri. Her iki tüpe hücreleri havuz ve steril D-PBS ile 50 ml ses seviyesini ayarlamak. </li><li> santrifüj tüpleri yerleştirilir ve fren ile, 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 400 x g&#39;de bunları dönerler. </li><li> Süpernatantı aspire ve steril D-PBS hücrelerin yeniden askıya. D-PBS 450 ul ihtiva eden 1.5 ml bir tüp steril D-PBS ile 50 ml ve pipet 50 ul hacim ayarlayın. </li><li> Vortex 1.5 ml tüp şiddetle ve Neubauer odasına veya diğer herhangi bir hücre sayım enstrüman hücreleri saymak. </li><li> santrifüje 50 ml tüpler yerleştirin ve fren ile, 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 400 x g&#39;de bunları dönerler. </li></ol></li></ol> Anti-insan CD14 Manyetik Parçacıklar tarafından Monositler 2. izolasyonu <ol><li> Manyetik parçacıklar ile PBMC&#39;lerin etiketleme. <ol><li> Yalıtım tamponu kullanılarak 8 x 10 7 hücre / ml PBMC konsantrasyonu ayarlayın. </li><li> Vorteks anti-insan CD14 manyetik parçacıklar thoroughly ve her 1 x 10 7 PBMC&#39;ler için parçacıkların 50 ul ekle. </li><li> İyice hücre partikül süspansiyonu karıştırın ve 30 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe. </li></ol></li><li> Pozitif ve negatif fraksiyonların ayrılması. <ol><li> izolasyon tamponu kullanılarak 12 ml hacim kadar ayarlayın. </li><li> Her tüpe, hücre parçacık süspansiyonu altı steril yuvarlak tabanlı tüp ve pipet 2 ml hazırlayın. </li><li> Hemen mıknatıs tüpler yerleştirin. Oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika boyunca inkübe edin. </li><li> mıknatıs üzerinde tüpler tutun ve dikkatle süpernatant çizin. Süpernatan negatif kısmını içerir. </li><li> mıknatıstan tüpü çıkarın ve izolasyon tampon 2 ml ekleyin. </li><li> Hafifçe yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme hücreleri yeniden askıya. </li><li> geri mıknatıs üzerinde tüpler yerleştirin. Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika süreyle inkübe edilir. </li><li> mıknatıs üzerinde tüpler tutun ve dikkatle süpernatant çizin. Süpernatan negatif kısmını içerir. </li><li>Mıknatıs tüpleri çıkarın ve her bir tüpe yalıtım tamponu 2 ilave edin. Hafifçe yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme hücreleri yeniden askıya. </li><li> steril bir 50 ml tüp pozitif kısmını aktarın ve steril D-PBS kullanarak 50 ml ses seviyesini ayarlamak. </li></ol></li></ol> IL-4 ve GM-CSF ile izole edilmiş monositlerin 3. uyarılması <ol><li> santrifüj tüpü yerleştirin ve fren ile 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 400 xg&#39;de döndürün. </li><li> Aspire süpernatan ve D-PBS, 50 ml hücrelerin yeniden askıya. </li><li> D-PBS 450 ul içeren bir 1.5 ml tüp içine Pipet 50 ul. Vortex 1.5 ml tüp şiddetle ve Neubauer odasına ya da başka bir hücre sayım enstrüman hücreleri saymak. </li><li> santrifüj içine 50 ml tüp yerleştirin ve fren ile 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 400 xg&#39;de döndürün. NOT: periferik kan lenfositleri (PBL) içeren negatif fraksiyon, ayrıca gerekiyorsa, yıkama gerçekleştirmek ve sayma t benzer adımlarPozitif fraksiyonun hortum (3.1-3.5 adımlar). </li><li> Önceden ısıtılmış bir kültür ortamı (RPMI 1640,% 10 ısı ile inaktive edilmiş FBS ve% 1 L-Glutamin çözeltisi ile desteklenen ortamda) ve pipet 3 ml / 6-çukurlu plakalara 1 x 10 6 / ml hücre yoğunluğu ayarlayın. NOT: ısı ile inaktive otolog plazma kullanıyorsanız, deneysel set-up göre,% 1-5 otolog plazma ile% 10 FCS değiştirin. </li><li> Kültür ortamı içine doğrudan sitokin pipetleme rekombinant insan IL-4 (250 U / ml) ve rekombinant insan GM-CSF (1000 U / ml) ile monositlerini uyarma. 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edilir ve% 5 CO2. </li><li> Kültür ortamı içine doğrudan sitokin pipetleme 48 saat sonra IL-4 (250 U / ml) ve GM-CSF (1000 U / ml) ile hücrelerin yeniden teşvik eder. NOT: orta pH göstergesi ile gösterilen asitlenme herhangi bir işaret varsa, önceden ısıtılmış kültür ortamı ile orta yarısı değiştirin. </li><li> Hasat için, 5. günde dendritik hücreler olgunlaşmamışaşağı akım 6 oyuklu plaka üzerinden bir 50 ml santrifüj tüpüne kadar kültür ortamı pipetle sonra bir kaç kez aşağı kültürlenmiş hücreler pipetleme deneyler. </li><li> hücrelerin sayısı ve CD11b, CD11c karşı anti-insan antikorları izole monositler bir örnek leke ve birlikte bir hücre canlılığı boya ile DC-SIGN / CD209. Yüzey boyama sırasında antikorların özgül olmayan bağlanma önlemek için, reaktif ya da sığır serum albümini (BSA) tampon Fc reseptör bloke edici kullanılması önerilir. </li><li> Oluşturulan iDH&#39;lerin saflığını ve canlılığını değerlendirmek için akış sitometri gerçekleştirerek, üreticinin protokolüne göre, hücre canlılığı boya kullanılarak örnek analiz edin. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Bu protokol, manyetik nanopartikül bazlı analiz kullanılarak anti-pıhtılaşmış kandan alınan insan monosit yalıtımla monosit türevli dendritik hücreler (MDDCs) üretimini tarif eder. Bu protokol, santrifüj adımları PBMC fraksiyonu bir zenginleşmeye yol açan hücre izolasyon prosedürü, üst baş tarafında ifa edilir. Hücreler santrifüj sırasında kaybolur, ancak, yoğunluk gradyanlı ortamının 200-300 ml gerektirecektir yoğunluk gradyan ortamında bütün bir kan paket içeriğini kaplamak için...

Dendritik hücreler (DC), bağışıklık sisteminin en önemli özel antijen sunan hücrelerdir. Olgunlaşmamış DC&#39;ler (iDH&#39;ler) deride veya mukozal dokularda bulunan ve işgalci patojenlere ile etkileşim ilk bağışıklık hücreleri arasında bu nedenle. Bu patojen tespiti, aşağıdaki T- ve B-hücresi tepkilerini aktifleştirme çünkü DH&#39;ler, doğal ve adaptif bağışıklık sisteminin 1 arasında bir köprü oluşturmaktadır. Bundan başka, çünkü bu tür IL-1, IL-6 ve IL-12 gibi sitokinler yüksek miktarda salgılanması pro-enflamatuar bağışıklık tepkilerinin katkıda bulunur. DH&#39;ler NK hücrelerini aktive ederek ve kemotaksi neden olduğu enfeksiyona sitesine başka bağışıklık hücrelerinin çeker. DH&#39;ler olgun olmayan dendritik hücreler (iDH&#39;ler) ve bunların yapısının ve fonksiyonunun göre olgun dendritik hücreler (MDC) 2 ayrılabilir. Birçok örüntü tanıma reseptörlerinin biri (örn, paralı-benzeri reseptörler, C tipi yabancı antijenlerin alımdan sonralektinleri veya bol hücre yüzeyi üzerinde ifade edilen) reseptörleri güzelleştirmek, iDH&#39;ler büyük değişiklikler geçmesi ve olgun başlar. Antijen sunumu için gerekli moleküllerin 3 yukarı regüle edilir ise, bu olgunlaştırma işlemi sırasında, antijen tutma reseptörleri, aşağı regüle edilir. Olgun DH&#39;ler ana histokompatibilite kompleksi I ve II (MHC I ve II) yukarı doğru regüle, T lenfositlerin antijen sunumu ve aktivasyonu için gerekli olan CD80 ve CD86 gibi eş-uyarıcı moleküller. Buna ek olarak, hücre yüzeyi üzerinde kemokin reseptör CCR7 ekspresyonu lenf düğümlerine periferik dokularda DC&#39;lerin geçişini sağlayan, indüklenir. Taşıma lenf düğümlerine 4-6 bir kemokin ligand 19 (CCL19 / MIP-3b) ve kemokin ligandı 21 (CCL21 / SLC) degrade boyunca DClerin &quot;döner&quot; ile kolaylaştırılır. Göç eden, MDC ve böylece ini, CD4 + ve CD8 + T hücreleri naiv işlenmiş antijeniistilacı patojen 7 karşı edinilmiş bağışıklık tepki tiating. Lenf düğümlerindeki T hücreleri ile bu etkileşimi de virüsü 8 yayılması ile ilişkilidir. Diğer in vitro çalışmalar DC&#39;ler verimli yakalamak ve güçlü bir enfeksiyon 9-12 Bu iletim sonuçlarına T hücrelerine ve HIV aktarmak olduğunu ortaya koydu. Bu deneyler lenf düğümlerine çevreden servisleri olarak in vivo HIV patlatır DC&#39;ler vurgulayın. Antijen sunumu sırasında DH&#39;ler efektör T yardımcı hücrelerinin farklılaşmasını şekil ve bu nedenle, mikrop karşı tüm bağışıklık tepkisinin sonucu bu çok etkileşim belirlenir önemli interlökinler salgılar. Yanı sıra tip 1 (Th1) ve tip 2 (Th2) efektör T hücreleri, CD4 + T yardımcı hücreleri (örneğin, tip 17 (Th17) ve tip 22 (Th22) T hücreleri) tarif edilmiştir ve diğer alt-gruplar ve bunların gidiş ve fonksiyon iyice incelenmiştir. DH&#39;ler, ayrıca katılandüzenleyici T hücreleri (Tregs) 13,14 nesil. Bu hücreler bağışıklık ve durdurmak ya da indüksiyon veya efektör T hücrelerinin çoğalmasını aşağı düzenleyen ve böylece bağışıklık ve hoşgörüyü geliştirmek için çok önemli olabilir. İnsan konvansiyonel DC&#39;ler (CDCS) bir miyeloid kökenli hücrelerin çeşitli alt kümelerini oluşturan (yani, Langerhans Hücreleri (LCs) ve dermal ve interstisyel DC&#39;ler) veya lenf kökenli (yani, plazmasitoid DC&#39;ler (PDC)). In vitro deneylerde veya DC aşılama stratejileri, monosit kökenli DH&#39;ler rutin dermal DC&#39;ler için bir model olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu hücreler, geleneksel miyeloid dendritik hücrelerin fizyoloji, morfoloji ve fonksiyon benzerlikler göstermektedir. Bunlar, sağlıklı vericilerden 12,15-18 izole monositlere interlökin 4 (IL-4) ve granülosit-makrofaj koloni stimüle edici faktör (GM-CSF) eklenerek oluşturulur. Dendritik hücreler, doğrudan dermal ya da mukozal biopsiden izole edilmiş ya da olabilir b edilebilire CD34 + eski utero elde göbek kordonu kan örneklerinden izole edilen hematopoetik progenitör hücrelerden geliştirdi. Burada, monositler izole edilmiş ve yoğunluk dereceli santrifüj yoluyla periferal kan tek-çekirdekli hücresi (PBMC), zenginleştirme sonra anti-pıhtılaşmış insan kanından uyarılır gösterilmektedir. 5 gün için inkübe edildikten sonra, özel koşullar altında insan monositleri iDH&#39;ler ayrılırlar olmayan bir klinik deney prosedürleri için hazırdır.

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			<td>APC Mouse Anti-Human CD19&#160; Clone&#160; HIB19</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
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			<td>APC Mouse Anti-Human CD83&#160; Clone&#160; HB15e</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Imag Anti-Human CD14 Magnetic Particles&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Imagnet</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>552311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA (Albumin Fraction V)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>EG-Nr 2923225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 6 Well Clear TC-Treated Multiple Well Plates</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Density gradient media: Ficoll-Paque Premium</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences</td>
			<td>17-5442-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (D-PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 10mL Serological Pipet</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 25mL Serological Pipet</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 50mL High Clarity PP Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Round-Bottom Tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC Mouse Anti-Human CD3&#160; Clone&#160; HIT3a</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555339</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ghost Dye Violet 510 (Cell Viability Reagent)</td>
			<td>Tonbo biosciences</td>
			<td>13-0870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GM-CSF</td>
			<td>MACS Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Inactivated FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), EU Approved Origin (South America)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10500-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hettich Rotanta 460R</td>
			<td>Hettich</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-4 CC</td>
			<td>PromoKine</td>
			<td>C-61401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolation buffer: BD IMag Buffer (10X)&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>552362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes, 1,5 ml, SuperSpin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>211-0015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse Anti-Human CD14&#160; Clone&#160; M5E2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse Anti-Human CD209&#160; Clone&#160; DCN46</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R0883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15575020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells from whole blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Bir sükroz yastık kullanılarak anti-pıhtılaşmış kanın santrifüje edilmesinden sonra, periferal kan tek-çekirdekli hücreleri (PBMC), yoğunluk gradyan ortamı (Şekil 1) üstüne bir arayüz içinde zenginleştirilmiştir. PBMC&#39;ler çekilir sonra FACS analizi soyu belirteçler kullanılarak PBMC (örneğin, CD3 T lenfositlerin, CD14 monositler için ve CD19 B lenfositleri için) olan farklı hücre popülasyonları için gerçekleştirilir. <stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood at JoVE.com

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

Tüm kan İnsan monosit türevli dendritik hücrelerin oluşumu

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

generation-of-human-monocyte-derived-dendritic-cells-from-whole-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

20.1K Görüntüleme.  Medical University of Innsbruck. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

Video: Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome. Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections and decreased responsiveness to vaccines with a well-documented decline in humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses1,2. We have recently assessed the effects of aging on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key components of the innate immune system that detect microbial infection and trigger antimicrobial host defense responses3. In a large cohort of healthy human donors, we showed that peripheral blood monocytes from the elderly have decreased expression and function of certain TLRs4 and similar reduced TLR levels and signaling responses in dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells that are pivotal in the linkage between innate and adaptive immunity5. We have shown dysregulation of TLR3 in macrophages and lower production of IFN by DCs from elderly donors in response to infection with West Nile virus6,7. 
Paramount to our understanding of immunosenescence and to therapeutic intervention is a detailed understanding of specific cell types responding and the mechanism(s) of signal transduction. Traditional studies of immune responses through imaging of primary cells and surveying cell markers by FACS or immunoblot have advanced our understanding significantly, however, these studies are generally limited technically by the small sample volume available from patients and the inability to conduct complex laboratory techniques on multiple human samples. ImageStream combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging and thus facilitates investigation in multiple cell populations contemporaneously for an efficient capture of patient susceptibility. Here we demonstrate the use of ImageStream in DCs to assess TLR7/8 activation-mediated increases in phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of a key transcription factor, NF-&kappa;B, which initiates transcription of numerous genes that are critical for immune responses8. Using this technology, we have also recently demonstrated a previously unrecognized alteration of TLR5 signaling and the NF-&kappa;B pathway in monocytes from older donors that may contribute to altered immune responsiveness in aging9.

We describe use of ImageStream technology (<a href="http://www.amnis.com/" target="_blank">www.amnis.com</a>), which combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging, to quantify cellular mechanisms of primary immune cells from well-defined patient cohorts. Our studies provide a blueprint for translational investigations to quantify lineage specific cellular responses in small samples from subject cohorts.

Monositler ve İnsan Kan Küçük Örneklerden Dendritik Hücrelerde Lineage özgü Toll-like reseptör-aracılı Sinyali Kantitatif Görüntüleme

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome.  Aging is associated with an ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

İnsan Thymus ile myeloid dendritik hücreleri ve epitel hücreleri İzolasyonu

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1&#946; in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines by immune cells lead to local or systemic inflammation, tissue remodeling and repair, and virologic control1,2 . Interleukin-1&#946; is an essential element of the innate immune response and contributes to eliminate invading pathogens while preventing the establishment of persistent infection1-5.
Inflammasomes are the key signaling platform for the activation of interleukin 1 converting enzyme (ICE or Caspase-1). The NLRP3 inflammasome requires at least two signals in DCs to cause IL-1&#946; secretion6. Pro-IL-1&#946; protein expression is limited in resting cells; therefore a priming signal is required for IL-1&#946; transcription and protein expression. A second signal sensed by NLRP3 results in the formation of the multi-protein NLRP3 inflammasome. The ability of dendritic cells to respond to the signals required for IL-1&#946; secretion can be tested using a synthetic purine, R848, which is sensed by TLR8 in human monocyte derived dendritic cells&#160;(moDCs) to prime cells, followed by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome with the bacterial toxin and potassium ionophore, nigericin.
Monocyte derived DCs&#160;are easily produced in culture and provide significantly more cells than purified human myeloid DCs. The method presented here differs from other inflammasome assays in that it uses in vitro human, instead of mouse derived, DCs thus allowing for the study of the inflammasome in human disease and infection.

Dendritic cells (DCs)&#160;secrete IL-1&#946; in response to TLR8 recognition of synthetic purine, R848, followed by NLRP3 inflammasome activation with nigericin, therefore, IL-1&#946; can be used to measure NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Intracellular cytokine staining, immunoblotting, and ELISA are used to accurately measure NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation via IL-1&#946; expression.

Aktivasyon ve İnsan monosit türevli dendritik hücreler, IL-1β kullanarak NLRP3 Inflammasome Aktivitenin Ölçümü

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines by immune cells lead to local or systemic inflammation, tissue ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

Periferik Kan İnsan alloantijen-özgü T hücrelerinin üretilmesi

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation of experiments, fresh or frozen monocytes are cultured in flasks for 1 week with M-CSF to induce their differentiation into macrophages. Then, the macrophages can be harvested and seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments. The use of defined numbers of macrophages rather than defined numbers of monocytes to initiate macrophage cultures for experiments yields macrophage cultures in which the desired cell density can be more consistently attained. Use of cryopreserved monocytes reduces dependency on donor availability and produces more homogeneous macrophage cultures.

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. The protocol utilizes cryopreservation of monocytes coupled with their bulk differentiation into macrophages. Then harvested macrophages can then be seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments.

Makrofaj koloni stimüle edici faktör farklılaştırılmış insan monosit türevli makrofajlar Kültür

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells by Imaging Flow Cytometry: A Comparison between Two Monocyte Isolation Protocols

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and pathogenesis of inflammation. Isolation and study of DCs have been important in biological research because of their distinctive features. Although they are essential key mediators of the immune system, DCs are very rare in blood, accounting for approximately 0.1 - 1% of total blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, alternatives for isolation methods rely on the differentiation of DCs from monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The utilization of proper isolation techniques that combine simplicity, affordability, high purity, and high yield of cells is imperative to consider. In the current study, two distinct methods for the generation of DCs will be compared. Monocytes were selected by adherence or negatively enriched using magnetic separation procedure followed by differentiation into DCs with IL-4 and GM-CSF. Monocyte and MDDC viability, proliferation, and phenotype were assessed using viability dyes, MTT assay, and CD11c/ CD14 surface marker analysis by imaging flow cytometry. Although the magnetic separation method yielded a significant higher percentage of monocytes with higher proliferative capacity when compared to the adhesion method, the findings have demonstrated the ability of both techniques to simultaneously generate monocytes that are capable of proliferating and differentiating into viable CD11c+ MDDCs after seven days in culture. Both methods yielded &gt; 70% CD11c+ MDDCs. Therefore, our results provide insights that contribute to the development of reliable methods for isolation and characterization of human DCs.

This study compares two different methods of human monocyte isolation for obtaining in vitro dendritic cells (DCs). Monocytes are selected by adherence or negatively enriched by magnetic separation. Monocyte yield and viability along with MDDC viability, proliferation and CD11c/CD14 surface marker expression will be compared between both methods.

Görüntüleme Sitometrisi ile İnsan Monosit türetilmiş dendritik hücrelerle Karakterizasyonu: İki Monosit İzolasyon Protokoller Arasında Bir Karşılaştırma

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

Dextran fare ve insan birincil NK hücreleri Lentiviral iletim verimliliğini artırır

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the antibody needs to distinguish between highly related structures (e.g., a normal protein and a mutated version thereof). The current way of generating such discriminative mAbs involves extensive screening of multiple Ab-producing B cells, which is both costly and time consuming. We propose here a rapid and cost-effective method for the generation of discriminative, fully human mAbs starting from human blood circulating B lymphocytes. The originality of this strategy is due to the selection of specific antigen binding B cells combined with the counter-selection of all other cells, using readily available Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). Once specific B cells are isolated, cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences coding for the corresponding mAb are obtained using single cell Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technology and subsequently expressed in human cells. Within as little as 1 month, it is possible to produce milligrams of highly discriminative human mAbs directed against virtually any desired antigen naturally detected by the B cell repertoire.

We describe a method for the production of human antibodies specific for an antigen of interest, starting from rare B cells circulating in human blood. Generation of these natural antibodies is efficient and rapid, and the antibodies obtained can discriminate between highly related antigens.

Kanda dolaşan nadir antijen spesifik B hücreleri Discriminative insan monoklonal antikorların üretimi

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

Geliştirme ve doğrulama vericiyi bir tek molekül dijital enzim bağlı Immunosorbent Assay insan Interferon-α için dizi

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...

Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging in primary NK cells. For example, transgene delivery using lentiviral or retroviral transduction resulted in a limited yield of genetically-engineered NK cells due to substantial procedure-associated NK cell apoptosis. We describe here a DNA-free method for genome editing of human primary and expanded NK cells using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Cas9/RNPs). This method allowed efficient knockout of the TGFBR2 and HPRT1 genes in NK cells. RT-PCR data showed a significant decrease in gene expression level, and a cytotoxicity assay of a representative cell product suggested that the RNP-modified NK cells became less sensitive to TGF&#946;. Genetically modified cells could be expanded post-electroporation by stimulation with irradiated mbIL21-expressing feeder cells.

Here, we present a protocol to genetically modify primary or expanded human natural killer (NK) cells using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (Cas9/RNPs). By using this protocol, we generated human NK cells deficient for transforming growth factor&#8211;b receptor 2 (TGFBR2) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1).

Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins kullanarak Knock-out birincil ve genişletilmiş insan NK hücre üretimi

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging ...